Abstract: A fine granularity, wide-range variable gain amplifier (“VGA”) comprises an attenuator, a high gain signal path, a low gain signal path and a gain adjustment control to adjust a gain of the VGA, wherein the gain adjustment control is configured to cause a selective activation of at least a portion of the low gain signal path or the high gain signal path to achieve a desired overall gain.

Abstract: Digital amplifier for amplifying a digital input signal, comprising a digital modulator for converting the digital input signal into an amplitude-discrete and temporally analogue signal, comprising an analogue error correction circuit which modulates the pulse widths of the amplitude-discrete and temporally analogue signal in dependence on an analogue error signal, comprising a power switching stage, the input of which receives the signal modulated by the error correction circuit and which delivers the modulated signal amplified at an output and comprising an analogue feedback circuit which, in dependence on the output signal of the digital modulator and on the output signal of the power switching stage, generates the analogue error signal for adjusting the analogue error correction circuit.

Abstract: A method of optimizing performance of a multiple path amplifier includes: splitting an input signal to derive a respective sub-signal for each branch of the multiple path amplifier; independently pre-distorting each sub-signal using a known performance characteristic of its associated branch of the multiple path amplifier; and supplying each pre-distorted sub-signal to its associated branch of the multiple amplifier.

Abstract: A linearized bipolar differential input stage that contains two high gain current mirrors coupled in series with the input voltage signal through the input transistors to allow the output differential current to greatly exceed the DC output current in a Class AB fashion. The extended output current range over and above the DC current significantly lowers the percentage of effects for both DC offset and noise in the output signal path. Non-linearity cancellation is also optimized for the lowest level of input distortion through adjusting transistor area ratios.

Abstract: A fully differential amplifier includes a first single-ended current mirror type fully differential amplifier outputting a first output signal by two stage amplifying a difference between a first input signal and a second input signal and a second single-ended current mirror type fully differential amplifier outputting a second output signal by two stage amplifying a difference between the first input signal and the second input signal. A first tail of the first single-ended current mirror type fully differential amplifier and a second tail of the second single-ended current mirror type fully differential amplifier are connected to each other and the first output signal and the second output signal are differential signals.

Abstract: An offset canceling circuit includes a differential amplifier circuit configured to output a first output signal in response to a differential input signal; a latch circuit configured to hold a second output signal determined based on the first output signal; and an offset control circuit configured to supply a reference voltage to the differential amplifier circuit to adjust an offset of the differential amplifier circuit. The second output signal is a binary signal, and the latch circuit changes a signal level of the second output signal based on the first output signal. The offset control circuit acquires the second output signal from the latch circuit for every predetermined time and updates a voltage value of the reference voltage based on the signal levels of two of the second output signals which are acquired continuously in time series.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a differential feedback amplifier circuit with cross coupled capacitors. Wherein, the first and second input terminals of a source follower are respectively coupled to the first and second output terminals of a differential amplifier, and a resistor is respectively coupled between the first output terminal of the source follower and the first input terminal of the differential amplifier and between the second output terminal of the source follower and the second input terminal of the differential amplifier in order to form a feedback loop. In addition, a capacitor is respectively coupled between the first end current source gate of the source follower and the second input terminal of the source follower and between the second end current source gate of the source follower and the first input terminal of the source follower, so as to improve the circuit gain and bandwidth.

Abstract: An amplifier electronic circuit with at least one amplifier stage, including a differential pair that includes two input transistors controlled by respective input signals and means for measuring the common mode output voltage of the amplifier, includes at least one first electronic component and one second electronic component, each electronic component comprising a first gate and a second gate, a source and a drain, the first gates of the first and second electronic components being interconnected and connected to the drain of the first electronic component, one of the second gates of the electronic components receiving the measured common mode output voltage, the other of the second gates receiving a reference voltage. The amplifier electronic circuit may be used in applications using differential pairs, for example, an amplifier, an oscillator, or active filters.

Abstract: A power amplifier includes: a first multi-finger FET formed on a semiconductor substrate; a second multi-finger FET formed on the semiconductor substrate; a first temperature detector which detects a channel temperature of the first FET; a second temperature detector which detects a channel temperature of the second FET; a third temperature detector which detects a temperature of the semiconductor substrate; a first detection circuit detecting a difference between an output of the first temperature detector and an output of the third temperature detector and converting the difference to thermoelectromotive force; a second detection circuit detecting a difference between an output of the second temperature detector and the output of the third temperature detector and converting the difference to thermoelectromotive force; and a comparator comparing outputs of the first and second detection circuits with each other to turn on one of the first and second switches and turn off the other.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit for amplifying a high-frequency input signal comprises an amplifier stage, which amplifies the high-frequency input signal as a function of an operating point of the amplifier stage and generates an operating point-dependent signal, an observer stage, which replicates the amplifier stage and generates an observation signal, a regulator, which is supplied with the operating point-dependent signal and the observation signal, and an control element, which influences the operating point of the amplifier stage and is driven by the regulator, whereby the regulator drives the control element in such a way that the operating point of the amplifier stage is substantially independent of a level of the high-frequency input signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a phase compensation circuit 6 using a MOS capacitor with a structure in which an insulating film is disposed between a gate electrode formed on a semiconductor substrate and a diffusion layer. The phase compensation circuit includes first and second MOS capacitors 14, 15. A gate electrode terminal of the first MOS capacitor is connected equivalently to a diffusion layer terminal of the second MOS capacitor that is a terminal opposite to the gate electrode terminal. A potential difference generating element 16 that generates a potential difference by allowing a current to flow therethrough is connected between a diffusion layer terminal of the first MOS capacitor and a gate electrode terminal of the second MOS capacitor. When the MOS capacitors having the voltage dependence are used, e.g.

Abstract: There is provided a power amplifying device having a linearizer in which a bias circuit has an initial impedance set when initially operated, then the impedance is varied according to a level of an input signal and the input signal is amplified in a broad range from a low level region to a high level region, thereby improving linearity of an output signal. The power amplifying device including: an amplifying unit receiving a bias power source and amplifying an input signal; a bias unit varying the bias power source according to a set impedance to provide to the amplifying unit; and an impedance setting unit setting the impedance of the bias unit in response to a preset control voltage when the bias unit is initially operated and re-setting the impedance of the bias unit according to a level of the input signal of the amplifying unit after initial operation of the bias unit.

Abstract: Protection for the transmission of higher amplitude outputs required of differential amplifiers formed by thin oxide transistors with limited maximum voltage tolerance used where compliance with communication protocol standards requires handling voltages which may, in transition, exceed desirable levels is provided by limiting the voltage across any two device terminals under power down conditions.

Abstract: Timing measurement is performed by a digital oscillator, using a calibration value which is calculated after chip fabrication is completed, and automatically loaded into selection logic at powerup.

Abstract: A ring oscillator circuit having an odd plurality of inverter stages (i.e., 2N+1 stages). In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, only one of the inverter stages is operated in response to a variable input voltage, while the remaining inverter stages are operated in response to a highly filtered constant input voltage. The inverter stages that operate in response to the constant input voltage oscillate at a base frequency. The inverter stage that operates in response to the variable input voltage causes the frequency of the output signal to deviate from the base frequency by an amount determined by the variable input voltage. In this manner, the variable voltage inverter stage implements frequency control for the ring oscillator. The gain of the ring oscillator circuit is reduced by a factor of (2N+1) with respect to the gain of a conventional ring oscillator.

Abstract: A tuning fork flexural crystal vibration device includes a base, two vibration arms, grooves, electrodes, and wirings. The base has a flat plate shape. The two vibration arms have flat panel shapes extending from a side surface of the base in the same direction. The grooves are provided for the two vibration arms so as to extend from base-side end portions of the vibration arms along the longitudinal direction of the vibration arms and are depressed in the thickness direction of the vibration arms. The grooves include front-side grooves which open in the front main surfaces of the vibration arms and are provided at least one by one for each vibration arm, and rear-side grooves which open in the rear main surfaces of the vibration arms and are provided at least one by one for each vibration arm. The bottom surface of the front-side groove does not face the bottom surface of the rear-side groove provided in the same vibration arm in which the front-side groove is provided.

Abstract: A magnetron having a cathode 1 and an anode 2 with vanes 3, has an insulating surface 4 in it which faces the cathode and receives material from it due to sputtering at the cathode. A conductor 7 enables the resistance of the film so deposited to be measured, giving an indication of the thickness of the film and the lifetime of the magnetron.

Abstract: A voltage controlled oscillator circuit comprises a variable current generator to supply an operation current to a voltage controlled oscillator, the voltage controlled oscillator to include a resonance circuit having a variable capacitor and inductor, and to output an output signal having an amplitude based on a current generated by the variable current generator, and a first optimization circuit to which the output signal is inputted, the first optimization circuit generating and outputting a current setting signal based on an amplitude change of the output signal corresponding to a change of a current outputted by the variable current generator to the variable current generator.

Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator has: an LC resonant circuit including an inductor and a variable capacitor that are connected in parallel between a pair of output terminals; a plurality of negative resistance circuits provided between a power source and the LC resonant circuit; a plurality of capacitor groups; a first switch circuit selecting an arbitrary number of negative resistance circuit from the plurality of negative resistance circuits; and a second switch circuit selecting an arbitrary number of capacitor group from the plurality of capacitor groups. The LC resonant circuit and the selected capacitor group constitute a resonant circuit. The resonant circuit is electrically connected to the power source through the selected negative resistance circuit, oscillates at an oscillation frequency depending on total capacitance of the resonant circuit, and outputs a differential signal of the oscillation frequency from the pair of output terminals.

Abstract: For a piezoelectric oscillator according to the present invention, an oscillator circuit includes: a piezoelectric vibrator; an NMOS transistor and a PMOS transistor that constitute an amplifier connected in parallel to the piezoelectric vibrator; and load capacitors connected in parallel to the piezoelectric vibrator. The gate terminals of the NMOS transistor and the PMOS transistor, which are constituents of the amplifier, are connected by a DC cut capacitor, and the gate terminal of the NMOS transistor and the output terminal of the amplifier are connected by a feedback resistor. An arbitrary bias voltage, to be applied to the gate terminal of the PMOS transistor via a high-frequency elimination resistor, is generated by a circuit provided by a diode-connected, second PMOS transistor.

Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator has an oscillation frequency controlled through a voltage applied across ends of a variable-capacitance element. The voltage-controlled oscillator has a frequency control bias circuit which applies to a first end of the variable-capacitance element a voltage for frequency control according to a control voltage, a first current source which generates a first current according to the control voltage, a second current source which generates a second current according to temperature, independent of the control voltage, a converting resistor which converts a current, obtained by adding together the first and second currents, into a voltage, and a temperature compensation bias circuit which applies to the second end of the variable-capacitance element a voltage for temperature compensation according to the voltage produced by the converting resistor.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes: a first oscillator that generates a first frequency signal; a second oscillator that generates a second frequency signal; a multiplexer that selectively passes the first frequency signal and the second frequency signal; and a frequency-to-digital converter that converts a frequency difference between the first frequency signal and the second frequency signal into a digital code.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit may be used with controller circuits that are designed to operate with crystals, with no modifications to the pinout or firmware of the controller circuit. In some embodiments, the oscillator circuit includes an enable input that is responsive to low-amplitude transitions, which may be coupled to and driven by the crystal output signal of the controller circuit. When transitions are present on the crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit enables its clock output signal. When the controller circuit disables its crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit no longer detects transitions on the crystal output signal coupled to the oscillator circuit enable input, and disables the clock output signal.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit may be used with controller circuits that are designed to operate with crystals, with no modifications to the pinout or firmware of the controller circuit. In some embodiments, the oscillator circuit includes an enable input that is responsive to low-amplitude transitions, which may be coupled to and driven by the crystal output signal of the controller circuit. When transitions are present on the crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit enables its clock output signal. When the controller circuit disables its crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit no longer detects transitions on the crystal output signal coupled to the oscillator circuit enable input, and disables the clock output signal.

Abstract: In a high frequency oscillator circuit including first and second field effect transistors, the first field effect transistor has a gate connected to a short-stub transmission line and a drain connected to an oscillation output terminal, and the second field effect transistor has a drain connected to a source of the first field effect transistor and a grounded source. The high frequency oscillator circuit oscillates by using a feedback circuit including the short-stub transmission line and the second field effect transistor. A feedback capacitor is further provided which is connected between a gate of the second field effect transistor and the drain of the first field effect transistor.

Abstract: An electrical component is described with a first signal path (TX, RX1) and a second signal path (RX, RX2) that are connected to a common signal path (ANT, RX12). In the first signal path a first filter (F1) is arranged, and in the second signal path a second filter (F2) is arranged. The component comprises a first matching circuit (MA1) that comprises a shunt arm to ground. In the shunt arm, an inductor (L) is arranged, which is connected to the first signal path, the second signal path, and the common signal path. The component comprises a carrier substrate (SU) on which the filters (F1, F2), which are preferably implemented as chips, are mounted. The inductor (L) is integrated in the carrier substrate (SU).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to package embedded three dimensional baluns are described. In one embodiment, components of one or more baluns may be embedded in a single semiconductor substrate. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A variable matching circuit includes a variable capacitance circuit formed of a capacitor coupled to varactor diode and provided between terminals, and a resonator-type circuit includes a plurality of inductors and a variable capacitance circuit formed of a capacitor and a varactor diode. The inductors and the variable capacitance circuit are coupled in parallel together. The resonator-type circuit is connected in shunt with the terminal. The foregoing structure forms an L-type matching circuit. The bias of the varactor diodes can be thus varied, and plural values of the inductance of the resonator-type circuit can be switched over with a FET. The variable matching circuit can electrically control an impedance conversion available for wider ranges of frequency bandwidths.

Abstract: A single pole single throw switch for controlling propagation of a high frequency signal between an input terminal (11a) and an output terminal (11b). First FET switches (14a, 14b) in which drains and sources of FETs (12a, 12b) are connected in parallel with inductors (13a, 13b) are connected in parallel. Each FET (12a, 12b) is switched between on state and off state by a voltage being applied to the gate thereof. At the frequency of the high frequency signal, each inductor (13a, 13b) connected with off capacitor of each FET (12a, 12b) resonates in parallel.

Abstract: Since known detection devices include detectors of the same number as that of samples, the system configuration is complicated. According to the present invention, therefore, a plurality of electromagnetic-wave-transmission lines with different propagation-delay times and a coupled-transmission line coupling the electromagnetic-wave-transmission lines with each other are provided, and an electromagnetic wave is detected by the same electromagnetic-wave-detection unit. Subsequently, a detection device including at least one electromagnetic-wave detector of a number smaller than that of samples can be provided, which decreases the system complexity.

Abstract: A surface acoustic wave device includes a first surface acoustic wave filter forming a ladder filter circuit; and a second surface acoustic wave filter having a passband at a frequency range higher than that of the first surface acoustic wave filter. The first surface acoustic wave filter includes a series-arm surface acoustic wave resonator, a parallel-arm surface acoustic wave resonator and an additional surface acoustic wave resonator. The series-arm surface acoustic wave resonator is on a series arm of the ladder filter circuit and includes an IDT electrode. The parallel-arm surface acoustic wave resonator is on a parallel arm of the ladder filter circuit and includes an IDT electrode. The additional surface acoustic wave resonator includes an IDT electrode, is connected in parallel with the series-arm surface acoustic wave resonator, and has a resonance frequency higher than the frequency range of the passband of the second surface acoustic wave filter.

Abstract: A coupling circuit is used in a power line communication system for bridging a signal of a high frequency between lines of a single-phase three-line type which feed an electric current having a low frequency as compared to the high frequency of the signal and which include a first power source line, a second power source line and a neutral line. The coupling circuit has a transformer operating at a high frequency and having a primary winding and a secondary winding. The primary winding is provided for connecting with a device having a communication capability of the signal. The secondary winding has a pair of end terminals provided for connections to the first and second power source lines, respectively, and an intermediate tap provided between the pair of the end terminals for a connection to the neutral line.

Abstract: A multilayer filter 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention is a multilayer filter in which an inductor section 7 and a varistor multilayer section 9 are arranged to form an interface P, wherein varistor layers 81-84 contain ZnO as a major ingredient and additives of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pr and Bi, Co, and Al, wherein inductor layers 61-69 contain ZnO as a major ingredient and contains no substantial amount of Co and Al, wherein an inductor diffusion layer 6D contains Li, wherein inductor conductor portions 121-128 are located 20 ?m or more away from the interface P, and wherein varistor conductor portions 16, 17 are located 40 ?m or more away from the interface P.

Abstract: An electro mechanical device including: a main body of an electro mechanical device having a lower electrode and a movable member; an overcoat film sealing the main body of the electro mechanical device by maintaining a space, wherein a support post is provided between the overcoat film and the movable member.

Abstract: Disclosed is a surface acoustic wave filter comprising two or more IDTs arranged in a propagation direction of the surface acoustic wave, wherein said two or more IDTs include at least one pair of IDTs arranged adjacent to each other in order to be acoustically coupled to each other, and have different numbers of paired electrode fingers, and a pitch between each neighboring two of almost all of the electrode fingers included in one of the pair of IDTs which has the smaller number of paired electrode fingers is made different from one to another in order that the IDTs should include no primary pitch area.

Abstract: A reflection-type bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless data communication is provided. The filter comprises two conductors extending in a first direction on the surface of a dielectric substrate at a first distance from each other, the surface of the dielectric substrate between the conductors defining a non-conducting portion, wherein the width of the two conductors or the first distance, or both, varies in a length direction of the two conductors. Furthermore, a reflection-type bandpass filter comprising a dielectric substrate; a first conductor provided on the surface of the dielectric substrate; and a side conductor provided next to the first conductor at a first distance from the first conductor, with a non-conducting portion intervening a portion between the first and side conductors, wherein the first conductor width or the distance between the first and side conductors, or both, varies along the length direction of the first conductor, is provided.

Abstract: A coplanar waveguide resonator (100a) has a center conductor (101) formed on a dielectric substrate (105) that has a line conductor (a center line conductor) (101b) extending in the input/output direction, a ground conductor (103) that is disposed on the dielectric substrate (105) across a gap section from the center conductor (101), and a line conductor (a base stub) (104) formed as an extension line from the ground conductor (103), and a part of the base stub (104) constitutes a line conductor (a first collateral line conductor) (104a) disposed in parallel with the center line conductor (101b).

Abstract: A waveguide corner including a first rectangular waveguide and a second rectangular waveguide. An end face of the second rectangular waveguide is made open to an H-plane wall of the first rectangular waveguide and the H-plane walls of the second rectangular waveguide are disposed along the pipe axis of the first rectangular waveguide. Accordingly, planes of polarization of electromagnetic waves being propagated in the first and second rectangular waveguides are made perpendicular to each other.

Abstract: A junction for connecting two waveguides (101, 103) having substantially a 90-degree angular offset between longitudinal symmetry axes of their cross-sections, said junction comprising a first interface (102) and a second interface (104) for connecting said waveguides (101, 103), and further comprising at least a first transformer section (202) and a second transformer section (206), both having cross-sections of substantially rectangular shape, and both having said 90-degree angular offset between longitudinal symmetry axes of their cross-sections, wherein the first and the second transformer sections (202 and 206) are connected in a way that a T-shape connection is formed and the first transformer section (202) has a first protruded ridge (204) on its broad wall (210) and the second transformer section (206) has a second protruded ridge (208) on its broad wall (212), wherein the broad wall (212) with the second ridge (208) is connected to the top narrow wall of the first transformer section (202) and the ri

Abstract: A microwave filter having a resonator comprising a cylindrical structure having conductive walls filled with a conductor material. The cylindrical structure is recessed inside a multi-layered substrate. First and second conductive coupling arms are disposed on the top layer of the substrate for coupling signals to the cylindrical structure. The conductive coupling arms are physically separated from the cylindrical structure by a dielectric layer. The first and second conductive coupling arms extend away from the center of the cylindrical structure to form a microstrip line. The cylindrical structure further comprises a bottom portion having a solid conductive bottom plate perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. A bottom conductive ground layer separated from the conductive bottom plate by a second dielectric layer.

Abstract: A flexible capacitive coupler assembly includes a flexible dielectric substrate assembly having a front surface and a rear surface, the front surface having thereon a macroscopic metal capacitive pad. A package supports the flexible dielectric substrate. An electrical connection is made to package wiring or leads on the flexible dielectric substrate to establish electrical contact with a computer subsystem.

Abstract: In some embodiments a discrete component electromagnetic coupler includes an input and an output, wherein a signal to be observed passes through the coupler via the input and the output, a coupler to transfer energy through electromagnetic effects to a second output, and a termination point to ground through a resistance. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: An electronic device may be formed of a printed circuit board having integrated circuits mounted thereon. A backing plate may compress an insulating layer against a microstrip line formed on one surface of said circuit board opposite to the surface that includes integrated circuits. By compressing said backing plate against said insulating layer, less crosstalk may result from the formation of a microstrip on the bottom surface of the printed circuit board. The backing plate may also be used to secure a cooling device, such as a heat sink, on the opposite side of the circuit board.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a substrate which includes an electronic component mounted on the substrate, the electronic component for processing a pair of signals, the substrate including a first wire for transmitting one of the signals, the first wire being formed on a first layer of the substrate, and a second wire for transmitting another one of the signals, the second wire being formed on a second layer of the substrate in a first region under the electronic component and being formed on a third layer in a second region of an other part of the first region.

Abstract: A solution to the problem of creating a controlled impedance coaxial connection to a quasi-coaxial transmission line at a location interior to a substrate and not along an edge is to radially butt-mount the connector to via-like structure on the backside of the substrate. By butt-mounting we mean that the connector itself does not extend into the substrate, but is attached to its surface. The via-like structure includes a conductor that extends through the substrate and into the confines of the quasi-coaxial transmission line proper, where it electrically connects to the center conductor of the quasi-coaxial transmission line. The butt-mounting of the coaxial connector may be accomplished with solder or conductive epoxy.

Abstract: A passive equalizer circuit is embedded within a substrate of a package containing an integrated circuit. It is believed that substantial reduction in uneven frequency dependent loss may be achieved for interconnects interconnecting the integrated circuit with other integrated circuits on a printed circuit board. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: Embodiments of a programmable passive equalizer are described herein.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to improve air cap design for controlling spray flux are described. In one embodiment, a plurality of opposing gas inlets are provided in an air cap, e.g., to reduce or eliminate potential opposing turbulence inside the air cap. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A contactor is disclosed, including a housing, which has a mounting side, an operating side, two main connector surfaces and two side surfaces. In at least one embodiment, the operating side lies opposite the mounting side and is connected to the mounting side by way of the main connector surfaces and the side surfaces, wherein the main connector surfaces lie opposite one another and the side surfaces lie opposite one another. The operating side has a raised central area and two edge areas, which border the central area on both sides of the central area, wherein the edge areas border the main connector areas and are connected to the central area by way of an additional connector area in each case. Main terminals, which are connected to load contacts of the contactor, have main receptacle openings into which main conductors can be fed from one of the main connector surfaces in each case.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay includes a base, an electromagnet unit, a movable piece movable due to a function of the electromagnet unit, a card that is supported by the base so as to swing freely and is swung by the movable piece, and a contact structure that is opened and closed by swinging of the card, the card and the base respectively having protrusions and holes so that the protrusions fit into the holes to enable the card to swing freely.