Abstract: A swirler passage is provided for mixing fuel and compressor air with at least two side walls; at least first and second conduits arranged inside at least one of the at least two side walls, the first conduit forming a fuel gas conduit and the second conduit forming an air conduit, the fuel gas conduit connected to a gas fuel supply and the air conduit connected to an air supply; a tube connected to the fuel gas conduit and entirely traversing the air conduit inside the side wall; a fluid passage connected to the air conduit and surrounding the tube; at least one fuel outlet opening of the tube arranged on the side wall; and at least one air outlet opening of the fluid passage arranged on the side wall and surrounding the fuel outlet opening.

Abstract: Disclosed is a combustor casing with an inner casing which defines a combustion chamber, an outer casing spaced apart from the inner casing for defining a passage between the inner and the outer casing, first and second effusion holes arranged in the inner casing, and dividing ribs connecting the inner and outer casings and forming at least first and second volumes for receiving part of a flow injected into the passage.

Abstract: A propulsion unit includes at least one exhaust pipe (62, 76) that includes an air discharge that is delimited by a trailing edge (78, 82). The end part of the exhaust pipe (62, 76) includes two scalloped shapes (84) that each correspond to a preferred acoustic radiation direction, separated by advanced parts (86) that can limit the acoustic radiation, whereby the scalloped shapes are offset upward relative to the horizontal median plane.

Abstract: A lance is presented for introducing fuel into a second burner of a combustion chamber of a gas turbine installation with sequential combustion, having a first and a second combustion chamber. The lance includes a foot and a shank which projects from it. In an installed state of the lance the foot extends perpendicularly or at an angle to a main flow direction of the burner. The shank extends centrally in the burner and generally parallel to the main flow direction. At least one projecting arm, having at least one nozzle for introducing fuel, is arranged such that it extends from the shank. A respective end of the at least one arm is oriented in the main flow direction and extends generally parallel to the main flow direction.

Abstract: A method for providing Asymmetric Joint Control for Primary Frequency Regulation (PFR) in combined cycle power generation plants, said plant comprising at least one gas turbine and at least one steam turbine is provided. The method may comprise the use of the spinning energy existing in the high pressure steam to rapidly supply additional power to the steam turbine for PFR service when required by the grid, within the time frame established as a requirement to participate in the PFR service,. In some embodiments, PFR control can be carried out jointly in the whole combined cycle plant and the distribution of spinning reserve energy can be asymmetric.

Abstract: A turbomachine includes a compressor portion that generates a cooling airflow. The compressor portion includes a plurality of compressor stages. The turbomachine further includes a turbine portion operatively connected to the compressor portion. The turbine portion includes a plurality of turbine stages. A conduit fluidly connects at least one of the plurality of compressor stages with at least one of the plurality of turbine stages and delivers a portion of the cooling airflow from the compressor portion to the turbine portion. An injector port is connected to the conduit and a secondary fluid generation system. The secondary fluid generation system delivers an amount of dry secondary fluid into the cooling airflow passing from the compressor portion to the turbine portion. The amount of dry secondary fluid replaces a portion of the cooling airflow passing to the turbine portion.

Abstract: Valve systems for controlling a flow of fuel in a gas turbine engine and related methods are provided. In one embodiment, the valve system includes a supply conduit, a proportional valve portion, and a pulsating valve portion. The supply conduit is adapted and configured for receiving and carrying a flow of fuel. The proportional valve portion is in fluid connection with the supply conduit adapted and configured to gradually adjust a pressure drop thereacross and thus a flow rate of fuel flowing therethrough. The pulsating valve portion is in fluid connection with the supply conduit, in parallel with the proportional valve portion, and is adapted and configured to rapidly adjust a pressure drop thereacross and thus a flow rate of fuel flowing therethrough.

Abstract: A method for producing clumped frozen food products includes the steps of forming a plurality of cryogenically manufactured ice cream units; conveying the units along a conveyor to a rotating container; disposing a liquid on the units while the units are within the rotating container, wherein the liquid hardens into a binder that facilitates fusion of individual units with one another to form a plurality of clumps, each of the clumps respectively comprising a plurality of fused units coupled with the binder. After forming into clumps, the clumps may be removed from the rotating container and stored in a frozen form.

Abstract: A portable refrigeration unit is described. The unit has a body and a lid. The body has an outer housing and an insulated interior container that is thermally insulated from the outer housing. The insulated interior container has a bottom surface and at least one sidewall forming a cavity for receiving an article to be stored therein The lid has an outer surface and an inner surface and the lid is insulated. There is at least one solar collector on at least a portion of the outer surface of the lid. This solar collector provides electrical power to one or more cooling units and to one or more rechargeable batteries. The cooling units include an interior and an exterior heat sink, and an interior and exterior fan and an interior and exterior vent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchanger for a mobile refrigerated vehicle having a tank for liquefied gas comprising a pipe for accepting a flow of a liquefied gas and for the evaporation of at least one part of the liquefied gas, in conjunction with which the pipe, at least in sections, exhibits a longitudinal axis, and the heat exchanger comprises an inlet side for liquefied gas and an outlet side for at least partially evaporated gas, and in conjunction with which the outlet side is connected to an exhaust pipe in such a way as to permit a flow, in conjunction with which the pipe exhibits elements in its interior for the purpose of generating turbulences in the flow or a radial phase separation. The invention is characterized in that, with the help of the elements, the thickness of a gas interface layer on a wall of the pipe, which occurs as a result of vaporization of the gas, is reduced considerably, whereby the efficiency of the heat exchanger is increased considerably.

Abstract: A method for re-gasification of LNG in which method natural gas is combusted in a burner to provide heat for evaporation of the LNG and where the heat is transferred from the burner to the LNG in a closed heat exchange system, wherein substantially pure oxygen is used in the combustion of natural gas, and that C02 is separated from the exhaust gas for export or deposition, is described. A plant for re-gasification of LNG, the plant comprising a gas fired burner (14) for generation of heat for the re-gasification, a closed heat exchange system (5, 17,25) for transfer of heat from the burner to LNG to be vaporized, the plant additionally comprising a air separation unit (10) for generation of substantially pure oxygen to be fed to the burner (14), is also described.

Abstract: A life-saving child car seat/carrier safety system that protects a child from injury or death due to passenger compartment temperature extremes is described herein. Each year, children and infants die tragically as a result of overheating in automobile passenger compartments when they are mistakenly left unattended by their caregivers. The present invention provides a system and method for child safety comprising an automatically closing child car seat compartment that detects dangerous temperatures; notifies caregivers via an auto-dialing cell phone; alerts passersby via emergency lighting, audible alarms, vocal alerts, and electronic messaging; contacts emergency services with GPS location information; provides breathable air; and provides temperature regulation as needed to cool or warm a child.

Abstract: A tray (1) pivotably mounted in an automatic ice maker has a plurality of compartments (4) arranged in a number of rows and separated from one another by partition walls. The wall (6) extending above the upper edges of the partition walls (3) is formed at a longitudinal side of each row of compartments (4) and at at least a part of the transverse sides (2) thereof. For ice making, water (10) is filled into the tray (1) and allowed to freeze therein. Prior to letting the freezing take place, the tray (1) is pivoted from a tilted setting, in which the filled water (10) floods over the partition walls (3) between the compartments (4) of the tray (1) on a part of the width thereof and contacts a region of the longitudinal wall (6) extending above the upper edges of the partition walls (3), to an upright setting, in which the level of the water (10) lies below the upper edges of the partition walls (3).

Abstract: Heat pumps move heat from a source to a higher temperature heat sink. This invention enables spontaneous source-to-sink heat transfer. Spontaneous heat transfer is accomplished by conducting heat from the source through rotating disks to a portion of the generally warmer sink flow that is cooled to a temperature below that of the source by the Bernoulli effect. The nozzled flow required for Bernoulli cooling is provided by the corotating disk pairs. The distance between the opposing surfaces of the disk pair decreases with distance from the rotation axis, forming a nozzle. The heat-sink flow through the nozzle is maintained by centrifugal force caused by the circular motion of the gas near the disk surfaces. Embodiments of the invention differ in the paths followed by the source and sink fluid flows, by the number of disk pairs and by the state (gas or liquid.) of the heat source.

Abstract: A dynamic system controls indoor relative humidity and temperature to achieve specified conditions by applying multiple stages of dehumidification. In addition to a stage that increases dehumidification by reducing the speed of the indoor blower, the system uses a reheat coil and multiple valves that allow the reheat coil to function as either a subcooling coil or a partial condenser. Thus the system can maintain specified indoor temperature and humidity conditions even at times when no heating or cooling is needed. The system may have an outdoor condensing unit including a compressor and a condenser operably connected via refrigerant lines to an indoor unit to form a “split system” refrigerant loop.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pump systems wherein the composition comprises a fluoroolefin and at least one other component. The compositions of the present invention are useful in processes for producing cooling or heat, as heat transfer fluids, foam blowing agents, aerosol propellants, and fire suppression and fire extinguishing agents.

Abstract: A refrigeration system for providing conditioned air to a space includes a compressor operable to compress a refrigerant, a condenser configured to receive the refrigerant from the compressor, an expansion device configured to receive the refrigerant from the condenser, a desiccant operable to adsorb moisture from an airflow flowing through the desiccant such that the airflow is substantially dehumidified, and an evaporator assembly configured to receive the refrigerant from the expansion device and the airflow from the desiccant. The evaporator assembly is operable to condition the airflow prior to discharge from the evaporator assembly. The refrigeration system also includes a heat exchanger configured to selectively receive the refrigerant from at least one of the compressor and the condenser. The heat exchanger is in communication with the desiccant such that the refrigerant in the heat exchanger desorbs moisture from the desiccant.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for a modulating air conditioning system having increased energy efficiency and greater turndown capabilities. A modulating air conditioning system includes modulating at least one of the following components: a compressor, a compressor driver, a condenser fan, an evaporator fan, an effective evaporator surface area, an effective condenser surface area and/or an expansion device.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for a modulating air conditioning system having increased energy efficiency and greater turndown capabilities. A modulating air conditioning system includes modulating at least one of the following components: a compressor, a compressor driver, a condenser fan, an evaporator fan, an effective evaporator surface area, an effective condenser surface area and/or an expansion device.

Abstract: A Rankine cycle system has a condenser, a refrigerant circulating pump connected to the condenser, a heat collecting device connected to the refrigerant circulating pump, and an expansion turbine connected to the heat collecting device and the condenser. The refrigerant circulating pump includes an expansion tank or pressure vessel, a refrigerant supply conduit connected to the lower part of the expansion tank and to the condenser, and a refrigerant discharge conduit connected to the upper part of the expansion tank. An open/close valve is installed in the refrigerant supply conduit. A pressure regulating valve installed in the refrigerant discharge pipe opens when a pressure reaches a specified value or higher. A temperature regulating device can heat the refrigerant in the expansion tank to produce a refrigerant vapor of saturated temperature or higher, which vapor can be introduced into the heat collecting device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a refrigerator, which, by means of a control unit (2) equipped with a display (2.1) on the refrigerator body (1), allows users to maintain foodstuff under ideal storage conditions, and to monitor the comprised stock without opening the refrigerator door. Under the light of detailed information recorded to the said control unit (2) by means of RF-tags or a barcode reader or wired/wireless data loading units; the conditions of refrigerator compartments as determined by foodstuff characteristics and the monitoring of stock therein are shown to users via said display (2.1) without necessitating said user to open the refrigerator door.

Abstract: A refrigeration unit and a respective control and management assembly, comprising a refrigeration assembly and at least one power input for its electrical power supply. The refrigeration unit comprising at least one signal input and at least one control switch, which is arranged along a power line which corresponds to the power input. The control switch controlling the power line and the data that arrive from the respective signal input being suitable for driving the control switch for consequently determining the presence/absence of electrical power supply for said refrigeration assembly.

Abstract: A refrigerator having a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator connected in a refrigerant circuit, with the evaporator being forced-ventilated by a fan with adjustable power, the refrigerator including a control unit configured to regulate the power of the fan in inverse proportion to a thermal load of the refrigerator.

Abstract: A vehicle that includes a frame, a prime mover, an alternator, a cabin, a HVAC system, and a power source. The prime mover is operable in a first mode that is configured for driving the vehicle and a second mode that is configured for standby operation of the vehicle. The cabin includes walls that define a space and that have insulation to insulate the space. The HVAC system is in communication with the cabin to condition the space, and includes a cooling system, a heating system, and a sorption system that dehumidifies air provided to the space. The power source has a battery that is in electrical communication with the alternator and the HVAC system to supply power to the HVAC system from the battery when the prime mover is in the first mode and when the prime mover is in the second mode.

Abstract: A heating device includes a low-temperature heat store thermally coupled to a heat pump. The heat store is a buried pocket containing a permeable material and water. A high heat exchange capacity is thus achieved by exploiting both the high specific heat of the water and the high latent heat of liquefaction of the water contained in the heat store.

Abstract: An adjustable orifice (10) for use in an air conditioning system, in particular an aircraft air conditioning system, comprises a first orifice element (18) which has an orifice frame (20) as well as a first orifice area (22), wherein when the orifice (10) is assembled at a duct (12) of the air conditioning system the first orifice area (22) of the first orifice element (18) leaves open a part of a cross section of the duct (12) The orifice (10) also comprises a second orifice element (32) with a second orifice area (34), wherein when the orifice (10) is assembled at the duct (12) the second is orifice area (34) of the second orifice element (32) leaves open a part of the cross section of the duct (12).

Abstract: An outdoor unit is provided that is capable of reducing pressure loss due to the presence of a fan guard and improving the performance of an air conditioner. The outdoor unit includes an outdoor fan, an air discharge port, and a fan guard. The fan guard covers the air discharge port, and has a spaced away portion that is at least 100 mm away from the outdoor fan. In addition, the spaced away portion has a first opening whose minimum width is at least 15 mm.

Abstract: An air conditioning drain device essentially comprising a tubular pipe assembly, a flapper assembly, and a service port assembly. The device automatically engages a flapper valve that prevents the reverse flow of condensate water from entering a dwelling unit that shares a common drain line with multiple units, while at the same time allowing for quick and easy flushing of blockages in the drain line without causing water damage to the interior of the dwelling unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a high speed defrosting heat pump having a closed refrigerant circulation loop including a four-way valve so as to conduct cooling and heating operations by switching a refrigerant-circulating direction by means of the four-way valve. A three-way valve is disposed on a refrigerant pipe connected between a compressor and the four-way valve, and a bypass pipe is branched off from the three-way valve in such a manner as to be connected to a refrigerant pipe connected between an expansion valve and a exterior heat exchanger, such that the hot gas discharged from the compressor is introduced to the exterior heat exchanger via the bypass tube by the control of the three-way valve.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a freezer segment for a freezer of the type used for casting confectionery in moulds which are cooled for freezing and subsequently supplied with heat for a short period, whereafter stripping occurs. Cooling of the moulds is effected by using direct evaporation of CO2. The advantage of such a freezer segment is that there is no use for both a primary and a secondary cooling circuit. Another advantage in using a system according to the invention is that working with temperatures down to about minus 50° C. is enabled, compared to about minus 40° C. with brine systems. The low freezing temperature entails that the capacity of a given system is increased by about 40%.

Abstract: Disclosed is a refrigerator including a storage compartment, a door for opening/closing a front surface of the storage compartment, and a cold storage unit provided in a storage space defined in the storage compartment. The cold storage unit is rotatably installed at one sidewall defining the storage space to serve as a shelf, so that convenience of use and space utility are improved.

Abstract: A bottom mount refrigerator is provided with a pantry compartment that is accessible from outside the refrigerator by pulling open an easy access pantry drawer without the need to first open the fresh food compartment or the freezer compartment. A divider between the pantry compartment and the fresh food compartment is formed by a secondary mullion and a transparent shelf. The secondary mullion is provided with a light source for illuminating the contents of the pantry drawer. A light source at the rear of the pantry compartment shines generally forwardly and upwardly to illuminate the fresh food compartment.

Abstract: A beverage temperature modification device for cooling and warming beverages in a drinking vessel. The device has a body with an interior chamber for holding a temperature modifying substance such as water and a cap with an arm for securing the device to the rim of a vessel so that the device is maintained in a fixed position. The cap may be detachable and the body may have an opening for putting the temperature modifying substance into the chamber, or the temperature modifying substance may be sealed permanently in the chamber. The arm may be flexible so that it can stretch to allow securing the device to rims varying in thickness by a factor of two or more. The arm may be pivotable to allow adjustment of the position of the device when it is secured to the rim of a vessel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a refrigerator oil composition comprising a base oil which is at least one member selected from mineral oils and synthetic oils, and at least one imide compound, said imide compound in an amount of 0.01 to 5% by mass based on the total amount of the refrigerator oil composition, and also provides a compressor and a refrigeration apparatus using the refrigerator oil composition. The refrigerator oil composition and the compressor and the refrigeration apparatus using the refrigerator oil composition satisfy both sludge dispersibility and prevention of wear and seizing of a sliding part made of aluminum and/or iron.

Abstract: A compressor (20) and an expander (30) are provided in a refrigerant circuit (11) of an air conditioner (10). In the compressor (20), refrigerator oil is supplied from an oil reservoir (27) to a compression mechanism (21). In the expander (30), the refrigerator oil is supplied from an oil reservoir (37) to an expansion mechanism (31). Internal spaces of a compressor casing (24) and an expander casing (34) communicate with each other through an equalizing pipe (41). An oil pipe (42) connecting the compressor casing (24) and the expander casing (34) is provided with an oil amount adjusting valve (52) operated on the basis of an output signal of an oil level sensor (51). When the oil amount adjusting valve (52) is opened, the oil reservoir (27) in the compressor casing (24) and the oil reservoir (37) in the expander casing (34) communicate with each other to allow the refrigerator oil to flow through the oil pipe (42).

Abstract: Absorption refrigerator comprising; a cabinet having outer walls (1, 2, 4) and at least one door (3) which together encase at least one storage compartment (5) and which comprise a heat insulation material (2a, 3a, 11); and an absorption refrigerating system comprising a boiler (6), a water separator (7), a condenser (8), an evaporator (9) and an absorber (10), wherein said boiler, water separator, condenser and absorber are arranged outside said storage compartment. A channel (16) having an inlet (14) and an outlet (15) for conducting air through said channel is formed in an insulation (11) material comprised in one (4) of said outer walls. A ventilator (17) arranged to create a forced airflow in said channel. At least one of said absorber, condenser and water separator is arranged between said inlet and outlet in said channel.

Abstract: There is provided a two-stage screw compressor including a first-stage compressor that compresses a fluid, a second-stage compressor that further compresses the fluid compressed by the first-stage compressor, a motor that drives the first-stage compressor and the second-stage compressor, and a box body that serves as a flow passage connecting an outlet of the first-stage compressor and an inlet of the second-stage compressor, and also forms a connection space storing a transmission mechanism for transmitting a rotation force from the motor to the first-stage compressor and to the second-stage compressor, wherein the connection space is sealed by the casing of the motor, and the connection space and an internal space of the casing of the motor communicate with each other.

Abstract: A bolt hole receiving a fixing bolt is formed in a portion of an end plate overlapping an annular piston or a fixed wrap as viewed in a thickness direction of the end plate to open at the back face of the end plate. In fixing a discharge valve to the end plate, the fixing bolt is screwed into the bolt hole.

Abstract: An LNG facility employing an enhanced nitrogen removal system that concentrates the amount of nitrogen in the feed stream to a nitrogen removal unit (NRU) to thereby increase the separation efficiency of the NRU. In one embodiment, the nitrogen removal system comprises a multistage separation vessel operable to separate nitrogen from a cooled natural gas stream. At least a portion of the resulting nitrogen-containing stream exiting the multistage separation vessel can be used as a refrigerant, processed to a nitrogen removal unit, and/or utilized as fuel gas for the LNG facility.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of liquefying a hydrocarbon stream such as a natural gas stream, the method at least comprising the steps of: supplying a partly condensed hydrocarbon feed stream (10) to a first gas/liquid separator (2); separating the feed stream (10) in the first gas/liquid separator (2) into a gaseous stream (20) and a liquid stream (30); expanding the gaseous stream (20) thereby obtaining an expanded stream (40) and feeding it (40) into a second gas/liquid separator (3); feeding the liquid stream (30) into the second gas/liquid separator (3); removing from the bottom of the second gas/liquid separator a liquid stream (60) and feeding it into a fractionation column (5); removing from the top of the second gas/liquid separator (3) a gaseous stream (50) and passing it to a compressor (6) thereby obtaining a compressed stream (70); cooling the compressed stream (70) thereby obtaining a cooled compressed stream (80); heat exchanging the cooled compressed stream (80) against a stream b

Abstract: LNG is pumped to supercritical pressure and vaporized, preferably in an offshore location to thereby form a natural gas stream with an intermediate temperature. A first portion of that stream is then processed in an onshore location to remove at least some non-methane components to thereby form a lean LNG, which is then combined with a second portion of that stream to form a sales gas having desired chemical composition. The intermediate temperature and the split ratio of the gas stream in first and second portion are a function of the concentration of the non-methane components in the LNG.

Abstract: Method and apparatus of separating an oxygen and nitrogen containing feed stream, for example, air, in higher and lower pressure columns. A crude liquid oxygen stream condenses nitrogen vapor in the higher pressure column for reflux purposes and results in the partial vaporization of the crude liquid oxygen stream to produce vapor and liquid fractions thereof. The liquid fraction condenses a lower pressure part of the feed stream and results in the liquid fraction being at least partially vaporized. Both the vapor fraction of the crude liquid oxygen stream and the liquid fraction after having been at least partially vaporized are introduced into the lower pressure column. Boil-up is produced within a bottom region of the lower pressure column by partially vaporizing an oxygen-rich liquid column bottoms against condensing a higher pressure part of the feed stream and then utilizing vapor or residual liquid as an oxygen product.

Abstract: A bead having a cylindrical opening for passage of a strand and a crest mounted on the strand. The opening comprises central cavity having a first diameter, and first and second ends each having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter of the central cavity. The first and second ends further comprises a notch disposed at a selected position along the circumference of the opening, wherein the notch at the first end is not radially aligned along the longitudinal bead axis with the notch at the second end. The diameter of the opening is sufficient along its entire length to permit an unadorned strand to pass through and be rotated freely. The crest is of a size and shape selected to pass through either end of the opening by aligning the crest with the corresponding notch at that end, but is too large to pass through either of the ends of the opening when not aligned with a corresponding notch.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a glass substrate for a magnetic disk in which the occurrence of micro-waviness on the glass substrate is prevented in a cooling step after a chemically strengthening step so that the glass substrate has a significantly smooth principal surface, and provides a method for producing a magnetic disk in which head crash, thermal asperity failures, and the like are prevented, the flying height of a magnetic head can be decreased, and high-density recording is enabled.

Abstract: The invention starts from a method for producing a crucible of quartz glass in that SiO2 inner layer granules are vitrified in a rotating melting mold, which is covered at least in part by a heat shield, in a light gas-containing atmosphere under the action of a plasma to obtain a transparent inner layer, at least part of the light gas being supplied to the melting mold through a gas inlet of the heat shield. In order to form an inner layer with a particularly low bubble content and with minimal efforts in terms of energy and material, it is proposed that in a layer forming step preceding the vitrifying step a granule layer consisting of the SiO2 inner layer granules is formed on the inner wall of the crucible, and that the plasma zone and the heat shield are movable together with the gas inlet and are moved laterally in the direction of the granule layer during the vitrifying step taken for vitrifying the granule layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing monolithic glass reflectors for concentrating sunlight in a solar energy system is disclosed. The method of manufacturing allows large monolithic glass reflectors to be made from float glass in order to realize significant cost savings on the total system cost for a solar energy system. The method of manufacture includes steps of heating a sheet of float glass positioned over a concave mold until the sheet of glass sags and stretches to conform to the shape of the mold. The edges of the dish-shaped glass are rolled for structural stiffening around the periphery. The dish-shaped glass is then silvered to create a dish-shaped mirror that reflects solar radiation to a focus. The surface of the mold that contacts the float glass preferably has a grooved surface profile comprising a plurality of cusps and concave valleys. This grooved profile minimizes the contact area and marring of the specular glass surface, reduces parasitic heat transfer into the mold and increases mold lifetime.

Abstract: Soda lime silica float glass in ribbon form is produced at reduced cost by replacing at least part of the soda ash conventionally used as a source of sodium fluxing agent by calcined trona ore. The invention may use calcined trona ore from the deposits in the Green River Valley area of Wyoming, USA.

Abstract: A method and system that uses a cold wall furnace for melting the materials that are feed into the furnace. In one aspect, at least a portion of the exterior surface of the cold wall furnace is surrounded by at least one jacket configured to transfer heat away from the metal liner of the furnace. This cooling causes the molten glass to solidify on the metal surface of the metal liner of the cold wall furnace, which acts to protect the metal liner of the furnace from oxidation during molten glass evacuation and subsequent exposure to atmosphere.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing a glass by melting, at more than 1300° C., batch materials comprising silica and an alkali or alkaline-earth metal sulfate, characterized in that a sulfide is added to the batch materials in order to reduce the height of foam at the surface of the bath of liquid glass at more than 1300° C. The invention reduces the formation of foam at the surface of the glass and improves the heat exchanges between the overhead burners and the glass bath. The invention is particularly suitable for glass intended to be fiberized.

Abstract: A three-dimensional optical waveguide is formed by laminating planar substrates such as a plurality of lens substrates and, an isolator substrate and a wavelength division multiplexing filter, the optical substrates at least include a waveguide substrate having a waveguide and a reflecting surface. In the three-dimensional optical waveguide, the planar substrates are positioned by markers integrally formed on at least two of the planar substrates. Light directed into the waveguide is reflected by a reflecting surface and passes through the lens substrates and the isolator substrate.