Abstract: An improved disc jockey turntable is disclosed. The turntable includes a housing having an I/O circuit, an audio output electrically connected to the I/O circuit, a rotatable platter configured and arranged to received a vinyl record thereon, an electric motor is configured to selectively rotate the platter, a movable tonearm with a pickup cartridge is electrically connected to the I/O circuit whereby the tonearm may be moved over the platter and placed on a vinyl record rotating on the platter to play audio out through the audio output. A dock is located on the housing and is configured to cradle a portable music player. The dock has a communication port for connecting to the portable music player. A control circuit is electrically connected to the communication port and the I/O circuit, and is configured to selectively recording audio from the I/O circuit to the portable music player.

Abstract: Recording timing of a Data segment is set so as to avoid locating a wobble modulated portion as preformat information which indicates information on Physical segments of a recording type optical disc, and a recording start head position of the Data segment to be recorded in a track, in the same area of the track.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a user data area and a lead-out area, wherein the user data area and the lead-out area each has grooves and lands formed thereon. Wobbles are formed on at least one lateral surface of grooves of the user data area and the lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics are made different between the user data area and the lead-out area. Different types of wobbles are formed on the grooves of either the user data area or the lead-out area, thereby preventing an optical pickup that performs recording/reproduction from deviating from the user data area. Also, in a multi-layer optical recording medium, a whole area of a recording layer is configured to have a same condition, thereby preventing deterioration in reproduction and/or recording due to a difference in light power transmittance of another recording layer.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a user data area and a lead-out area, wherein the user data area and the lead-out area each has grooves and lands formed thereon. Wobbles are formed on at least one lateral surface of grooves of the user data area and the lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics are made different between the user data area and the lead-out area. Different types of wobbles are formed on the grooves of either the user data area or the lead-out area, thereby preventing an optical pickup that performs recording/reproduction from deviating from the user data area. Also, in a multi-layer optical recording medium, a whole area of a recording layer is configured to have a same condition, thereby preventing deterioration in reproduction and/or recording due to a difference in light power transmittance of another recording layer.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a user data area and a lead-out area, wherein the user data area and the lead-out area each has grooves and lands formed thereon. Wobbles are formed on at least one lateral surface of grooves of the user data area and the lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics are made different between the user data area and the lead-out area. Different types of wobbles are formed on the grooves of either the user data area or the lead-out area, thereby preventing an optical pickup that performs recording/reproduction from deviating from the user data area. Also, in a multi-layer optical recording medium, a whole area of a recording layer is configured to have a same condition, thereby preventing deterioration in reproduction and/or recording due to a difference in light power transmittance of another recording layer.

Abstract: An optical information recording medium that has a simple structure and with which warpage is kept to a minimum even under environmental changes over a wide range, and a method for manufacturing this medium are provided. The optical information recording medium is an optical information recording medium used for the reproduction of recorded information and for recording and reproduction, including a substrate having an information recording layer, and a light transmitting layer that covers the information recording layer and is composed of a radiation curable resin, wherein a warpage adjusting layer for adjusting warpage of the light transmitting layer caused by temperature changes is disposed on the opposite side of the substrate from the side on which the information recording layer is formed.

Abstract: A method is provided for connecting a twisted pair conductor to a modem device selected from among a first plurality of modem devices. At least one criterion for selecting that modem device is that the selected modem should allow the reduction of cross-talk interferences that would otherwise be induced upon traffic conveyed along the twisted pair conductor by the transmission and/or reception of traffic conveyed along other twisted pair conductors that are connected to other modem devices, and/or to traffic conveyed along other twisted pair conductors connected to other modem devices, by the transmission and/or reception of traffic conveyed along that twisted pair conductor.

Abstract: A signal received by an antenna or the like is input from an input terminal, and is amplified by an amplifier section together with thermal noise superimposed on the received signal. An addition section adds the signal amplified by the amplifier section to a cancellation signal generated by a cancellation signal generation section, whereby the noise superimposed on the received signal is canceled.

Abstract: Inter-carrier interference (ICI) cancellation in an OFDMA receiving signals from two transmitters is performed by identifying the transmitted sub-carriers that cause the largest ICI to sub-carriers received from other transmitters, and removing the ICI contribution from these sub-carriers. This may be accomplished by calculating the ICI terms only based on the interfering sub-carrier and the frequency offset. Alternatively, the transmissions causing the ICI are demodulated, the ICI on other signals is then determined and subtracted, and other signals are then demodulated. Which transmissions cause the largest ICI on others depends on the relative strength of the corresponding sub-carriers and how much orthogonality is lost. The latter might be due to frequency error, Doppler spread, or a combination of both.

Abstract: A method of managing a signal over a symbol period includes supplying samples of the signal at beginning and end portions of the symbol period. The method further includes suppressing the supply of samples of the signal at a middle portion of the symbol period.

Abstract: An approach is provided for announcing a fault condition or failure in a network system. Announcement notifications are prioritized based on a priority information derived from at least two local parameters determined at a respective network element (NE1 to NEn). Thereby, fault correction activities can be optimized.

Abstract: A network device (20) includes more than an active card (201) and a standby card (200). The active card is used for establishing telephony connection between a first terminal device (10) and a second terminal device (20) via a media gateway control device, and sending communication data between the first terminal device and the media gateway control device. The standby card is used for reestablishing telephony connection between the first terminal device and the second terminal device via a redundancy command and a number of connections of the active card in response to a fault on the active card.

Abstract: A method for providing voice communication service in a receiver of a wireless communications system includes activating a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, called HARQ hereinafter, process, receiving a first voice packet and storing the first voice packet in a buffer by the HARQ process, receiving a second voice packet and storing the second voice packet in the buffer before the first voice packet is successfully received by the HARQ process, and delivering the first voice packet to an upper layer with an indication to indicate that the first voice packet includes erroneous data

Abstract: When a first MS control signalling device that controls a mobile station fails, a second MS control signalling device takes over the processing of the first MS control signalling device. The second MS control signalling device requests a RLC parameter necessary for communication of the mobile station, and the mobile station transmits the requested RLC parameter to the second MS control signalling device. The second MS control signalling device controls communication of the mobile station, using the obtained RLC parameter. A data path for transmitting user data of the mobile station is not released but is held when the MS control signalling devices are switched.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for configuring a telecommunication system comprising at least one sending entity and one receiving entity between which the same link transmits several transport channels with different qualities of service. The sending entity matches the rate between the different coded transport channels with separate qualities of service, and the different coded transport channels are then multiplexed. The matching rate specific to each coded transport channel is determined from at least one first parameter representative of the expected Eb/I ratio and a second parameter representative of the capacity of the physical channel.

Abstract: Interference, collisions, power control, and spatial reuse constitute important issues that need to be resolved urgently in multihop wireless networks such as ad hoc networks, single-hop/multihop wireless LANs, sensor networks, and mesh networks. A method called the evolvable interference management (EIM) method is disclosed in this patent for avoiding/preventing interference and collision and increasing network throughput and energy efficiency in wireless networks. EIM employs sensitive CSMA/CA, patching approaches, interference engineering, differentiated multichannel, detached dialogues, and/or spread spectrum techniques to solve the interference and QoS problems. Also, EIM embodiments based on collision prevention without dialogues are capable of collision reduction/control and can resolve several important problems encountered in previous MACP or RTS/CTS-based protocols, while improving/retaining their important advantages.

Abstract: Methods and systems for extending the IMS/SIP architecture of the NGN to provide QoS service to generic bearer flows. QoS treatment of a bearer flow destined to a non-SIP client attached to the network via an attachment segment connected to an attachment gateway is supported. A SIP-INVITE message is received in respect of the bearer flow. The SIP-INVITE message contains a Universal Resource Identifier (URI) identifying the non-SIP client as a destination of the bearer flow. An attempt is made to install a QoS policy on the attachment segment in accordance with a Traffic Specification (T-Spec) identified in the SIP-INVITE message, and the result of the installation attempt detected. A appropriate SIP messaging is generated on behalf of the non-SIP client, to either accept or refuse the bearer flow, based on the detected result.

Abstract: Early multilink traffic throttling for a data communication node throttles packets designated for forwarding on a multilink interface of a data communication node before distributing the packets to output queues associated with physical links of the multilink interface so as to prevent packet loss and reassembly problems caused by non-uniform operational characteristics of the physical links, such as disparate line rates. More particularly, early multilink traffic throttling verifies that all output queues associated with physical links of a multilink interface are ready to receive a packet before distributing the packet.

Abstract: It is disclosed a method comprising prioritizing a plurality of queuing entities with respect to each other, receiving a data stream consisting of a plurality of data packets, marking each of the plurality of data packets with one out of a plurality of identifiers based on a predetermined requirement, the plurality of identifiers corresponding to the plurality of queuing entities, enforcing each one of the plurality of data packets based on the respective identifier, comprising detecting the identifier in each one of the plurality of marked data packets, and queuing, responsive to the detecting, the data packets into one of the plurality of prioritized queuing entities, scheduling, in each of the plurality of prioritized queuing entities, the respective queued data packets, and transmitting the scheduled data packets in each of the plurality of prioritized queuing entities according to the priority of the respective queuing entity.

Abstract: A method and a system control admission for voice transmission over a multi-hop network. The method takes multiple parameters into account in order to make a decision and ensures that the system remains stable. The parameters may include options (e.g., aggregation level, bursting level, and transmission rate) and constraints (e.g., the number of users, access points, or sensing range of each user). The method computes the load of the network given each set of options and constraints and compares it against the packetization interval of the voice codec to check whether or not the system is stable. An algorithm of the method finds the best trade-offs between overhead reduction (e.g., due to contention and to packet headers) and a solution robust to channel errors, if links are noisy. If several stable solutions corresponding to different options exist, additional criteria (e.g., the least number of hops, the highest transmission rate) may be used to determine the final “best” solution.

Abstract: A bandwidth reservation system and method for dynamic channel switching, and a computer readable recording medium are provided. The bandwidth reservation system includes a transmitting terminal, for selecting a first channel from a plurality of channels to establish a connection, and detecting the other channels and selecting a second channel for switching and then establishing a new connection for data transmission, when the first channel does not have sufficient bandwidth for reservation; a receiving terminal, for establishing the connection with the transmitting terminal and receiving the data transmitted from the transmitting terminal, and switching to the second channel according to the requirement of the transmitting terminal, so as to establish the connection and to perform the data transmission.

Abstract: A method is disclosed that enables the avoidance of a processor overload of a telecommunications endpoint device that is susceptible to traffic floods. An enhanced network switch sets the speed on one of its data ports as a specific function of the speeds of the devices that are connected to one or more of its other data ports. This behavior is different from that of network switches in the prior art, in which the data rate of a port in the prior art is auto-negotiated to the highest speed that can be supported by the network elements at either end of the port's connection, regardless of the other devices present. By considering the specific devices that are connected, the enhanced network switch is able to limit the amount of traffic that is directed by an upstream device, such as a router, towards a device with limited processor capability, such as a packet-based phone.

Abstract: In a wireless network, a device monitors at least one parameter that indicates collision status in the network; compares the at least one parameter to a predefined control frame threshold that is based on a criterion other than packet-size; and activates a control frame feature in the device for sending a control frame prior to data transmission, when the at least one parameter exceeds the control frame threshold. In an 802.11 network, the control frames are RTS (request-to-send) and CTS (clear-to-send) frames. The parameters being monitored can include: a number of acknowledgement and RTS frames detected from a hidden terminal, when the device is in a backoff state; a number of retransmission attempts by the device; and a collision rate determined and transmitted by another device in the wireless network to which the device intends to send data.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and method for adjusting a characteristic of a data transmission in order to maintain a rate of transmission. For the method, it comprises: monitoring for initiation of the data transmission to the device; identifying characteristics of the device relating to the data transmission that affect the ability of the device to process the transmission; automatically adjusting the transmission rate according to a preset transmission rate progression established for the communication network; and adjusting characteristics of the data transmission to allow the characteristics of data transmission to conform to the characteristics of the device while maintaining the transmission rate for the device.

Abstract: IP packets are scheduled at source devices such as cell phones on a private network that connect to the Internet at an edge device. A private traffic controller by the edge device detects pre-Internet congestion on the private network. The private traffic controller uses in-band piggybacked signaling of policy changes by intercepting return packets to the source devices and modifying bits such as DSCP bits in the header. Source traffic controllers in the source devices read the modified DSCP bits and implement specified policy changes, dropping or delaying packets at the source device before transmission. Congestion on RF links from cell phones is reduced by the source traffic controllers dropping packets before transmission. The source device limits or drops future packets in response to the policies signaled by the DSCP bits. Rather than indicate the existing packet's priority, private DSCP bits signal policy changes to the source device.

Abstract: In general, the invention relates to a method for sending a packet from an application to a destination. The method includes opening a network connection between the application and the destination, tuning at least one layer in a network stack, based on application information associated with the application, to obtain a tuned network stack, wherein the network stack is associated with the network connection, receiving the packet from the application, processing the packet using the tuned network stack to obtain a processed packet, and sending the processed packet to the destination, wherein the processed packet is received by the destination.

Abstract: A method for managing a network connection includes establishing the network connection between an application and a packet destination, wherein the network connection comprises a plurality of paths, receiving a plurality of packets from the application on the network connection, wherein the plurality of packets is associated with the network connection, and wherein the plurality of packets comprises data from the application, obtaining a distribution of the plurality of packets among the plurality of paths by a master transport protocol module, wherein each of the plurality of paths is associated with one of a plurality of transport protocol modules, and transmitting, based on the distribution, the plurality of packets over the plurality of paths using the plurality of transport protocol modules, wherein each of the plurality of transport protocol modules implements one of a plurality of congestion control algorithms, wherein the plurality of packets are received at the packet destination.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the bitrate of a given datastream is provided. The bitrate of a given datastream is reduced by altering the payload of an incoming packet, while still providing sufficient data as to not cause a malfunction within the receiving node. The altered payload represents data which will trigger commonly used error concealment methods, within the receiving node. The determination as to which packets undergo alteration is based on a relationship between network congestion and the priority of a given packet. A packet's priority is measured in terms of its effect on the regeneration of high quality signal. As the need to reduce the bitrate of a given datastream increases, the occurrence of packet alteration increases.

Abstract: In a radio communication system including terminals that access a control apparatus by a random access method, the number of collisions between data transmitted from the terminals is reduced. A control method for the control apparatus capable of communicating with at least one terminal located within a communicable range includes transmitting information designating a communication period in which the terminal transmits data to the control apparatus, changing a transmission range over which the information is transmitted, and transmitting, after transmitting first information designating a first communication period over a first transmission range, second information designating a second communication period which differs from the first communication period over a changed second transmission range.

Abstract: In order to improve continuous packet connectivity (CPC), the present invention provides a method of improving CPC for a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communications system. The method includes receiving the HS-PDSCHs indicated by a control information and decoding the data on the HS-PDSCHs according to the control information when detecting an HS-SCCH carrying the control information intended for the UE, and at the same time, receiving the HS-PDSCHs indicated by a specific control information and decoding the data on the HS-PDSCHs according to the specific control information when a specific operation is enabled.

Abstract: In order to improve continuous packet connectivity (CPC), the present invention provides a method of improving CPC for a UE working in a HS-SCCH less operation in a wireless communications system. The method includes treating a received data as a specific data to be decoded when the received data is the data of the third transmission for a base station and the data in a soft buffer pointed by the third transmission is not the second transmission for the base station in the wireless communications system.

Abstract: The amount of TCP/IP packets which can be sent from an Internet network to a wireless network is maximized by modifying a receive window value of an acknowledgment (ACK) before the ACK is sent on to a source of data packets within the Internet network. The receive window value is modified to take into consideration delay and rate variations which occur in the wireless network.

Abstract: Methods and node capable of establishing link-weights based on protection-factor linked to protection level of a plurality of links between a source node and a destination node and capable of establishing primary and, potentially, protection path proposals using the established link-weights. An available bandwidth value for the link is determined. If the available bandwidth value for the link is greater than the bandwidth requirement associated to the potential path, then the link-weight of the link is set by computing a protection-factor associated to the link with the available bandwidth value for the link. Otherwise, the link-weight of the link is established to a value that indicates that the link should not be part of the potential path. Shortest path algorithm using the established link-weights could be applied to obtain path proposals.

Abstract: In general, the invention relates to a method for managing a network connection. The method includes receiving a request for the network connection from a host, where the network connection is associated with an overlay network. The method further includes sending, in response to the request, a first available bandwidth per flow to the host, and receiving packets from the host. The packets received from the host are associated with the network connection and the initial packet transmission rate of the packets over the network connection is based on the first available bandwidth per flow. Further, the first available bandwidth per flow is obtained by probing a first router in the overlay network to obtain a first available bandwidth associated with the first router.

Abstract: A method selects a route in a wireless cooperative relay network of nodes, the nodes including a source, a set of relays, and a destination. A codeword is encoded as a data stream. The data stream is transmitted from a source to a destination via a set of relays. Mutual information is accumulated at a particular node to decode the data stream and recover the codeword. Then, a route from the source to the destination is selected based on channel state information between the nodes while transmitting and accumulating.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to manage network transport paths in accordance with network policies are disclosed. An example apparatus comprises a policy manager to manage a first policy for a first endpoint and a second policy for a second endpoint, and a path manager to provision a transport network path based on the first and second policies.

Abstract: A method for making correspondence between an MPID and a MAC address, including: each MP on the network is allocated a unique MPID at first; to obtain the MAC address of a destination MP, a MEP sends a broadcast query message to all the MPs on the network with the MPID of the destination MP; after receiving the broadcast query message, each MP determines whether the MPID in the message is the same as its MPID; if they are same, returns a unicast response message which includes the MPID and the MAC address; otherwise, no operation is performed; the MEP obtains the MAC address of the destination MP from the received unicast response message. The invention overcomes the problem of the prior art that an MEP cannot know the MAC address of a destination MP. By the present invention, various functions of the OAM can be accomplished and the uniqueness of the MPID and the MAC address of an MP on the network may also be ensured.

Abstract: Algorithms and data structure are described for constructing and maintaining a clock distribution tree (“CDT”) for timing loop avoidance. The CDT algorithms and data structure allows a node to make an automated and unattended path switch to the most desirable clock source in the network. In response to a network topology change, a clock root node distributes new clock paths to all nodes in the network. In particular, the root node calculates a new clock path for each affected node by building a clock source topology tree, and identifying from that tree a path to the network node from a clock source of higher or equal stratum relative to that network node. The root node then sends a network message to each node indicating the new path that the node should use. Each node receives the message and compares the new path with the existing path. If the paths are different then the node acquires the new path just received in the message. If the paths are the same then the node does nothing and discards the message.

Abstract: A control circuit for detecting a loop state includes a signal indication module, a three-way switch, a remote control module, and a detection module. The three-way switch and the remote control module are connected in series between the load and a power source. When the three-way switch is pressed down or the remote control module receives a wireless signal sent from the signal indication module, the remote control module or the three-way switch is switched to form a closed/open circuit state between the power source and the load. The detection module connects the load and the remote control module, and detects an actuation state of the remote control module and the load when receiving the wireless signal, so as to generate determination information and state information, and display the information, such that a user can know whether the load loop runs normally.

Abstract: Each of the host transmitting/receiving blocks of a plurality of I/O units connected to a CNC reads the destination specification data and a diagnostic result bit each time the host transmitting/receiving block receives a signal packet from the CNC. When the diagnostic result bit indicates the execution of a diagnosis, the signal packet contains diagnostic DO data, and the relevant DO signal output terminal is short-circuited to the relevant DI signal input terminal to form a diagnostic loop. The diagnostic packet signal passes through the diagnostic loop, the external signal transmitting/receiving block, and the host transmitting/receiving block and returns to the CNC through the host transmitting/receiving block of an adjacent I/O unit closer to the CNC. The CNC analyzes the packet signal to determine whether each of the I/O units is operating normally or not.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method and apparatus verifies integrity of a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) virtual connection at an analog terminal adapter (ATA) at an edge of an Internet Protocol (IP) network. A VoIP transaction is initiated toward a cooperating test unit across the IP network, establishing a VoIP virtual circuit. The test unit responds by transmitting a digital representation of or information representing a test tone across the IP network to the ATA. By evaluating the test tone at the ATA, integrity of a bearer channel of the virtual circuit can be verified directly, and integrity of a signaling channel of the virtual circuit can be verified indirectly.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for monitoring performance of a content processing device are disclosed. A system may include a content processing device and a customer premises management system (CMS) in communication with the content processing device. The CMS generally monitors hardware performance, network performance, and video quality parameters of the content processing device. The CMS may determine an operating status of the content processing device from at least one of the hardware performance, network performance, and video quality parameters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for adjusting forward transmission power control threshold of a terminal in a mobile communication system, including the following steps of setting in advance at a base station side a forward pilot threshold and a lower bound, an upper bound of a forward transmission power control threshold as well as adjustment ranges of said lower bound and upper bound; obtaining the current forward pilot energy measured and reported by the terminal; judging whether the forward pilot energy exceeds said forward pilot threshold; and adjusting the forward transmission power control threshold of the terminal. In the invention, the forward pilot energy reported by the terminal is judged and adjusted through the pre-set parameters above, so as to dynamically adjust the forward transmission power control threshold of the terminal in the sector, reduce call drop rate, and promote the communication quality of a CDMA mobile communication system.

Abstract: A wireless network (100) includes a plurality of wireless stations (QSTAs) (102) and an access point (QAP) (101). The QAP, or one or more of the QSTAs, or both, are adapted to measure delay data, or queue data, or both, per one or more traffic type. A method of wireless communication is also described.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for communicating channel information in a relay wireless communication system are provided. A Base Station (BS) apparatus includes a message generator for generating a channel measurement request message to be transmitted to a Relay Station (RS) when the RS is connected; a Transmit (TX) modem for performing a physical layer processing on a message generated by the message generator and for transmitting the processed message; a message analyzer for analyzing a channel measurement response message received from the RS and for obtaining channel estimation information; and a scheduler for performing data scheduling by using the channel estimation information for a predetermined duration corresponding to a plurality of frames.

Abstract: A plurality of traffic monitoring apparatuses and an entry managing apparatus common to the traffic monitoring apparatuses are provided in a network. In the traffic monitoring apparatus, a packet receiving unit extracts a source IP address, destination IP address, and a TTL count to be registered in an entry registering unit as an entry. A destination-address counting unit counts the number of entries having the same source IP address and the same TTL count. A TTL counting unit counts the number of entries having the same source IP address and the same destination IP address, and counts a largest TTL count. An entry reporting unit reports a TTL count or a largest TTL count to the entry managing apparatus. The entry managing apparatus identifies a traffic monitoring apparatus that has reported a TTL count having the largest value or a largest TTL count having the largest value, as an origin of an abnormality.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a first node among a number of distributed nodes capable of forming or reforming a communication network between the nodes, each of the nodes including functionally similar components for forming or reforming such a network, includes a memory for storing values for variables for the node.

Abstract: Methods, devices, apparatus, computer-readable media and processors are provided for allocating network resources in a group communication system based on one or more call control rules. Call control rules may utilize one or more call control decision parameters including, but not limited to, the location of the group call members, the cost of the communication link and/or network resource options, the network load of the communication link options and the security status and/or priority status of the group call and/or the group call members. By basing allocation of the network resources on one or more of the call control decision parameters, the group communication call may experience improved latency and call cost, and/or may be assigned the requisite call security and/or call priority.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system comprises a plurality of nodes that are communicatively coupled to one another. Each of the plurality of nodes, in the absence of any faults, is communicatively coupled to at least a first neighbor node and a first neighbor's neighbor node and a second neighbor node and a second neighbor's neighbor node. When at least a first clique and a second clique exist within the plurality of nodes and a first node included in the first clique successfully receives a synchronization message associated with the second clique from the first neighbor node of the first node and the first neighbor's neighbor node of the first node, the first node does the following. The first node defects to the second clique and synchronizes to the synchronization message. The first node also communicates a join message to at least the second neighbor node of the first node and the second neighbor's neighbor node of the first node.

Abstract: In general, the invention relates to a method for classifying an application. The method includes receiving, at a kernel, a plurality of packets from the application, wherein the application is executing outside of the kernel, obtaining a first measurement from the plurality of packets associated with a first parameter using a first internal estimator in the kernel, applying a first statistical technique to the first measurement to generate a first estimate of the first parameter, and obtaining a classification of the application based on the first estimate. Further, the classification of the application is used to optimize a network connection associated with the application.