Abstract: Apparatus for swinging a flexible line about an imaginary axis. The apparatus includes an elongate body extending along a centerline between a head end at which the imaginary axis is located and a tail end opposite the head end. The apparatus includes a motor mounted remote from the head end of the body having an output and a head rotatably mounted on the head end of the body. The head is operatively connected to the motor output for rotation about the imaginary axis in response to operation of the motor. The head has a curved passage extending from an inlet directed generally along the imaginary axis into which the flexible line is feedable to an outlet directed generally lateral to the imaginary axis through which the line is extendable. The passage is sized for passing the line from the inlet to the outlet.

Abstract: An improved crop conveying drum for a drive disc cutter mounted directly to the drive shaft mechanism providing rotational power to the cutterbar. The crop conveying drum includes a pair of mating segments, each forming a half of the drum. Each segment is formed from a single piece of plate material and stamped into the desired curvilinear configuration. A central mounting portion of each segment is contoured to match the drive shaft mechanism and allow connection thereto. Holes in the central mounting portion allow insertion fasteners to connect the drum segments directly to the drive shaft mechanism so that the crop conveying drum rotates in unison with the drive shaft. By forming the drum segments from a single plate of material, material characteristics can be more easily selected or more quickly modified compared to the fabricated weldments known in the art.

Abstract: A tubular metal finger for a retracting finger auger assembly has a mounting portion adjacent the normally inner end of the finger, a working portion adjacent the opposite, normally outer end of the finger, and a weakened break-away portion between the mounting and working portions. Weakening of the sidewall of the tube in the break-away portion is accomplished through the provision of a pair of diametrically opposed, circular holes through the tube.

Abstract: A rope with a core and a casing surrounding the core. The core is composed of a multitude of synthetic fibers and the casing is composed of a multitude of synthetic fibers that are interlaced with one another. The synthetic fibers that form the casing are composed of polytetrafluoroethylene and form a lightproof and fluid-repellent envelope for the core.

Abstract: A system comprises, in addition to a combustion engine having a hydrocarbon fuel inlet line and a line for fuel exhaust, an electrolyser capable of converting water to hydrogen and oxygen, and an outlet line for the hydrogen at least, wherein the outlet line leads to the engine or to the exhaust line.

Abstract: A hybrid rocket motor is manufactured by photopolymerizing the solid fuel grain in a stereolithography method, wherein fuel grains in a plastic matrix are deposited in layers for building a solid fuel rocket body in three dimensions for improved performance and for a compact design, the hybrid rocket motor including radial channels for defining a desired burn profile including the oxidizer to fuel burn ratio.

Abstract: The present invention provides gas discharge technique useful on vehicle engines. The technique comprises an s-shaped duct having an ejector formed therein to mix hot exhaust gas with a relatively cooler airflow entrained by the ejector. The s-shaped duct may be comprised of a number of segments that when integrated form the s-shape and ejector. A variety of cross sections including circular and rectangular are provided for the s-shaped duct. The segments may be composed of smaller subsections and may further have cooling slots. A nacelle is provided to at least partially enclose the s-shaped conduit and may have an inlet that is in fluid communication with the ejector of the s-shaped conduit.

Abstract: A method for controlling an urea-SCR system may include a first step for calculating a target urea injection amount, a second step that uses urea injection pressure and urea injection time to calculate a real urea injection amount, a third step that calculates a difference value between the target urea injection amount and the real urea injection amount, and monitors the difference value at a predetermined time interval, a fourth step that accumulates difference values for a determined time when the difference value exceeds a predetermined level, and transfers an alarm signal to a driver when the average value thereof exceeds a predetermined level, and/or a fifth step that starts to accumulate a number of engine starts and driving distance after transferring the alarm signal, and when the number of engine starts is larger than a predetermined value or the driving distance is longer than a predetermined value, if the difference value does not become lower than a predetermined level, executes urea recharging me

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method to operate an internal combustion engine equipped with an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) with memory, an exhaust system including a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), upstream of a Selective Catalyst Reducer (SCR). A doser is in the DPF and actuated by commands from the ECU. The method includes sensors at the DPF and SCR electronically connected to the ECU to transmit data signals indicative of operating conditions at the DPF and SCR. The method includes sensing the temperature at an outlet of the DPF and an inlet at the SCR determining whether that temperature is at least a predetermined temperature for a predetermined period of time, and introducing heat to the SCR to raise its temperature to a predetermined level for a predetermined period of time, such as light off temperature, to operate more efficiently. Heat may be introduced in the exhaust stream by engine thermal management strategies as well.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating exhaust from an engine. The method may comprise generating a first signal indicative of an engine load and generating a second signal indicative of a pollutant level. The method may further comprise recirculating exhaust based on the first signal and injecting a reductant based on the first signal and the second signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for regenerating a particle filter on the exhaust line of an internal combustion engine, in which fuel is injected into the exhaust tube upstream of an oxidation catalyst which is disposed upstream of the particle filter. The invention is characterised in that during regeneration: the injection of fuel into the exhaust tube is interrupted when the operation of the engine enters a critical zone (S2) defined by maximum load and speed limit values; the injection of fuel is re-established when the operation of the engine returns to the non-critical zone (S1); and, during the transient operating phases between the two zones (S1, S2), the volume flow rate of the exhaust gases is measured and, as a function of said measurement, the fuel injection rate is reduced or the fuel injection is deferred.

Abstract: An exhaust treatment device and a method of conditioning the device that include a reactive compound capable of undergoing an endothermic reaction are described. A method of manufacturing the device is also disclosed.

Abstract: An exhaust system for a motor vehicle comprises a particulate filter, upstream of which an oxidation catalyst is provided, and a regeneration device for the particulate filter. The regeneration device includes an evaporation unit for introducing a vapour generated from an oxidizable fluid into the exhaust gas stream before the oxidation catalyst. The evaporation unit includes a heating element arranged in a housing and a fluid supply with a controllable fluid pump. A control device controls the fluid pump. This invention furthermore relates to a process for regenerating a particulate filter.

Abstract: A device for introducing a liquid reducing agent into the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine includes an injection device and a retaining device. By means of the latter, the injection device is retained at least indirectly in the vicinity of an exhaust gas conduit and a cooling device cools the retaining device. An intermediate portion is disposed between the retaining device and the injection device, and this portion at least regionally influences the heat flow between the injection device and the retaining device.

Abstract: An arrangement for removal of particulates in a gas flow includes at least one gas passage that is at least partly surrounded by a porous material. An arrangement for exposing the gas passage to sound that induces gas movements in a direction towards the porous material is provided. A method for removal of particulates in a gas flow is also provided.

Abstract: An exhaust system for a lean-burn internal combustion engine comprises a catalyst for oxidising carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons comprising a flow-through substrate monolith comprising a first platinum group metal (PGM) zone containing at least one PGM supported on a surface area-increasing washcoat component, a second PGM zone containing at least one PGM supported on a surface area-increasing washcoat component, a third PGM zone containing at least one PGM supported on a surface area-increasing washcoat component wherein both the PGM loading in the first PGM zone and the PGM loading in the third PGM zone is greater than the PGM loading in the second PGM zone and wherein the first PGM zone comprises a washcoat loading that is less than a washcoat loading of the third PGM zone.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a hydraulic system and method that converts the kinetic energy generated by the operation of a swing motor into hydraulic potential energy and reuses the hydraulic potential energy for swing motor acceleration. An accumulator can be provided for storing exit oil from the swing motor that is pressurized by the inertia torque applied on the moving motor via movement of an upper structure of a machine. The pressurized oil in the accumulator can be reused to accelerate the swing motor by supplying pressurized oil to the swing motor.

Abstract: A load control device for an engine of a work vehicle that purposes to render the work vehicle, such as a wheel loader or the like, capable of raising a vehicle speed in a short period of time by providing a sufficient traction force when a high traveling load is imposed, without causing degradation of a vehicle body performance, waste of energy, and other problems. The load control device is provided with variable displacement hydraulic pumps (7, 8, 9) being provided with absorption torque changing means (19, 22) for changing absorption torque. A controller (18) determines whether a traveling load is in a high state, and when it has been determined that the traveling load is in the high state, control for lowering the absorption torque for the hydraulic pumps (7, 8, 9) is carried out. This control is carried out, provided, for example, that a “power mode” is selected with the power mode switch (31).

Abstract: A cooling system for a construction machine, which can reduce noise of a cooling fan and can reliably produce cooling air at a required flow rate.

Abstract: A hydraulically driven industrial machine has a variable displacement hydraulic pump for pressurizing hydraulic oil from a hydraulic oil tank; a actuator driven and controlled by oil that is discharged from the hydraulic pump and is supplied through a controlled valve and performing predetermined work; cooling means with a variable cooling rate function, the cooling means cooling return oil from the actuator and varying the rate of cooling of the return oil; load detection means for detecting work load by the actuator; and control means for varying the rate of cooling of the return oil according to the work load detected by the load detection means.

Abstract: A wave energy extraction device comprises a plurality of generally vertically extending plate assemblies (9a, 9b, 9c), each plate assembly being mounted on respective generally upright arms 7?, the lower ends of which are pivotally attached to a basal frame (5a, 5b), about substantially parallel, horizontally spaced-apart pivotal axes (13). At least one energy absorber (17a; 36, 38?; 71, 72) has direct or indirect respective drive connections (19a, 19b; 61, 65) with the adjacent plate assemblies. The arrangement of the drive connections is such that relative displacement of the adjacent plate assemblies (9a, 9b; 9b, 9c) towards and/or away from each other, as accommodated by pivotal movements of one or both plate assemblies relative to the basal frame about the pivotal axes (13), results in operation of the energy absorber. The distance between a first and second plate assembly (9a, 9b) is desirably twice the distance between the second plate assembly (9b) and a third plate assembly. In one embodiment, FIG.

Abstract: Methods for assembling a reciprocating body, such as a piston, within a bore using a design are described. The piston is substantially centered within the bore and then connected at one end through a rotational coupling to a substantially laterally fixed structure connected to the bore such that during normal operation the piston can rotate within the bore along the bore axis of symmetry but can no longer move laterally. Before fixing the rotational coupling, the piston is connected to an external gas source and substantially aligned along the bore axis of symmetry by a gas bearing having one or more gas bearing ports disposed toward the bore. During normal operation, the gas bearing provides a rotational force sufficient to realize a non-frictional bearing between the piston and the bore.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electric booster in which a rotation of an electric motor is converted into a linear motion and transmitted to an output member by a rotation-linear motion mechanism, and the output member pushes a piston of a master cylinder to generate a brake fluid pressure in a pressure chamber in the master cylinder. The present invention is characterized in that an ECU casing containing boards and the like such as a board for controlling the electric motor is coupled to the top of a motor casing constituting the electric motor. The ECU casing is offset in one direction in a plane perpendicular to a plane containing an axis of the master cylinder. A male connector is provided at a side surface of the ECU casing on the opposite side from the offset direction F side, and a space between the male connector and an interference area of the ECU casing with the other components and devices is utilized as a space for attachment/detachment of the male connector to/from the female connector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a circuit for feeding at least one fluid to an internal-combustion engine, notably of Diesel type, comprising a circuit (20) for supercharging air to the engine intake, including a supercharging pipe (36), a supercharging device (28) with a compression stage (26) and a compressed air cooling radiator (38), as well as a circuit (22) for recirculating the exhaust gas to said engine intake, comprising an exhaust gas recirculation pipe (40) and an exhaust gas cooler (46). According to the invention, the feed circuit comprises a connecting pipe (50) allowing to connect, upstream from cooler (46), air supercharging circuit (20) and exhaust gas recirculation circuit (22).

Abstract: A hydraulically operated wastegate valve control system for a turbocharged internal combustion engine is disclosed. The control system includes a hydraulically operated wastegate valve configured to permit exhaust to bypass a turbine section. A first sensor is configured to sense an actuation of at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve by a variable valve actuation mechanism, and a second sensor is configured to detect a turbocharger speed. A controller is configured to deliver a control signal based on a predetermined relationship between the actuation of at least one of the intake and exhaust valves by the variable valve actuation mechanism and the turbocharger speed, and an operator is configured to receive the control signal and control actuation of the hydraulically operated wastegate valve based on the control signal.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine is provided with an exhaust gas pipe for taking exhaust gases from the engine's combustion chamber and an intake pipe for supplying air to the combustion chamber. The engine includes a turbo charging system with a high-pressure turbine that interacts with a high-pressure compressor and a low-pressure turbine that interacts with a low-pressure compressor, for recovery of energy from the engine's exhaust gas flow and pressurizing of the engine's intake air. The high-pressure turbine is connected to the low-pressure turbine via a duct. An exhaust gas pressure regulator is located in the duct between the high-pressure turbine and the low-pressure turbine.

Abstract: A control method including regulating air pressure prevailing in an engine intake manifold around a setpoint value. The regulating includes a slow regulation loop, a fast regulating loop, and a limitation of pressure upstream of a turbine of a supercharger. The supercharging pressure limitation is implemented when the pressure upstream of the turbine exceeds a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A system for generating electrical energy using a naturally occurring temperature difference is disclosed. The system provides electrical energy by thermally conduit a geothermal heat source and cold deep-level water to opposing sides of a thermoelectric element. The thermoelectric element generates electrical energy based on the temperature difference between these two surfaces.

Abstract: A method of operating a steam turbine in a combined-cycle power system is provided. The method includes channeling a first amount of steam from a first steam generator to the steam turbine to facilitate powering the steam turbine, generating a second amount of steam within a second steam generator that is coupled in flow communication with the steam turbine, and calculating a predicted stress level within the steam turbine in the event the second amount of steam is channeled from the second steam generator into the steam turbine. An initiation time at which to channel the second amount of steam into the steam turbine is determined such that the calculated predicted stress level will not exceed a predetermined stress limit of the steam turbine. The second amount of steam is automatically channeled from the second steam generator to the steam turbine at the determined initiation time.

Abstract: The Rankine engine with efficient heat exchange system provides a rapidly rechargeable thermal energy storage bank operably connected to a heat engine capable of propelling a vehicle. Microwave energy is supplied to the system via a network of waveguides. Thermal storage bank has a slurry in a heat exchanger capable of sustaining operation of the engine without requiring the microwave source. The slurry provides a mixture of powdered stainless steel and silicone oils functioning as the working fluid in the hot side of the heat exchanger. The slurry may be heated by plugging the system into standard AC power for a predetermined microwave heat charging duration. A closed, triple-expansion, reciprocating Rankine cycle engine capable of operating under computer control via a high pressure micro-atomized steam working medium is provided to propel the vehicle. A variety of working fluids are capable of powering the Rankine cycle engine.

Abstract: An external combustion engine suppressing boiling of cooling water in a cooler. A heater 12 uses waste heat of a heat engine 1 as a heat source to heat a working medium to make it evaporate. A cooler 13 uses cooling fluid cooling the heat engine 1 as a cooling source to cool steam of the working medium and make it condense. A heated part temperature reducing means is provided for reducing a temperature Th of the heated part 12a when the amount of heat radiated from the cooling fluid to the outside becomes smaller than the amount of heat transferred from the working medium to the cooling fluid. Due to this, it is possible to suppress the rise of the temperature Tw of the cooling fluid in the cooler 13, so it is possible to suppress boiling of the cooling water in the cooler 13.

Abstract: A device for influencing an exhaust gas flow, in particular for controlling the sound emission in an exhaust branch of an engine, includes a closure member that is movably arranged in the exhaust gas flow. For example, the closure member comprises a flap driven by a motor to move the closure member in the exhaust gas flow. It is thus optionally possible to produce or influence pressure pulsations in the exhaust gas which lead to an audible sound emission. The device according to the invention provides for a so-called “sound design” of a combustion engine. The driving device (the drive motor and a force transmission member to the closure member) is equipped with an active cooling system.

Abstract: In order to achieve better fuel distribution despite an oversized fuel injector nozzle relative to the impingement cross-section of an air flow directed towards that nozzle, an asymmetric distribution of fuel is provided. This asymmetric distribution is achieved by providing fuel distribution structures about the injector nozzle which present varying amounts of fuel to the air flow dependent upon the localised flow pressure in the air flow presented to the nozzle. Such asymmetric distribution of fuel is achieved by providing passages or jets of varying cross-section or distribution/spacing at different parts of the fuel injection nozzle dependent upon incident flow pressure. Thus, both parts of the injector nozzle directly impinged by the air flow generally present more fuel to that flow compared to depleted flow pressure zones of the air flow.

Abstract: An aircraft engine exhaust nozzle basesheet includes longitudinally extending plurality of basesheet segments having panel bodies between segment leading and trailing edges and slidable sealing joints with slidingly un-restrained center surfaces between adjacent segment leading and trailing edges. Segmented first and second basesheet side edges include first and second segment side edges of the basesheet segments respectively. Slidably sealingly engaged overlapping flanges at the segment leading and trailing edges include tacked together transversely spaced apart first and second distal ends of the overlapping flanges. A basesheet assembly includes a frame includes first and second side rails supporting the first and second basesheet side edges. An aircraft gas turbine engine exhaust nozzle includes divergent seals with the basesheet assemblies in sealing engagement against divergent flaps along the first and second side rails.

Abstract: An aircraft gas turbine engine exhaust nozzle basesheet includes longitudinally extending plurality of basesheet segments. Each of the basesheet segments includes a panel body between segment leading and trailing edges and slidable sealing joints with slidingly un-restrained center surfaces between adjacent segment leading and trailing edges. Segmented first and second basesheet side edges first and second segment side edges of the basesheet segments respectively. Slidably sealingly engaged overlapping flanges at the segment leading and trailing edges include tacked together transversely spaced apart first and second distal ends of the overlapping flanges. Leading and trailing edge ribs supporting the overlapping flanges are clipped together with longitudinally spaced apart and transversely extending forward and aft slits in retainers.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus is provided which includes an incoming fuel supply line that supplies fuel in a plurality of fuel-supply lines to one or more burners, the burners being associated with a combustion volume. A temperature sensor is located in the apparatus so as to yield temperature information relating to a component part of the apparatus, which is to be prevented from overheating The apparatus also includes a control arrangement, which detects the temperature-sensor output and, depending on that output, varies the fuel supplies to one or more of the burners in such a way as to maintain the temperature of the component part below a maximum value, while keeping the fuel in the incoming fuel supply line substantially constant. The control unit preferably also strives to adjust the operating conditions of the apparatus so that pressure oscillations are kept below a maximum value.

Abstract: Disclosed is a steam turbine including a turbine rotor, a generator end having a generator end first stage with a first reaction, and a turbine end having a turbine end first stage with a second reaction not equal to the first reaction. The steam turbine includes a tub section disposed between the generator end and the turbine end, the turbine rotor and the tub section defining an annulus therebetween. A difference between the first reaction and second reaction is capable of urging a steam flow through the annulus for reducing a temperature of the turbine rotor. A method of cooling the turbine rotor is also disclosed.

Abstract: There are provided a magnetic material for a magnetic refrigeration apparatus, which improves magnetic refrigeration efficiency by the wide operation temperature range of it, AMR bed using the magnetic material, and a magnetic refrigeration apparatus. The magnetic material is used for the magnetic refrigeration apparatus using a liquid refrigerant, formed by approximately uniformly blending at least two kinds of magnetic particles having different magnetic transition temperatures, and the magnetic particles exhibit an approximately spherical shape with maximum diameter of 0.3 mm or more to 2 mm or less. The AMR bed is filled with the magnetic particles.

Abstract: A magnetic refrigeration device, which can be reduced in size and improve magnetic refrigeration efficiency, and a magnetic refrigeration system can be provided. The magnetic refrigeration device has a heat exchanger vessel of a helical structure filled with magnetic particles having a magnetocaloric effect, a magnetic circuit, a driving unit configured to relatively move the heat exchanger vessel and the magnetic circuit so that a magnetic field can be applied to and removed from the magnetic particles, a low temperature side heat exchanging unit, a high temperature side heat exchanging unit, a refrigerant flow device, and a refrigerant circuit formed by connecting the heat exchanger vessel, the low temperature side heat exchanging unit, the high temperature side heat exchanging unit, and the refrigerant flow device by a pipe for circulating a refrigerant. The magnetic refrigeration system is arranged to use the magnetic refrigeration device.

Abstract: LNG from a carrier is unloaded to an LNG storage tank in configurations and methods in which expansion of compressed and condensed boil-off vapors from the LNG storage tank provide refrigeration to subcool the LNG that is being unloaded. Most advantageously, such configuration and methods reduce the amount of boil-off vapors and eliminate the need for a vapor return line and associated compressor.

Abstract: A container for storing a biopharmaceutical drug product is disclosed. The container includes two surface area planar walls. A plurality of smaller side walls circumscribing each, of the planar walls. The container may also include a plurality of members extending between the first planar surface and the second planar surface and located at spaced apart locations on each of the first and second planar surfaces. A method of freezing at least one biopharmaceutical product in the container is also disclosed.

Abstract: An ice-making device for a refrigerator, which is designed to separate ice through a simple process is provided. The ice-making device for a refrigerator includes an ice tray defining an ice-making space, an ice core member that is partly received in the ice-making space to make ice at an end thereof, a driving unit moving and rotating at least one of the ice tray and the ice core member, and a power transmission unit for transferring power from the driving unit to the ice core member. The ice on the ice core member starts being separated in a state where the ice is spaced apart from an outer surface of the ice tray.

Abstract: A controller is configured to perform at least one of loading and unloading at least one of a plurality of refrigerant compressors to a refrigeration cooling system based at least upon an enthalpy of circulating refrigerant liquid of the refrigeration cooling system and a rate of change of enthalpy of evaporated refrigerant gas in the refrigeration cooling system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for discharging a gas from a heat pump (1), with an inflow section (9), an outflow section (6), which is at an angle with respect to said inflow section (9), and a suction section (5) being formed in a tube line system, said suction section (5) being connected to the inflow section (9) and the outflow section (6), wherein in the method, a solvent (8) is guided, such that contraction turbulence is generated, from the inflow section (9) into the outflow section (6), the gas to be discharged is absorbed by the solvent (8) as a result of the contraction turbulence and, after flowing out through the outflow section (6), said gas is discharged from the tube line system. The invention also relates to a heat pump (1).

Abstract: Aircraft air-conditioning system (1) for an aircraft having a plurality of zones (2, 4), comprising a first line (6) for feeding cold air at an actual temperature T1act., a second line (14) which branches off a portion of the air from the first line (6) at a branching point (10) and feeds the air to a plurality of zones (2, 4) of an aircraft, wherein warm air is fed through a first trim valve (12) into the second line (14) so that the air in the second line (14) is heated to the actual temperature T2act., and a first zone feed line (24) feeding the air downstream of the first trim valve (12) to a first zone (2), wherein a second trim valve (26) is arranged in the first zone feed line (24), through which valve warm air is fed into the first zone feed line (24) so that the air in the first zone feed line (24) is heated to the actual temperature Tzf1act., and the first line (6) downstream and/or upstream of the branching point (1) feeds cold air at least to one further zone.

Abstract: A refrigerator is disclosed which is capable of performing data transmission and reception with an external electric appliance (60), or enabling data transmission and reception among a plurality of display units (30, 40) included in the refrigerator. The refrigerator includes a refrigerator body (10), and a plurality of display units provided at the refrigerator body. Each display unit (30, 40) includes a display for displaying an image or audio data, or data as to a status of the refrigerator, a connector (31, 45) for performing transmission and reception of the data with the remaining display units, and a controller (37, 47) for controlling the data transmission and reception. Since data transmission reception with the external of the refrigerator and in the internal of the refrigerator is possible, an improvement in the convenience of the user is achieved.

Abstract: The apparatus provides a food storage and presentation mechanism, which preserves the food stuff and provides a handy way to take out the desired amount of food when necessary, where by the food stuff is stored in cartridges positioned in a housing. The cartridges can easily removed from their receiving slots and can be filled with food/food stuff. Furthermore, the apparatus allows liquid drinks such as fruit juice etc. to be taken out of the unit without taking the box out by positioning the said box packages, which allows the self packages of the drinks to be used.

Abstract: An equipment control system for equipment such as a refrigeration device, its control device, and its control program are provided in which present-round defrosting operation start time can be changed appropriately. The integrated controller 10 controls a defrosting operation to remove frost adhered to showcases 53, 54, and 55 . . . , in which the defrosting operation is started at a fixed or varying time interval. The integrated controller 10 stores past record data based on required time for past defrosting operations for different environmental conditions.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system (1) for an environment, in particular for the passenger compartment of a vehicle, is provided with an evaporator (13) and a compressor (18) coupled to the evaporator (13). In a system (30) for controlling the air-conditioning system (1), a control electronics (33) switches an operating condition of the compressor (18) when the temperature of the air leaving the evaporator (13) has a pre-set relation with a threshold temperature (Tthresh). The control electronics varies the value of the threshold temperature (Tthresh) as a function, in at least certain operating conditions, of a set-point temperature (Tsp), required by a user of the air-conditioning system (1), so as to reduce the energy consumption associated to the air-conditioning system.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for controlling the operation of secondary coolant pump(s) in a refrigeration system having a secondary coolant system that circulates the coolant to applicable cooling loads, and a primary refrigeration system that chills the coolant in the secondary coolant system. The system and method for controlling the pumps measures the pressure of the plurality of secondary coolant fluid loops, sorts the measurements to identify a secondary coolant fluid loop with a pressure farthest from a setpoint, and adjusts pump speed to compensate for the critical loop (i.e., the secondary coolant fluid loop with a pressure furthest from the setpoint).