Abstract: A hydroelectric turbine for the production of electricity from tidal flow forces, the turbine having a rotor preferably with an open center such that the blades are mounted between an inner rim and outer rim, wherein retaining members and anti-friction members are provided to limit movement of the rotor relative to the housing in either axial direction, such that water flow in either direction operates the turbine, but wherein the retaining members and the anti-friction members allow the rotor to shift in either axial direction in response to water flow, thereby reducing the amount of energy required to initiate rotation. The anti-friction members limiting rotor travel in the axial direction are preferably of increased thickness, such that as the anti-friction members wear down, the rotor is able to shift relative to the housing in the axial direction.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a wind power installation comprising a pylon and a pod arranged at the tip of the pylon. The invention further concerns a method of controlling such a wind power installation. In order to prevent a fire from occurring or at least to be able to rapidly extinguish a fire which has occurred, there is provided a first apparatus for producing an inert atmosphere.

Abstract: A vehicle antitheft device prevents an erroneous activation of a theft preventing function due to an activation of a system, which is capable of starting an engine in a state where a key is not inserted in an ignition key cylinder. A power source control device causes a starter motor to start the engine when the key is inserted into the ignition key cylinder or an authentication collation through a radio communication is completed. The vehicle antitheft device activates an alarm when an IG signal from the power source control device becomes an ON signal in an uninserted state of the key into the ignition key cylinder. A push start switch, which is push-operated at a time of an engine start, is connected to the power source control device and the vehicle antitheft device.

Abstract: A headlight is turned on if an external illuminance value outside of the vehicle is equal to or lower than a first threshold value if the non-rainfall state is judged from windshield wiper activation, and is permitted to be turned on if the external illuminance value is equal to or lower than a second threshold value higher than the first predetermined illuminance value if the rainfall state is judged. When the vehicle is capable of being driven and the headlight is turned on, if an average illuminance value of the external illuminance value is equal to or higher than a predetermined value, then the second threshold value switches to the first threshold value. When the headlight is turned off, if the activation of the wiper has not been confirmed for a first predetermined period, then the second threshold value switches to the first threshold value.

Abstract: A three-phase filter has first, second, and third power source connectors and first, second, and third load connectors. A separate phase line filter is connected between each pair of power source and load connectors. Each phase line filter includes a line winding connected between the power source and load connectors for a phase line and includes a first shunt winding, resistor and capacitor connected in series between that load connector and the load connector for another phase line. The line and shunt windings for a given phase line filter are wound on a core in directions so that one winding produces magnetic flux having an opposite polarity to the magnetic flux produced by the other winding. The magnetic coupling of those windings, mitigates harmonic currents that otherwise flow in either direction between the power source and load connectors.

Abstract: An information handling system AC-to-DC adapter provides a low DC power output on initial application of an AC power input. The low DC power output supports communication between the adapter and the information handling system of adapter identification information. The information handling system confirms a proper connection with the adapter and sends an authorization to the adapter to output a high DC power output. The adapter monitors the connection with the information handling system to disable the high DC power output if not needed, such as if the information handling system is disconnected from the adapter or reaches a fully charged battery state.

Abstract: A plug which is attached to a power cord of an appliance, such as a clock or an appliance having an internal clock, includes a battery that will supply power to the appliance during a failure of utility power whereby the clock associated with the plug need not be reset after restoration of power. The plug is interposed between the plug of the appliance associated therewith and the source of utility power.

Abstract: A power generating system includes a power generator generating DC power, and an inverter circuit for converting DC power into AC power. The power generator has a plurality of power generating modules each including a plurality of power generating units and at least one electric storage device connected to each of the plurality of power generating modules. A plurality of first switch devices connect/disconnect each of positive electrodes of the plurality of power generating modules to/from a positive bus, a plurality of second switch devices connect/disconnect each of the positive electrodes of the plurality of power generating modules to/from negative electrodes of the power generating modules which are contiguous to one side, a plurality of third switch devices connect/disconnect each of the negative electrodes to/from a negative bus, and the DC output voltage can be increased/decreased stepwise by switching the switch devices.

Abstract: The invention relates to a parallel inverter system, in which each inverter includes a synchronized square wave generator, a voltage given generator, a voltage regulating unit and a power amplifier unit. All of the above components are connected in parallel. The output current given by the voltage regulating unit no longer requires selection of “one out of many components,” but outputs a linear combination result of outputs of all of the voltage regulating units after linear combination, thereby changing an unequal parallel connection to an equalized parallel connection. At the same time, the output square waves of all of synchronizing square wave generators are inputted into voltage given generators as the synchronizing square wave after AND. The output sine waves of all of voltage given generators after linear combination are used as given voltage of voltage regulating units.

Abstract: The invention relates to a disconnecting switch assembly for disconnecting air-insulated electrical lines, which have one or more phases, with at least one grounded housing that is filled with protective gas, with open air ducts, which are attached to the housing(s) in a gastight manner and which each have an open-air connection for connecting the lines, and with gas-insulated disconnecting switches, which are placed inside the open-air ducts. At least three open air ducts are provided for each phase whose open-air connections can be electrically connected to one another by means of the disconnecting switch over current path piece mounted inside the housing.

Abstract: A barrier movement operator having an integrated mains voltage connection with a selective connection of power to an accessory such as a light is disclosed.

Abstract: A control circuit (1) includes two input terminals (2, 3) for respectively electrically connecting with the active and neutral conductors (4, 5) of a mains power source (6). Two output terminals (7, 8) electrically connect with a load in the form of a two pin domestic electrical appliance (9). Conductors (4, 5) terminate at a domestic power outlet socket, and terminals (7, 8) are incorporated into a two pin plug for insertion into that socket. That is, terminals (7, 8) include elongate bundled conductors for extending between the outlet socket and the circuit. Appliance (9) has a conductive component, in this instance a housing (10) that, under normal operating conditions, is electrically insulated or otherwise electrically isolated from conductors (4, 5). The housing provides a reference point for circuit (1), and is electrically connected to that circuit by way of a conductor (11).

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrical circuit for limiting the switching-on current through a load during a switching-on process, comprising an electrical component which is connected in series to the load. To ensure current limitation which is independent of the load and of the value of the supply voltage, and simultaneously to avoid switching current peaks and minimize dissipated heat, the current-limiting component is in the form of an active component which has an internal resistance, and which is controlled by a timing element in such a way that the internal resistance of the component is reduced during a switching-on process.

Abstract: A linear motor comprising a stator core and/or a mover. The stator core of said linear motor comprising an inner perimeter, an outer perimeter essentially encircling the inner perimeter, a first and a second tooth being arranged along one of the inner perimeter or the outer perimeter, a slot for receiving a stator coil, said slot being a cavity arranged within the stator core, wherein said stator core is divided into a first stator part and a second stator part, said first stator part including the first tooth, being arranged to partially define the slot, and being made of soft magnetic powder, and said second stator part including the second tooth, being arranged to partially define the slot, and being made of soft magnetic powder.

Abstract: A positioning apparatus including a movable member having a plurality of magnets, and a plurality of coils arranged in X- and Y-axial directions, for displacing the movable member in the X- and Y-axial directions, and in a rotational direction around the Z-axis.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cylinder-type linear motor. The motor includes a fixed part including a coil assembly having a plurality of ring-shaped coils arranged in the axial direction to form a cylindrical space, and a yoke member made of a magnetic material, which is provided on the outer periphery side of the coil assembly and a moving part including a linear motion shaft provided on the axis line of the fixed part so as to be capable of reciprocating in the axial direction, and a permanent magnet assembly having one or more permanent magnets magnetized in the axial direction, which is provided on the linear motion shaft. The motor is characterized by when the axial length of the ring-shaped coil is taken as C, the axial length of the permanent magnet assembly as M, and the outside diameter thereof as D, a stroke S is equal to or smaller than (n×C?M), the axial length Y of the yoke member is set equal to or larger than (M+S+0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rotating electrical machine, provided with a stator, a cooling device comprising at least one fan that initiates a coolant flow in order to cool and evacuate, to the outside, the heat produced in the machine comprising at least one heat pipe having at least one heat absorption area, and at least one condensation area. Said heat pipe belongs to a device that rectifies the current produced by the stator of the machine et which extends with its condensation area until reaching the flow of the coolant. The invention can be used for alternators or for alternating current starters in automobiles.

Abstract: An AC dynamo electric machine for a motor vehicle includes an AC dynamo machine body 100 composed of a rotor 10 constituted by a first rotatable shaft 12 supported rotatably by a pair of bearings 16, 17, a rotor core 8 fixedly secured to the first rotatable shaft 12 and a field winding 9 wound on the rotor core 8, a stator 3 composed of a stator core 1 disposed in opposition to the rotor 10 and a polyphase stator winding 2 wound on the stator core 1 and a bracket 80 supporting the pair of bearings 16, 17 and the stator 3, and a rotational position detector for the control purpose composed of a second rotatable shaft 30 coupled to the first rotatable shaft 12 through a large magnetic reluctance portion 32, 33, a second rotor 21 fixedly secured to the second rotatable shaft 30 and a second stator winding 22a for generating an output voltage based on rotation of the second rotor 21.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a stepping motor capable of reducing the number of components and the number of assembling steps, and its manufacturing method. In order to achieve the object, a stepping motor according to the present invention is constructed to include a bobbin which integrally holds a yoke and a connector housing which is disposed at one end portion in an axial direction of the bobbin and integrally holds a pin for connecting a coil wound around the bobbin to an external conductor, and to integrally form the bobbin and the connector housing of a resin.

Abstract: An electric motor for powering downhole tools comprises a first stator (32) including a first set of coil windings (73), a second stator including a second set of windings, an axially located rotatable shaft (92) including a first magnetic element and a second magnetic element, a sealed annular chamber defined by a first tube (96), and an second tube concentrically inside the first tube. The first and second stators are located in the annular chamber, and the first magnetic elements being aligned with the first stator such that the first stator when energised can act upon the first magnetic element, and the second magnetic element being aligned with the second stator such that the second stator when energised can act upon the second magnetic element.

Abstract: An electrical machine including a brush holder disposed in a housing with the housing and/or housing cap having an elastic region which enables positioning of the brush holder relative to a commutator from outside the housing. An installation method for installing a brush holder of an electrical machine is also disclosed.

Abstract: For motors having a journal with one or more groove regions and a shaft for relative rotation in the journal, aspects include providing a dual tapered shaft. The shaft may be tapered by the application of a wear resistant coating at least opposite the groove regions. The coating introduces a shaft taper from near a top end and from near a bottom end towards the shaft middle. The shaft taper may provide for improved pumping efficiency. The coating may be applied in various processes such as chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition to establish a thickness gradient of coating material from near the top end and near the bottom end towards the shaft middle. In one example, the coating includes a DLC coating. Additionally, shaft portions may be shielded to prevent coatings thereon.

Abstract: A metal film 4 is disposed between a permanent magnet 3 and a rotor yoke 1, and the permanent magnet 3 and the rotor yoke 1 are subjected to beam welding. Since the metal film 4 is disposed between the permanent magnet 3 and rotor yoke 1, and the metal film 4 as a laser beam irradiated portion is melted by vacuum beam or laser beam, the metal film 4 has brazing metal function in welding, so that the connection between the permanent magnet 3 and the rotor yoke 1 is strong. Since there is no need of embedding the permanent magnet 3 in the rotor yoke 1 and there is no need to use polymer adhesives, the cost can be reduced.

Abstract: A magnetic gap is provided between a permanent magnet of a rotor and an auxiliary magnet pole portion which is arranged adjacent to the permanent magnet in a peripheral direction. A gradual change in a magnetic flux density distribution of a surface of the rotor is obtained and a cogging torque and a torque pulsation are restrained. By obtaining a reluctance torque according to the auxiliary magnetic pole, a permanent magnet electric rotating machine in which the cogging torque and the torque pulsation are restrained can be obtained and further an electromotive vehicle having the permanent magnet electric rotating machine can be provided.

Abstract: A laminated core having a first number of magnetic poles, the first number being a natural number divided by two, of a rotary electric machine, includes a plurality of arc-shaped unit cores each having a second number of magnetic poles, the second number being a natural number except for an aliquot part of the first number. The unit cores are wound and laminated a predetermined number of times in a circumferential direction into a spiral shape in such a manner that an axial lamination amount of the unit cores is obtained by an equation of X=?*t/360, X being the axial lamination amount, ? being a winding angle of the unit cores, and t being a thickness of the unit core. The unit cores are adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction connected to each other at a part of an outer circumference thereof.

Abstract: A power system includes a housing with a chamber, a member with a stored static electrical charge, and a pair of electrodes. The member is connected to the housing and extends at least partially across the chamber. The electrodes are connected to the housing, are spaced from and on substantially opposing sides of the member from each other, and are at least partially in alignment with each other. The member is movable with respect to the pair of electrodes or one of the pair of electrodes is movable with respect to the member.

Abstract: A piezoelectric ceramic composition includes a top-layer, a bottom-layer and at least one intermediate-layer ceramic sheets stacked to each other for sintering. An alloy layer of silver and palladium is interposed between every two ceramic sheets, and a sliver layer is coated on each exposed surface of the top-layer and the bottom-layer ceramic sheets, so as to form a positive and a negative electrode circuit therein. The piezoelectric ceramic composition with the silver layer is attached to at least one surface of a metal plate to make a piezoelectric element which is used to make a piezoelectric actuator, loudspeaker or buzzer.

Abstract: A rotary drive device is configured to be reduced in size while still delivering a prescribed torque. The rotary drive device has a base part with a vibrating body and a rotating body attached to the base part. The vibrating body has at least one piezoelectric element that vibrates an abutting part, which rotates the rotating body. Specifically, the rotating body has a contact part that is positioned at a prescribed distance from the rotational center and that is abutted against by the abutting part. When voltage is applied to the piezoelectric element, the vibrating body vibrates to repetitively press the abutting part against the contact part to rotate the rotating body. The vibrating body is positioned in a plane that intersects the rotational axis of the rotating body, and is disposed at least as close to the rotational axis of the rotating body as that of the contact part.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive device includes a base 11 having a pair of movable parts 11a, 11b opposing each other and a connecting part 11c that connects movable parts 11a, 11b with each other at one end thereof as well as piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 12a, 12b disposed on the side surfaces of movable parts 11a, 11b of base 11. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive device is constructed in a simple structure with fewer components. Base 11 is integrally formed in an open-box shape or in a horseshoe shape by bending one sheet of band-shaped flat plate. Movable parts 11a, 11b extend for a predetermined length from respective ends of connecting part 11c to the other ends. The other ends of movable parts 11a, 11b constitute a mounting site for mounting a component to be controlled or a component to be tested.

Abstract: A system and method for removing unwanted heat generated by a piezoelectric element of an ultrasound transducer. Some implementations have high thermal conductivity (HTC) material placed adjacent to the piezoelectric element. The HTC material can be thermally coupled to one or more heat sinks. Use of HTC material in conjunction with these piezoelectric element surfaces is managed to avoid degradation of propagating acoustic energy. Use of the HTC material in conjunction with heat sinks allows for creation of thermal paths away from the piezoelectric element. Active cooling of the heat sinks with water or air can further draw heat from the piezoelectric element. Further implementations form a composite matrix of thermally conductive material or interleave thermally conductive layers with piezoelectric material.

Abstract: A surface mount type crystal oscillator includes: a container body composed of a laminated ceramic including a plate-shaped center layer, and first and second frame layers stacked on opposite surfaces of the center layer respectively; a crystal blank hermetically sealed in a first recess formed by the first frame layer and the center layer; an IC chip accommodated in a second recess formed by the second frame layer and the center layer; and a test terminal provided on the outer side surface of the container body and used to test the crystal blank. The center layer has at least a first layer and a second layers, and the test terminal is electrically connected to a crystal retaining terminal provided on the bottom surface of the first recess in order to retain the crystal blank through a conductive path provided on an interface between the first and second layers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resonator structure, temperature compensation method and temperature control apparatus for controlling local temperature of a resonator structure. At least one heating element (55) is integrated on a substrate of the resonator structure, and a temperature control signal generated based on a stored temperature characteristic is applied to the at least one integrated heating element (55). Thereby, the at least one heating element (55) and an optional integrated sensing element can be provided very close to the resonator. It is thus possible to control or calibrate variations of sensing elements, heating elements and resonator out from every sample.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to achieving micromachined piezoelectrically-actuated diaphragms. The piezoelectric diaphragm includes a central, inactive electrode free region and an annular shaped interdigitated electrode adjacent to the outer periphery of the central region. The diaphragm also may have an inactive annular, electrode free region and an active central, interdigitated electrode region. The diaphragms may be used in, such as, miniature pumps. The pumps may include a plurality of chambers to generate peristaltic pumping of fluids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to mechanical-electrical power conversion systems. The systems comprise one or more electroactive polymers that convert between electrical and mechanical energy. When a voltage is applied to electrodes contacting an electroactive polymer, the polymer deflects. This deflection may be converted into rotation of a power shaft included in a motor. Repeated deflection of the polymer may then produce continuous rotation of the power shaft.

Abstract: An optical filter used for modifying the spectral power distribution of high color temperature lamp to simulate CIE standard daylight illuminant. The optical filter comprising a heat-absorbing glass plate, a heat insulation washer, a longpass glass plate, and one or more spectral modification glass plate in series. The longpass glass plate and the heat absorbing glass plate determine the wavelength range, and the spectral modification glass plate(s) modify the spectral power distribution of the high color temperature halogen lamp. The CIE daylight simulators with the optical filter have very high colorimetric indexes.

Abstract: A polarizing photonic band gap system has a photonic crystal emitter. The photonic crystal emitter has a crystal end surface. The photonic crystal emitter is configured to generate electromagnetic energy having a wavelength ?. The system has a polarizer. The polarizer is connected to the photonic crystal emitter. The polarizer has a polarizer surface. The polarizer surface is located within a distance of said crystal end surface. The distance is sufficient to quantum mechanically couple the polarizer surface with said crystal end surface at the wavelength ?.

Abstract: A surface light source device may include a first substrate and a second substrate having a plurality of space-dividing portions to divide an inner space between the first and second substrates into a plurality of discharge regions. First and second electrodes may be formed on an outer face of the first substrate or the second substrate, and the first and second electrodes have a plurality of openings corresponding to the space-dividing portions. The openings have a first opening width along a longitudinal direction of the space-dividing portions, which is smaller than a line width of the first and second electrodes. The light source may be used in a flat panel display apparatus, such as a liquid crystal display apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed is a flat panel display device including a first substrate; an electron emitting region formed on the first substrate; a second substrate opposing the first substrate with a predetermined gap therebetween; a vacuum assembly being formed by the first and the second substrates; and a light emitting region including a phosphor layer with a predetermined pattern and emitting light by electrons emitted from the electron emitting region, and an anode formed on one side of the phosphor layer, wherein the projections and depressions are formed on the anode, or on the second substrate.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a vacuum case having a face plate and a rear plate with a conductive member on a surface, electrodes facing the conductive member in the vacuum case, and a spacer abutting one of the electrodes. The spacer has a concavity, and the interior surface of the concavity abuts the conductive member.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate and spaced apart from the first substrate; an electron emission unit on the first substrate, the electron emission unit having at least two electrodes and an emission region for emitting electrons; and a light emission unit on the second substrate to be excited by a beam formed with the electrons. The electron emission unit includes a focusing electrode for focusing the beam. The light emission unit includes a screen on which pixels are arranged in a pattern. Each of the pixels has a phosphor layer. The phosphor layer of one of the pixels is excited by the beam. The focusing electrode includes an opening, through which the beam passes. A length of the opening is LV, a pitch of a pixel is PV, and LV and PV satisfy: 0.25 ?LV/PV?0.60.

Abstract: The invention provides a color display substrate having plural color display elements arranged in a matrix pattern, and a manufacturing method to efficiently obtain a color filter substrate and color luminescent substrate, for example. A manufacturing method of a color display substrate includes the step of forming plural color dots by selectively ejecting liquid droplets from nozzles in accordance with input data. The plural color dots constitute plural pixels, which constitute plural color filter elements arranged in a matrix pattern. The plural color dots have a first dot pitch in a direction perpendicular to a first base line. Each of the plural color dots is formed to lie at a distance of at least substantially an integral multiple of the first dot pitch from the first base line.

Abstract: A constitution of the display device of the invention is shown in the following. The display device includes a pixel unit including TFTs of which the active layer contains an organic semiconductor material for forming channel portions in the opening portions in an insulating layer arranged to meet the gate electrodes. The pixel unit further includes a contrast media formed on the electrodes connected to the TFTs for changing the reflectivity upon the application of an electric field, or microcapsules containing electrically charged particles that change the reflectivity upon the application of an electric field. The pixel unit is sandwiched by plastic substrates, and barrier layers including an inorganic insulating material are provided between the plastic substrates and the pixel unit. The purpose of the present invention is to supply display devices which are excellent in productivity, light in weight and flexible.

Abstract: A light-emitting device of high light extraction efficiency comprises a first substrate, a light-emitting chip positioned on the first substrate and configured to emit light beams, a fluorescent material positioned on the light-emitting chip, a photonic crystal positioned on the fluorescent material and a reflector positioned on the photonic crystal and configured to reflect the light beam to the fluorescent material. The first substrate is preferably a metallic cup, and the light-emitting chip is positioned at the bottom of the metallic cup. The photonic crystal includes a second substrate and a plurality of protrusions positioned on the second substrate. Each of the protrusions includes a bottom end positioned on the second substrate and a tip portion smaller than the bottom end. The plurality of protrusions can be triangular pillars, semicircular pillars, sinusoid pillars, pyramids, or cones.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display panel, that is capable of preventing the discoloration of a substrate caused by migration of a metal bus electrode or metal paste's running down. The plasma display panel includes a transparent electrode; a metal bus electrode; a first light shielding layer formed between the transparent electrode and the metal bus electrode on each discharge cell; a second light shielding layer formed between the adjacent discharge cells. The first light shielding layer and the second light shielding layer are different from each other in at least one of a thickness and a pigment concentration.

Abstract: A coupling and grounding structure of a plasma display device for grounding a circuit board effectively, and fixing the circuit board stably. The plasma display device includes a plasma display panel having a display area, on which images are displayed; a chassis base coupled to a back surface of the plasma display panel; at least one circuit board, on which at least one electronic element for driving the plasma display panel is mounted, the circuit board having a conductive portion and at least one coupling hole to be coupled to the chassis base by a bolt member penetrating the coupling hole; and at least a conductive member which contacts the conductive portion and the bolt member in the coupling hole.

Abstract: An improved plasma display panel is provided that may reduce a discharge firing voltage while simultaneously improving discharge efficiency. The plasma display panel may include a first substrate substantially paralleling an opposite second substrate across a predetermined gap, wherein the gap is divided into a discharge cell. A phosphor layer may be formed in the discharge cell. An address electrode may be formed on the first substrate to extend along a first direction. A first electrode and second electrode may be formed on the first substrate, and a degree that a portion of at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode proximate the second substrate protrudes toward a center of the discharge cell may differ from a degree that another portion of the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode proximate the first substrate protrudes toward the center of the discharge cell.

Abstract: A plasma display panel has a stable addressing characteristic, no dielectric breakdown, and high reliability. Data electrodes (10), first dielectric layer (17) for covering the data electrodes (10), priming electrodes (15), and second dielectric layer (18) for covering the priming electrodes (15) are sequentially formed on back substrate (2). Slotted parts (10a) are formed in a part of each data electrode (10). Thus, data electrodes (10) are prevented from deforming during the manufacturing, and dielectric voltage between data electrodes (10) and priming electrodes (15) is improved.

Abstract: Fluorescent lamps that comprise a glass envelope with an exterior surface and first and second electrodes located within the glass envelope include a transparent electrically conductive material affixed to the exterior surface of the glass envelope. The transparent electrically conductive material extends between the vicinity of the first electrode and the vicinity of the second electrode, thereby providing a path for an electric current to pass between the first and second electrodes and reduce the open circuit voltage required to start the fluorescent lamp. The transparent electrically conductive material affixed to the exterior surface of the glass envelope can comprise one or more stripes of the material so that less than the total exterior surface area of the glass envelope is covered by the transparent electrically conductive material.

Abstract: An electric lamp has a lamp vessel accommodating an electric element. The element is connected to current conductors including molybdenum portions which have a coating of material chosen from the group of chromium-manganese, chromium-cobalt, chromium-iron and chromium-boron alloys as a protection against oxidation.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a lamp is provided with an arc envelope including a ceramic, an end member including a material different from the ceramic, and a compliant seal disposed between the end member and the arc envelope. The compliant seal includes a plurality of layers having different thermal expansion characteristics in an order of gradual change between the arc envelope and the end member.