Abstract: A lamp unit of a vehicle lamp includes a projection lens arranged on an optical axis extending in the longitudinal direction of a vehicle, a light-emitting element arranged so as to face upward behind a rear focal point of the projection lens and in the vicinity of the optical axis, a reflector arranged so as to cover the light-emitting element from above and to reflect light from the light-emitting element forward toward the optical axis, and a mirror member disposed between the reflector and the projection lens. The mirror member includes an upward reflecting surface that upward reflects a portion of the reflected light from the reflector, and a front end edge formed so as to pass through the rear focal point of the projection lens. A region of the upward reflecting surface located nearer a self-lane side than the optical axis includes a first horizontal plane including the optical axis.

Abstract: A headlamp assembly which employs semiconductor light sources includes an optics chamber that is isolated from the surrounding environment to prevent the ingress of water, dirt, or other foreign materials into the optics chamber. At the same time, the headlamp assembly includes a plenum chamber, separated from the optics chamber, and airflow through the plenum chamber provides the necessary cooling for the semiconductor light sources.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp forms a low-beam distribution pattern by combining light radiated from a first unit and a second unit. A brightness decreasing element is provided on a reflective surface of a first main reflector in a sub-unit of the first unit. Thus, for the low-beam distribution pattern formed by the first unit and the second unit, among a peripheral end portion of a cut-off line forming pattern formed by the sub unit, a low luminance portion with a partially reduced brightness is formed at the border of both right and left end sides that upwardly overlap with a portion of a diffusion area forming pattern.

Abstract: A lamp unit of a vehicular headlamp includes a projection lens with an optical axis; a light source formed from a semiconductor light-emitting element; a first reflector that reflects light from the light source so as to condense such light on or near the optical axis; and a shade positioned between the light source and the projection lens so as to extend along the optical axis direction. The shade shields part of the light reflected by the first reflector. In the lamp unit of the vehicular headlamp, a shielding surface extends rearward from a front end of the shade, where the shade is positioned near a rearward focal point Rf of the projection lens. The shielding surfaces serve as a second reflector that reflects light from the first reflector toward the projection lens.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a headlamp for vehicles with a plurality of LED light sources combined into a single light-emitting surface, where an optical unit is allocated to at least one LED light source to generate some of a specified light distribution, where one or several LED light sources can be turned on or off such that the light distribution can be modified, where a first optical unit with first projection characteristics is placed before a first group of LED light sources and a second optical unit with second projection characteristics is placed before a second group of LED light sources such that a number of differently sized light spots can be generated in the traffic space by optionally turning on or off or dimming the LED light sources of the first group of LED light sources or the second group of LED light sources.

Abstract: A line illumination device includes: a frame; a rod-shaped light-guiding member housed in the frame; a flexible substrate; and a light source that is provided on the flexible substrate and emits light to the light-guiding member. The flexible substrate is bent so that the light source is disposed at an end of the light-guiding member and that the flexible substrate is housed in the frame. Power is supplied to the light source through a wiring provided on the flexible substrate so that the light source emits light and the light-guiding member emits light in line-shape.

Abstract: The invention relates to an illumination device, in particular for vehicles. The illumination device comprises at least two semiconductor light sources which emit light with different colours, as well as at least one light guide into which the light from the semiconductor light sources is injected, and a light mixer device that is arranged on the entry side of the light guide and has a transparent light-refracting element, by which the spatial distribution of the light from the light sources is mixed so as to generate light that constitutes a colour superposition of the light from the semiconductor light sources. The transparent light-refracting element comprises an end face which forms a light entry face for the light emitted by the semiconductor light sources, the semiconductor light sources being arranged next to one another and in front of the light entry face.

Abstract: A luminaire includes a waveguide having first and second opposing ends and first and second opposing sides between the first and second ends. The waveguide is configured to totally internally reflect light propagating through the waveguide in a first direction and direct light propagating through the waveguide in a second direction through at least one of the first and second sides. A reflective body is coupled to the second end of the waveguide and configured to reflect light propagating towards the second end of the waveguide such that the light propagates towards the first end of the waveguide.

Abstract: An exemplary LED lamp includes a housing, a printed circuit board, at least one LED, a light reflective module and a lamp cover. The printed circuit board is positioned on a bottom of the housing. The LED electrically connects with the printed circuit board. The light reflective module includes at least one light-shielding sheet and a bottom reflective plate disposed between the printed circuit board and the light-shielding sheet. The bottom reflective plate defines at least one through hole. The LED passes through the at least one through hole correspondingly. Each light-shielding sheet defines a plurality of light holes and covers the LED correspondingly. The lamp cover is fixed on the opening of the housing. The LED lamp has a uniformity brightness.

Abstract: An exemplary LED lamp includes a housing having an opening, a printed circuit board, at least one LED, a light reflective plate, a light reflective module and a lamp cover. The printed circuit board is positioned on a bottom of the housing. The LED is electrically connected with the printed circuit board. The light reflective plate defines at least one through hole, the LED passing through the corresponding through hole. The light reflective module includes a bottom reflective plate, at least two opposite reflective sidewalls, at least one light-shielding sheet extending at midsections from the opposing reflective sidewalls. The bottom reflective plate defines at least one first cutout, the at least one LED passing through the corresponding first cutout. The at least one light-shielding sheet defines a plurality of light holes and covers the corresponding LED. The LED lamp assembly has a uniform luminance.

Abstract: An exemplary light emitting diode (23) includes a package body (231) and two electrodes (233) attached to the package body. Each of the electrodes includes a main body and a plurality of branches extending from the main body. The branches of each electrode together with a corresponding portion of the main body cooperatively define an accommodation space therebetween.

Abstract: The transreflectors may comprise a transparent substrate having reflective surfaces and other light transmissive surfaces for respectively reflecting and transmitting a greater portion of the light striking opposite sides of the substrate. Alternatively, the transreflectors may comprise two or more transparent substrates of different indices of refraction bonded together, with a pattern of optical deformities in the mating side of one of the substrates and an inverse pattern of optical deformities in the mating side of an other substrate in mating engagement with each other. The transreflectors are used in a transreflector system or display to transmit more of the light emitted by a backlight or other light source incident on one side of the transreflectors and reflect more of the light incident on the opposite side of the transreflectors. The transreflectors and backlight may be tuned to each other to enable the transreflectors to better transmit more of the light emitted by the backlight.

Abstract: A backlight assembly, a display apparatus and a method for manufacturing the backlight assembly. The backlight assembly includes a light-guide plate, a point light source unit, a fixing plate and a cover. The point light source unit includes at least one point light source disposed at a side of the light-guide plate, and a flexible printed circuit board (FPC) disposed under the light-guide plate and having the point light source. The fixing plate is disposed under the FPC and has at least one first combining member. The cover is disposed under the fixing plate and has a first surface on which at least one second combining member is formed. The first and second combining members are combined with each other. Thus, assembling time may be decreased, heat may be efficiently dissipated, and manufacturing costs may be decreased.

Abstract: Light redirecting films and film systems include a thin optically transparent substrate having a pattern of individual optical elements of well defined shape on or in the substrate. At least some of the optical elements may vary at different locations on the substrate to redistribute or redirect light passing through the substrate.

Abstract: A backlight assembly of an LCD is provided. The backlight assembly includes a lamp for generating a light, a light guide plate disposed at a side of the lamp, for guiding the light, and a diffusion sheet and a prism sheet disposed on the light guide plate, for enhancing efficiency of the light outputted from the light guide plate, wherein the prism sheet comprises a body part and a plurality of protrusion parts each having a concavely inclined surface formed on the body part.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display has a mold frame divided into several parts. The liquid crystal display device includes a display unit for displaying an image, a back light assembly having a light source for generating a light, a light guiding plate for guiding the light, and a light focusing portion for focusing the light, and a mold frame divided into a first frame and a second frame. The mold frame receives the display unit and the back light assembly. The first frame receives the light guiding plate and the light focusing portion and the second frame receives the light source. A reflection sheet is integrally formed at an inner surface of the second frame so as to perform the function of a lamp reflector. Accordingly, a lamp cover is not required so that the number of parts and the manufacturing cost are reduced. A lamp can be exchanged by simply separating the second frame from the mold frame, so the fault of the light source caused by the friction with other elements is reduced when exchanging the lamp.

Abstract: A snap-in lamp for an electric light string includes a lamp base housing a light bulb and a lamp holder. The lamp base is removably and frictionally housed in the lamp holder. The light bulb has a filament that illuminates the light bulb when electrical current passes through the filament. The light bulb filament is connected to a bottom portion of the lamp base by a pair of opposed lead wires. The lamp holder is dimensioned to frictionally receive and removably house the lamp base. The lamp holder includes a metal conductor strap and a non-conductive strap holder that provide a path for the continued flow of current through the lamp even when the lamp base is removed from the lamp holder. The lamp is more useful than conventional lamps by virtue of the ability to preserve the closed circuit even when one or more lamp bases are removed from their respective lamp holders.

Abstract: Primary and secondary coils are provided in the first through section and a coil group is also provided in the second through section. Hence, the surface area over which the coil group extends within a plane which is perpendicular to the through sections is greater than in the case where all of the coils are provided in a single through section. The surface area which is not covered by the magnetic body cores of the platelike members increases. In cases where the surface area of the members is large, the heat radiation characteristic is enhanced. Hence, the cooling efficiency of the transformer improves. In cases where there is a plurality of coil groups which are magnetically coupled to one another in particular, because it is difficult to move the heat produced in the plurality of coil groups through heat conduction, heat transfer, or heat radiation, a heat radiation structure of this kind is effective.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus and method of regulating is provided. A converter circuit includes a primary switching element and an auxiliary switching element. The auxiliary switching element is for transferring a reflected voltage signal. A transformer includes a primary and a secondary, the primary is coupled with the converter circuit. The primary and the secondary each comprise a single winding. An output rectifier circuit is coupled with the secondary of the transformer. A resonant circuit is included in the converter circuit and is coupled with the primary. The resonant circuit includes one or more resonance capacitors that are configured for providing a transformer resonance. The transformer resonance comprises the reflected voltage signal, the capacitance of the one or more resonance capacitors and a parasitic capacitance of the transformer. The reflected voltage signal is reflected from the secondary to the primary. A current feedback circuit is coupled between the primary and a controller.

Abstract: This invention relates to control techniques and controllers for resonant discontinuous forward power converters (RDFCs). A method of controlling a resonant discontinuous forward converter (RDFC), said converter including a transformer with primary and secondary matched polarity windings and a switch to, in operation, cyclically switch DC power to said primary winding of said transformer, said converter further having a DC output coupled to said secondary winding of said converter, said method comprising: sensing a transformer signal, said transformer signal representing a voltage across a winding of said transformer or a resonant current in a winding of said transformer; calculating a resonance period of said RDFC from said sensed transformer signal; and controlling an off duration of said switch in response to said calculated resonance period such that a sub-harmonic oscillation in said resonant voltage across said primary winding is reduced.

Abstract: This invention relates to control techniques and controllers for resonant discontinuous forward power converters (RDFCs). A controller for a resonant discontinuous forward converter (RDFC), said converter including a transformer with primary and secondary matched polarity windings and a switch to, in operation, cyclically switch DC power to said primary winding of said transformer, said converter further having a DC output coupled to said secondary winding of said converter, said controller having a primary sense input to sense a primary winding signal, said primary winding signal representing a voltage across said primary winding or across an additional winding coupled to said primary winding, and wherein said controller is configured to switch on said switch in response to detection of a reduction in a rate of change of said primary winding signal below a threshold, adjacent a substantially minimum value in an operational cycle of said sensed primary winding signal to convey power to said DC output.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to magnetically couple AC power from the high voltage electric utility power line current induced magnetic field over a wide voltage and current range to provide a low voltage, low current DC power supply useful in powering other remotely located or limited accessibility circuitry requiring low voltage DC power to operate.

Abstract: This invention relates to control techniques and controllers for resonant discontinuous forward power converters (RDFCs). A method of controlling a resonant discontinuous forward converter (RDFC), said converter including a transformer with primary and secondary matched polarity windings and a switch to, in operation, cyclically switch DC power to said primary winding of said transformer, said converter further having a DC output coupled to said secondary winding of said converter, said method comprising: sensing a primary winding signal during an on period of said switch, said primary winding signal representing a current in said primary winding; comparing said sensed primary winding signal with a threshold value; and controlling one or both of an on and off duration of said switch in response to said comparison.

Abstract: A system and method for a bridgeless power supply is disclosed. The bridgeless power supply includes a digital control module that controls a first switch, a second switch, and a transistor, thereby the bridgeless power supply rectifies an alternating current (AC) variable input voltage and regulates a direct current (DC) output voltage. The digital control module applies a first and second control signal to the first and second switches thereby rectifying and regulating the AC variable input voltage. Additionally, the digital control module provides a high frequency and constant duty cycle third control signal to the transistor in series with an output transformer of the bridgeless power supply device, to assure primary-to-secondary isolation.

Abstract: A control arrangement (1) for a voltage converter for converting a first DC voltage (UBAT) into a second DC voltage (U-G) comprises a first input (3) that is provided for coupling to a means of sensing a first current (I1) on the primary side of the transformer (11). The output of the control arrangement (1) is coupled to a control terminal (17) of a transistor (16) that can be connected in series with the primary side of the transformer (11). The control arrangement (1) furthermore comprises a computing unit (2), provided for giving the transistor (16) a low value of resistance during a switched-on phase (T-ON), and a high value of resistance during a switched-off phase (T-OFF). The control arrangement (1) furthermore incorporates a first comparator (42) for comparing a value of the first current (I1), or a value derived from the value of the first current (I1), with an adjustable setpoint value (SO1).

Abstract: An exemplary power supply circuit (200) includes a transformer (240), a first transistor (260), a start-up resistor (261), and a pulse generating circuit (250). The transformer includes a primary winding (241), a secondary winding (243), and an auxiliary winding (242). The first bipolar junction transistor includes a collector connected to a first terminal of the primary winding and an emitter grounded. The start-up resistor is connected between a second terminal of the primary winding and a base of the bipolar junction transistor. The pulse generating circuit is configured for generating a control signal according to an induction voltage of the auxiliary winding. The control signal is provided to the base of the first bipolar junction transistor for switching the first bipolar junction transistor.

Abstract: A direct-current converter includes a high-frequency converting circuit converting voltage of a direct-current power source to alternating-current voltage, a transformer having primary and secondary windings P, S and a rectification smoothing circuit rectifying and smoothing voltage induced in the secondary winding. This converting circuit includes other transformer having first and second windings n1, n2, switching element Q1 having a source connected to a negative pole of the power source and a drain connected to a positive pole thereof through winding n1, and switching element Q2 having a source connected to the negative pole of the power source and a drain connected to the positive pole thereof through winding n2, element Q2 being turned on/off alternately to element Q1 being turned on/off. Winding P is connected to a point between winding n1 and the drain of element Q1 and another point between winding n2 and the drain of element Q2.

Abstract: A device for transforming an AC voltage to a lower AC voltage includes a generator of a PWM control signal and a first bidirectional switch to couple a load to the AC voltage during a conduction-phase. A second bidirectional switch discharges energy from the load during an off-phase of the first bidirectional switch. A first driving circuit of the first bidirectional switch is input with the PWM control signal and generates a first PWM signal, applied between control and conduction terminals of the first bidirectional switch. A second driving circuit for the second bidirectional switch is input with the PWM control signal and generates a second PWM signal, in phase opposition to the first PWM signal, applied between control and conduction terminals of the second bidirectional switch. An electric decoupling circuit is between the generator and second driving circuit. A transformer is between respective conduction terminals of the bidirectional switches.

Abstract: The invention relates to a supply device (13) which feeds a consumer (7) with power by means of a supply network (12). Said supply device (13) fulfils both the function of a power supply and the function of a network filter, an optimum working point to be adjustable in terms of the operating modes as supplier/active filter, according to the required energy reserves. This is achieved by means of an active phase effect filter, a harmonic wave detection means (3) determining a compensating power dependent on the network harmonic wave power, and a control device component (5) whose action is adapted to the compensating power requirement being provided for the determination of an amplification factor (6). The compensating power is supplied to the current inverter according to the utilisation of the current inverter (1) and the amplification factor (6).

Abstract: In a power converter having m=two or more channels of power factor correction (PFC) circuits connected in parallel and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter connected in series therewith, phase shifts in switching between the respective PFC channels can allow increase of EMI filter corner frequency allowing reduction of size and cost of the EMI filter at some switching frequencies. Asymmetrical phase shifts (other than 360°/m) such as 360°/2m and other phase shifts and variations in m allow increase of EMI filter corner frequency at switching frequencies where symmetrical, 360°/m phase shifts provide no benefit to EMI filter design by providing cancellation or partial cancellation of different harmonics of the switching noise; which cancellation may be arranged to be complementary to the EMI filter function at more than one peak of the noise spectrum. (Such asymmetrical phase shifts do not significantly increase ripple and consequent switching noise).

Abstract: A switched capacitor converter has a supply voltage input, an output circuit with one or more load capacitors, a semiconductor switch network. The switch network is connected at a switch junction point and across the voltage input, and has one or more pairs of said first and second switches. Each pair of switches is associated with one of the load capacitors and each pair is connected in series. The converter also has a charging capacitor network connected across the semiconductor switch network and across the voltage input. The charging capacitor network has one or more charging capacitors and inductances connected between the switch junction point and the output circuit. Each of the charging capacitors and inductances is associated with one of the load capacitors. The load capacitors are each charged by the associated charging capacitor when the associated first switch is closed and the associated second switch is open.

Abstract: A method for converting an input voltage signal into an output voltage signal is disclosed. The method includes: providing a primary converting module and coupling the primary converting module to an input port of the voltage converter; providing a secondary converting module having a second electronic induction device and a switch device, coupling the secondary converting module to an output port of the voltage converter, and utilizing the switch device to enable the secondary converting module; measuring a slope of an output at a detection end of the second electronic induction device to generate a slope indication signal having different pulse amplitudes representative of different slope values; and referencing the output at the detection end of the second electronic induction device, the slope indication signal, a first predetermined reference level, and a second predetermined reference level to generate a control signal for controlling an on/off status of the switch device.

Abstract: A synchronous boost DC/DC conversion system comprises an input for receiving a DC input voltage, an output for producing a DC output voltage, a power switch controllable to adjust an output signal of the conversion system, and an inductor coupled to the input. A synchronous rectifier is configurable to create a conduction path between the inductor and the output to provide the inductor discharge. A control circuit is provided for controlling the synchronous rectifier as the input voltage approaches the output voltage, so as to adjust average impedance of the conduction path over a discharge period of the inductor.

Abstract: A power converter apparatus, such as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), includes an inverter having an input coupled to a first DC bus and a second DC bus and configured to generate an AC output with respect to a neutral terminal at a phase output terminal thereof. The apparatus further includes first and second neutral coupling circuits, each configured to selectively couple the first DC bus and the second DC bus to the neutral terminal, and a control circuit configured to cause interleaved operation of the neutral coupling circuits.

Abstract: An illustrative embodiment of the invention provides an electronic power inverter for a traction motor and a coolant for the inverter. The power inverter comprises an aluminum component and the coolant is a non-aqueous dielectric liquid coolant composition including an inhibitor. The coolant consists essentially of a mixture of an oligo-(alkyl siloxane), such as hexamethyldisiloxane, and a monomer or oligomer of an alkyl ether alkylene glycol, such as 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and including an azole in an amount for inhibiting dissolution of the aluminum electronic component.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting an electrical current in a high-voltage energy distribution and transmission system has one or more current converter valves with a series circuit of a plurality of power semiconductor units. A cooler cools the power semiconductor units. Temperature deviations of the power semiconductor units can be decreased in a cost-effective manner in that the cooler is provided with a control unit that provides cooling in dependence on a current flow via the power semiconductor units.

Abstract: A hybrid dual match line circuit may include a hit match line coupled to a first group of load devices and a miss match line coupled to discharge through a second group of load devices. Both the hit and miss match lines may be configured to be precharged to an asserted state. Each of the second group of load devices may be activated for discharging by a respective miss signal. The hit match line may be additionally coupled to discharge through first and second discharge path respectively activated for discharging in response to a hit signal and a read/write enable signal. The hit and miss match lines may be electrically isolated from one another, such that when one or more of the respective miss signals are asserted, current from the hit match line does not discharge through the miss match line.

Abstract: A system for identifying asserted signals includes a plurality of input ports, a priority encoding module, and a match module. The plurality of input ports receive one of a plurality of input signals. The priority encoding module is coupled to the plurality of input ports and outputs a signal indicating a highest-priority input signal that is asserted. The match module is also coupled to the plurality of input ports and receives a plurality of match detect signals from the priority encoding module. Each match detect signal is associated with a particular input signal and indicates whether another input signal having a higher-priority than the associated input signal is asserted. The match module also generates a multiple match signal based on the input signals and the match detect signals. The multiple match signal indicates whether more than one of the input signals is asserted.

Abstract: A technology that makes it possible to reduce fluctuation in operating voltage for operating the circuits formed in the core region of a semiconductor device is provided. This semiconductor device is so arranged that the core region is divided into multiple functional blocks and power can be supplied and this power supply can be interrupted with respect to each of the divided functional blocks. The core region formed in the semiconductor chip is divided into multiple functional blocks. A power switch row in which multiple power switches are arranged is disposed in the boundaries between the divided functional blocks. These power switches have a function of controlling the supply of reference potential to each of functional blocks and the interruption of this supply. A feature of the invention is that reference pads are disposed directly above the power switch rows. This shortens the wires coupling together the reference pads and the power switches.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device having a double-patterned memory cell array that includes a plurality of first bit lines spaced apart from each other and having a first pattern, a plurality of second bit lines spaced apart from each other and having a second pattern, the second bit lines being between the first bit lines to define an alternating array of first and second bit lines, the first and second patterns being different from each other, a first main memory cell array defined by a first portion of the alternating array, a second main memory cell array defined by a second portion of the alternating array, bit lines in the first main memory cell array having a substantially same regularity as bit lines in the second main memory cell array, and a dummy array between the first main memory cell array and the second main memory cell array.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a bit line which is provided above a semiconductor substrate and runs in a first direction, a source line which is provided above the semiconductor substrate and runs in the first direction, an active area which is provided in the semiconductor substrate and extends in the first direction, first and second selection transistors which are formed on the active area and share a source region electrically connected to the source line, a first memory element having one end electrically connected to a drain region of the first selection transistor and the other end electrically connected to the bit line, and a second memory element having one end electrically connected to a drain region of the second selection transistor and the other end electrically connected to the bit line.

Abstract: Semiconductor memory devices having strapping contacts with an increased pitch are provided. The semiconductor memory devices include cell regions and strapping regions between adjacent cell regions in a first direction on a semiconductor substrate. Active patterns extend in the first direction throughout the cell regions and strapping regions and are spaced apart from one another in a second direction intersecting the first direction. First interconnection lines extend in the first direction throughout the cell regions and the strapping regions and are spaced apart from one another in the second direction while overlapping with the active patterns. Second interconnection lines extend in the second direction to intersect the active patterns and the first interconnection lines in the cell regions. The second interconnection lines are spaced apart from one another in the first direction. Memory cells are positioned at intersection portions of the first and second interconnection lines in the cell regions.

Abstract: A magnetic domain wall memory apparatus with write/read capability includes a plurality of coplanar shift register structures each comprising an elongated track formed from a ferromagnetic material having a plurality of magnetic domains therein, the shift register structures further having a plurality of discontinuities therein to facilitate domain wall location; a magnetic read element associated with each of the shift register structures; and a magnetic write element associated with each of the shift register structures, the magnetic write element further comprising a single write wire having a longitudinal axis substantially orthogonal to a longitudinal axis of each of the coplanar shift register structures.

Abstract: A magnetic domain wall memory apparatus with write/read capability includes a plurality of coplanar shift register structures each comprising an elongated track formed from a ferromagnetic material having a plurality of magnetic domains therein, the shift register structures further having a plurality of discontinuities therein to facilitate domain wall location; a magnetic read element associated with each of the shift register structures; and a magnetic write element associated with each of the shift register structures, the magnetic write element further comprising a write wire having a constriction therein, the constriction located at a point corresponding to the location of the plurality of discontinuities in the associated shift register structure.

Abstract: The programming of a read-only memory formed of MOS transistors, the programming being set by a mask for forming an insulating layer prior to the forming of contacts of active regions of the transistors. An interconnection structure and a read-only memory.

Abstract: An upward-pointing p-i-n diode formed of deposited silicon, germanium, or silicon-germanium is disclosed. The diode has a bottom heavily doped p-type region, a middle intrinsic or lightly doped region, and a top heavily doped n-type region. The top heavily doped p-type region is doped with arsenic, and the semiconductor material of the diode is crystallized in contact with an appropriate silicide, germanide, or silicide-germanide. A large array of such upward-pointing diodes can be formed with excellent uniformity of current across the array when a voltage above the turn-on voltage of the diodes is applied. This diode is advantageously used in a monolithic three dimensional memory array.

Abstract: An integrated circuit having a resistance-based or resistively switching memory cell, and a method for operating a resistively switching memory cell is disclosed. One embodiment is adapted to be put in a low-resistance state by applying a first threshold voltage and in a high-resistance state by applying a second threshold voltage, wherein reading out of the data content from the memory cell is performed by applying a voltage to the memory cell in the range of the first or second threshold voltage or a higher voltage.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns a semiconductor memory device comprising a semiconductor layer; a charge trap film in contact with a first surface of the semiconductor layer; a gate insulating film in contact with a second surface of the semiconductor layer, the second surface being opposite to the first surface; a back gate electrode in contact with the charge trap film; a gate electrode in contact with the gate insulating film; a source and a drain formed in the semiconductor layer; and a body region provided between the drain and the source, the body region being in an electrically floating state, wherein a threshold voltage or a drain current of a memory cell including the source, the drain, and the gate electrode is adjusted by changing number of majority carriers accumulated in the body region and a quantity of charges trapped into the charge trap film.

Abstract: A method to form a rewriteable nonvolatile memory cell is disclosed, the cell comprising a steering element in series with a carbon nanotube fabric. The steering element is preferably a diode, but may also be a transistor. The carbon nanotube fabric reversibly changes resistivity when subjected to an appropriate electrical pulse. The different resistivity states of the carbon nanotube fabric can be sensed, and can correspond to distinct data states of the memory cell. A first memory level of such memory cells can be monolithically formed above a substrate, a second memory level monolithically formed above the first, and so on, forming a highly dense monolithic three dimensional memory array of stacked memory levels.

Abstract: A memory device includes an array of memory cells disposed in rows and columns and constructed over a substrate, each memory cell comprising a first signal electrode, a second signal electrode, and a nano-layer disposed in the intersecting region between the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode; a plurality of word lines each connecting the first signal electrodes of a row of memory cells; and a plurality of bit lines each connecting the second signal electrodes of a column of memory cells.