Abstract: Several methods of increasing the thrust and energy efficiency of charged particle jet engines operating in a gaseous or liquid medium have been developed. We identify the three main components of charged particle thrust generation and provide means to take maximum advantage of each. We also describe several methods to reduce the energy associated with the generation of charged particles and to minimize the number of charged particles needed to further increase energy efficiency. In addition to the methods used to increase thrust and energy efficiency, we have also developed several methods of efficiently controlling the amount and direction of thrust. Finally, we show many uses of these charged particle jet engines and ways to control them.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine system includes a fan (14), a housing (28) arranged about the fan, a gas turbine engine core having a compressor (16) at least partially within the housing, and a fan bypass passage (30) downstream of the fan for conveying a bypass airflow (D) between the housing and the gas turbine engine core. A nozzle (40) associated with the fan bypass passage includes a first nozzle section (54a) that is operative to move in a generally axial direction to influence the bypass airflow, and a second nozzle section that is operative to also move in a generally axial direction between a stowed position and a thrust reverse position that diverts the bypass airflow in a thrust reversing direction. An actuator (42) selectively moves the first nozzle section and the second nozzle section to influence the bypass airflow and provide thrust reversal.

Abstract: A turbofan engine pylon structure having a fan variable area nozzle defined by a variable area flow system between a pylon intake and a pylon exhaust to selectively adjust a bypass flow. The variable area flow system changes the physical area and geometry of a fan nozzle exit area to manipulate the bypass flow by opening and closing an additional flow area of the variable area flow system.

Abstract: An exhaust device is disclosed that includes a duct that turns an exhaust flow from a gas turbine engine from a first direction to a second direction. A diverter cup is disposed within the duct and serves to split the exhaust flow into two streams as well as introduce cooling air through an ejector pump at the downstream end of the diverter cup. A splitter is disposed downstream of the diverter cup and serves to split the cooling air into two streams which are thereafter mixed with the split exhaust flow. A diffuser is created in the exhaust device between the duct and the splitter. Various cooling slots are also provided in the duct.

Abstract: An apparatus for vectoring the thrust of a motor that produces thrust along a longitudinal axis by expelling combustion gases through a nozzle may include a plurality of linearly-positionable non-rotatable thrust deflectors. The thrust deflectors may be disposed at around a perimeter of the nozzle. Each thrust deflector may be independently extended to simultaneously generate both a force transverse to the longitudinal axis and a torque about the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: In some implementations a propulsion system includes a thrust chamber having a gap between an inner shell and an outer shell, the inner shell and the outer shell being attached together to form the thrust chamber. In some implementations, the rocket engine also includes a recirculating cooling system operably coupled to the gap in at least two locations and operable to recirculate a convective coolant through the gap.

Abstract: The present invention detects the deterioration of a catalyst. In accordance with an output from an oxygen sensor, a catalyst deterioration detection device for the catalyst positioned in an exhaust path of an internal combustion engine detects a maximum oxygen storage state where an exhaust gas outflowing downstream of the catalyst contains excess oxygen and a minimum oxygen storage state where the exhaust gas outflowing downstream of the catalyst lacks oxygen. Control is exercised to provide a rich target air-fuel ratio for the internal combustion engine during an oxygen release period between the instant at which the maximum oxygen storage state is detected and the instant at which the minimum oxygen storage state is detected later, and to provide a lean target air-fuel ratio for the internal combustion engine during an oxygen storage period between the instant at which the minimum oxygen storage state is detected and the instant at which the maximum oxygen storage state is detected later.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine system includes an engine having an engine housing. The engine system further includes an exhaust system, and a turbine disposed within the exhaust system. A particulate reduction device is disposed in the exhaust system upstream of the turbine. The particulate reduction device includes an exhaust retarder having a flow property which is based at least in part on a residence requirement for combustion of particulates in exhaust gases passing therethrough. The flow property may be a flow restriction property, and the exhaust retarder may include a flow restricting trapping element configured to trap particulates in the exhaust gases. The flow restricting trapping element defines a combustion efficacy to exhaust mass flow and temperature coefficient for the particulate reduction device which is based at least in part on a combustion initiating residence requirement for particulates passing through the particulate reduction device.

Abstract: An adding time a of a fuel addition to an exhaust system is limited to a guard value G or less during an adding period A of a concentrated intermittent fuel of a catalyst recovery control. Accordingly, a one-time fuel adding amount from an adding valve 46 is limited to be equal to or less than a predetermined value, and it is possible to prevent such a great amount of unburned fuel component that cannot be fully purified by a NOx catalyst from being supplied to the NOx catalyst during the adding period A. Further, if a total amount (GF+Q1)·t of the unburned fuel component supplied to the NOx catalyst during the adding period A reaches an allowable upper limit value UL, the concentrated intermittent fuel addition is canceled and a suspend period B is forcibly started. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent a total amount of such a great amount of unburned fuel component that cannot be fully purified by the NOx catalyst from being supplied to the NOx catalyst during the adding period A.

Abstract: An engine system includes an integrated engine and aftertreatment control system via an electronic aftertreatment controller that is in communication with the electronic engine controller. An aftertreatment control algorithm is operable to generate an exhaust control signal and a reductant dosing control signal. The dosing control signal is used to control a flow rate of a reductant (e.g. urea) injection rate into the exhaust system for facilitating a reduction reaction with NOx in the exhaust flow at a suitable downstream catalyst location. The exhaust control signal is communicated to the electronic engine controller, which responds by altering engine operation to change some aspect of the engine exhaust.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a metering valve arranged in an exhaust gas region of an internal combustion engine for metering a reagent or a precursor of a reagent, comprising a cooling device to prevent excess temperatures. The invention further relates to a device for carrying out the method. During metering breaks of the regular metering process, a targeted predetermined minimum amount is metered for the cooling of the metering valve, if required.

Abstract: An exhaust emission control device is used for an engine and is applied to an exhaust gas purifying system. The system has an NOx catalyst disposed in an exhaust passage of the engine to promote selective purification of NOx in exhaust gas performed by ammonia, which is a reducing agent for reducing NOx, and a reducing agent adding device for adding the reducing agent to an upstream side of the catalyst in a flow direction of exhaust gas.

Abstract: An SCR catalyst is provided in an exhaust pipe of an engine and a urea solution addition valve is provided upstream of the SCR catalyst in the exhaust pipe. An ECU controls urea solution addition quantity of the urea solution addition valve based on ammonia adsorption quantity to the SCR catalyst. The ECU calculates the ammonia adsorption quantity in the SCR catalyst based on time-series data of an ammonia balance between ammonia supply to the SCR catalyst accompanying the urea solution addition of the urea solution addition valve and ammonia consumption in the SCR catalyst. The ECU calculates NOx quantity introduced into the SCR catalyst or a parameter correlated with the NOx quantity and performs initialization of the ammonia adsorption quantity at timing decided based on a result of the calculation.

Abstract: According to one representative embodiment, an apparatus disclosed herein includes a regeneration event timing module, an engine speed module, an exhaust gas temperature module, and a thermal management module. The regeneration event timing module is configured to determine a regeneration event timing strategy for implementation during extended idling of the engine. The regeneration event timing strategy includes a first time period and a second time period following the first time period. The engine speed module is configured to determine a desired engine speed for the second time period and operate the engine at the desired engine speed during the second time period. The desired engine speed is greater than an idling engine speed associated with the first time period. The exhaust gas temperature module is configured to determine a desired particulate matter filter inlet exhaust gas temperature.

Abstract: A burner for heating a filter cartridge for the exhaust gases of an engine until the oxidation and/or combustion of the solid particulates trapped in the cartridge, including a burner body having a closed end and, on the side opposite this closed end, an opening for removing the said gases. The burner further including at least one intake duct for a mixture of fuel and oxidiser terminating in the burner body tangentially to the burner body, so as to cause the mixture to swirl in the burner; an electrical ignition means for igniting the said mixture positioned inside the burner body; and a closure element obstructing the burner body, to limit the turbulence of the exhaust gases in the volume of the burner body bounded by the said closure element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purifying device for a diesel engine, which purifies efficiently Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Particulate Matters (PM) contained in exhaust gases of the diesel engine, particularly provides an exhaust gas purifying device disposed in an exhaust passage of a diesel engine, wherein a catalyst part for reducing Nitrogen Oxides and a filter part for removing Particulate Matter are provided sequentially from an upstream for a flow of the exhaust gas and a diesel fuel injector is mounted at a front of the Nitrogen Oxide reduction catalyst part.

Abstract: To provide an oxidation catalyst capable of burning PM of diesel, engine exhausts gas at a low temperature, and hardly subjected to poisoning due to sulfur oxide. A composite oxide contains Ce, Bi, and M (wherein M is one or more elements selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) and oxygen, and is manufactured, with a molar ratio of Ce, Bi, M expressed by Ce:Bi:M=(1?x?y):x:y, satisfying 0<x?0.4, and 0<y?0.4. This composite oxide is suitable as a PM combustion catalyst, and is hardly subjected to poisoning due to sulfur oxide.

Abstract: Zoned diesel oxidation catalysts containing a higher precious metal loading in the inlet zone that the outlet zone and an equal or shorter length inlet zone are described. Emission treatment systems and methods of remediating nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, and gaseous hydrocarbons using zoned diesel oxidation catalysts are also described.

Abstract: The induction exhaust has an exhaust manifold 16 and a muffler 22. In the instant invention, warm ambient air is drawn into the muffler 22. Heat from this external source is conducted through the finned manifold 16 to melt ice that can form inside the manifold 16 during the exhaust cycle. The exhaust manifold 16 bolts to the side of the air motor air valve 14 and serves to direct, muffle and diffuse the air motor exhaust using a deflection plate, a diffraction plate and an expansion chamber is provided in the manifold to direct the exhaust out of the air valve and down the center of the muffler 22.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas cooler includes a housing having a bypass duct and a cooling zone having arranged therein an exhaust-gas cooling duct which includes an entry cooling duct, at least one reversing duct connected to the entry cooling duct, and an exit cooling duct connected to the reversing duct. The reversing duct is constructed to conduct the exhaust-gas flow in opposite direction to a direction of flow in the entry cooling duct and the exit cooling duct. A control element is received in the housing for selectively directing an exhaust-gas flow through the bypass duct or through the cooling zone, with the bypass duct being segregated from a deflection zone of the reversing duct.

Abstract: An exhaust manifold A includes, in its collecting part structure, a plurality of branch pipes 2 to 5 that are connected with a flange head 1, a collecting part 6 that collects and contains exhaust-gas downstream side end portions 2a to 5a of the branch pipes 2 to 5, a partition plate 10 that is arranged in a state where its exhaust-gas downstream side end portion 10a projects in the interior of the collecting part 6, and a sensor attachment boss part 9 that is fixed by weld line X on a part of an outer circumferential portion of the collecting part 6 in a state where it faxes an insertion hole 6f formed in the collecting part 6.

Abstract: A drivetrain system for use in a mobile machine is disclosed. The drivetrain system may have a first rotary fluid actuator, a second rotary fluid actuator, an input device, and a controller in communication with the first rotary fluid actuator, the second rotary fluid actuator, and the input device. The controller may be configured to determine a desired change in an effective gear ratio of the drivetrain system, and determine a total displacement change associated with the first and second rotary fluid actuators that produces the desired change in the effective gear ratio. The controller may also be configured to compare the total displacement change to a threshold change level, affect simultaneous displacement changes in the first and second rotary fluid actuators when the total displacement change exceeds the threshold change level, and affect sequential displacement changes in the first and second rotary fluid actuators when the total displacement change is less than the threshold change level.

Abstract: A pumping apparatus for a jetted-fluid system includes a pump having an inlet connectable to the drain, and an outlet connectable to the return. The pump is adapted to receive the fluid from the drain and jet fluid through the return. The pumping apparatus includes a motor coupled to the pump to operate the pump, a sensor connectable to the power source and configured to generate a signal having a relation to a parameter of the motor, and a switch coupled to the motor and configured to control at least a characteristic of the motor. The pumping apparatus also includes a microcontroller coupled to the sensor and the switch. The microcontroller is configured to generate a derivative value based on the signal, and to control the motor based on the derivative value.

Abstract: A hydraulic circuit that enables smooth absorption of the energy of a return fluid from a hydraulic actuator by means of an energy recovery motor. A return fluid passage to which the fluid discharged from a boom cylinder is branched is provided at the tank passage side of a solenoid valve of a boom control circuit. The return fluid passage comprises two return passages, which are provided with a flow rate ratio control valve for controlling a ratio of fluid that branches off into the return passages. The flow rate ratio control valve is comprised of a solenoid valve disposed in the return passage, which is provided with an energy recovery motor, and a solenoid valve disposed in the return passage, which branches off the upstream side of the solenoid valve.

Abstract: The invention concerns a vibration-decoupling device for a hydraulic circuit and in particular concerns a vibration-decoupling device for a hydraulic circuit used in an agricultural vehicle. The device has a fluid transfer element (3) able to be connected at one end (4) to a high pressure outlet of a hydraulic pump (1) and to transport fluid expelled from the pump. The another end (5) of the fluid transfer element (3) is moveably connected with a fixed element (11) such as a gear assembly housing so that the fluid can be passed to a hydraulic consumer. A support element (9) is moveably connected with the fixed element (11) and the fluid transfer element (3) and acts so that a force is exerted on the fluid transfer element (3) in one direction while the other end (5) of the fluid transfer element (3) and the fixed element (11) remain securely connected together.

Abstract: To convert energy, firstly a non-gaseous carrier medium is converted into a gaseous carrier medium by the introduction of thermal energy, so that the gaseous carrier medium rises and gains potential energy. Then the gaseous carrier medium is converted back at a specified height into a non-gaseous carrier medium. The potential energy of the recovered non-gaseous carrier medium can then be converted into another desired energy form.

Abstract: An external combustion engine provided with a main container in which a working fluid is sealed flowable in a liquid phase state, a heater heating part of the liquid phase state working fluid in the main container to make it vaporize, a cooler cooling steam of the working fluid heated and vaporized by the heater so as to make it liquefy, an output part converting displacement of the liquid part of the working fluid caused by a change of volume of the steam into mechanical energy and outputting the energy, an auxiliary container communicated with the main container through a venturi means and having a liquid sealed inside it, an auxiliary heater heating the liquid in the auxiliary container to make it vaporize, a storage container communicated with the auxiliary container and storing the liquid, and a liquid draining means for draining liquid in the auxiliary container into the storage container when the internal pressure of the auxiliary container becomes a first predetermined pressure or more.

Abstract: The invention relates to a master cylinder (1) with reduced free travel (23). Current master cylinders have a free travel during the displacement of a piston (6) in a bore (5) of a master cylinder body (3). Such a free travel may be reduced with the aid of a frustoconical portion (24) in the piston, an orifice (14) for communication of hydraulic fluid being situated on said inclined wall, a gap (26) between the inclined wall and an inner wall (12) of the bore allowing a passage for hydraulic fluid capable of filling a pressure chamber (4). However, such inclined walls create a change in the slope of an outer wall (29) of the piston, this change being able to cause a separation of an inner lip (19) of a sealing cup (17). To prevent this separation, the invention provides that the inclined wall forms a convex rounded surface (32).

Abstract: An exhaust gas recirculation control system comprises a pressure condition evaluation module and a protection module. The pressure condition evaluation module evaluates at least one of vane movement of a turbocharger and engine pressure. The protection module selectively controls an exhaust gas recirculation valve based on the at least one of the vane movement of the turbocharger and the engine pressure.

Abstract: In a steam system having a turbine driven by steam supplied from a high-pressure header to a low-pressure header, when the pressure in the low-pressure header drops, a turbine bypass valve is opened and the high-pressure side steam is supplied to the low-pressure side header in a normal control. When the turbine is tripped, steam is rapidly flow into the low-pressure side header and its pressure temporally increases. the steam in the low-pressure header is discharged through a discharge valve. After that, if a steam supply from the low-pressure header to another process increases, the discharge valve is closed. After the discharge valve is fully closed, an after-trip control is performed in which the opening of the turbine bypass valve is increased at an earlier timing than the normal control for preventing the steam amount in the low-pressure header to be too small. The control stability of the steam system when the turbine is tripped can be enhanced.

Abstract: There is described a method for heating a steam turbine comprising a medium-pressure turbine section and/or a low-pressure turbine section, the discharge end of the medium-pressure turbine section being provided with a catchment device. Steam penetrating the medium-pressure turbine section during a starting process is retained at an outlet by means of a catchment device in such a way that the pressure of the steam increases in the medium-pressure turbine section. The steam that is discharged from the medium-pressure turbine section is retained, thus increasing the pressure and the temperature of the steam. Heat transfer from the steam to the thick-walled parts located on the medium pressure turbine section and the shaft of the medium-pressure turbine section is augmented, thus reducing the starting time of the steam turbine.

Abstract: The present invention provides a turbine system which can start a turbine, while controlling thermal stress generated in a turbine rotor and an expansion difference, due to thermal expansion, between a casing and the turbine rotor, to be lower than defined values, respectively. The turbine system (1) according to the present invention includes the turbine (4) having a casing (2) and the turbine rotor (3) rotatably attached to the casing (2), and a main steam pipe (5) connected to an upstream portion of the casing (2). A control valve (6) adapted for controlling a flow rate of steam discharging into the casing (2) is provided with the main steam pipe (5), and a power generator (7) is coupled with the turbine rotor (3). Additionally, a starting control system (10) is adapted for controlling the control valve (6), while obtaining an operational amount of the control valve (6).

Abstract: A micro-hybrid system (27) is connected to an on-board electrical network (V+) of a first heat engine (28) of a vehicle, whereby the first heat engine having a first cubic capacity which is greater than or equal to a first predetermined value. The system (27) comprises a number equal to two or more of identical starter-alternator devices (1) which are mechanically coupled to the first heat engine (28). The torque and power characteristics of each of the starter-alternator devices (1, 16), while not being adapted to the first heat engine (28), are adapted to a second heat engine having a second cubic capacity which is less than or equal to a second predetermined value equal to a fraction of the first predetermined value. The system is adapted to an application to large heat engines and allows a certain degree of standardization of starter-alternator devices.

Abstract: In a moisture separator, a manifold that communicates with a steam inlet is disposed in a shell; a plurality of blowout outlets for steam is provided on a side of the manifold; a first support plate and a lower support frame are fixed to a lower part in the shell to compart a steam drift space and a drain path; a moisture separating element is provided corresponding to the manifold; steam from which moisture is removed by the moisture separating element is heated by the group of the heating tubes to flow as high-temperature reheat steam to the steam outlet; the moisture is led from the drain opening through the drain path to the drain outlet; and a blocking plate that blocks a part of the drain opening is provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tractor trailer power system for powering a hydraulic liftgate and other components in the trailer so the tractor engine does not have to run to maintain the battery charge of the trailer batteries.

Abstract: A method for operating a gas turbine comprising a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine is to allow a particularly safe and reliable operation of the gas turbine. Furthermore, a gas turbine and gas and steam turbine plant, which are especially suitable for carrying out the method, are disclosed. For this purpose, the compressor discharge pressure is used as a control variable.

Abstract: A pneumatically driven turbine drive system is coupled to a gas turbine engine that includes low and high pressure compressors, low and high pressure turbines, a lock-up clutch, and at least one engine accessory driven by the high pressure compressor. The pneumatically driven turbine drive system selectively bleeds air discharged from the high pressure compressor and supplies it to an air turbine that is coupled to the at least one engine accessory. Thus, the system selectively reduces the power extracted from the high pressure compressor and is capable of supplying power back to the engine core. This, coupled with the bleed air that is diverted from the high pressure turbine and the low pressure turbine, allows the high pressure spool and the low pressure spool to run at lower speeds when high engine thrust is not needed or desired, but when the at least one engine accessory is still needed.

Abstract: A component arrangement is provided which includes two component elements with portions pushed one into the other, leaving a gap and arranged statically with respect to one another. The component arrangement also includes a sealing element sealing off the gap. One of the component elements has a groove which runs in the region of the gap to be sealed off and is open towards the other component element. The component that has the groove has a side face. The sealing element includes a holding element with a first side face and with a second side face and is arranged at least partially in the groove. The first side face of the holding element can be pushed against the side face of the groove by a pressure difference. The side face of the groove and/or the first side face of the holding element include/includes at least one pressure relief depression.

Abstract: A refrigerated display case (10) is provided with an open face (25) and an air flow (30) across the open face (25), which is cooled by a primary refrigeration system (20) and a thermoelectric heat pump (60).

Abstract: The enclosure for surveillance hardware provided herein protects the hardware from external elements and from damage. The enclosure may be configured for a node of a peer to peer surveillance architecture. The enclosure may comprise a sealed component chamber and an adjacent support chamber. The sealed component chamber may enclose the components therein in an air or watertight manner. The support chamber may comprise an airflow system and thermal conductor which regulates the temperature in the component chamber. The enclosure may be formed from a multilayer material having various protective qualities. A controller may be provided to control operation of the airflow system and thermal conductor in response to changes in temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a system and method for regulating and monitoring heat dissipation of an integrated circuit by employing a heat regulating device with a thermal structure net work assembly. Each thermal structure can act as a heat conducting pathway for inducing heat into and/or dissipating heat away from the integrated circuit, thus creating a more uniform temperature gradient across the semiconductor body.

Abstract: A method for delivery of cryogenic combustible gases to users is described, where the combustible gas is kept in one or more storage tanks (10, 20) in a liquid state, such as LNG, as said number of tanks are arranged to be filled up after they are emptied at the delivery to the users, and where a conduit (22, 24) leads gas in liquid state by way of an evaporator to said users.

Abstract: Embodiments of a pressurized gas supply are provided. In one embodiment, the pressurized gas supply includes a pressurized gas reservoir and a pressure reducer fluidly coupled to the pressurized gas reservoir. The pressure reducer is configured to reduce the pressure of gas received from the pressurized gas reservoir to a predetermined output pressure (PO). A gas mixture is held within the pressurized gas reservoir at a starting pressure (PS) and at a starting temperature (TS). The gas mixture includes: (i) a warming gas having a positive Joule-Thomson (JT) coefficient at TS and over the pressure range PS-PO, and (ii) a cooling gas having a negative JT coefficient at TS and over the pressure range PS-PO. The cooling of the cooling gas at least partially offsets the warming of the warming gas when the gas mixture is expelled by the isothermal gas supply to achieve a desired gas output temperature.

Abstract: An icemaker system provided in a refrigerator is designed to reduce an amount of time required to produce ice. The refrigerator includes a refrigeration system including a number of refrigeration components and a refrigeration loop. The refrigeration loop includes an icemaker section that carries a flow of refrigerant to an ice mold portion of the icemaker system and a bypass section that isolates the icemaker system from the flow of refrigerant. A control system automatically activates the icemaker system regardless of a need for cooling. That is, upon sensing a demand for ice, the control system opens a valve to cause refrigerant to flow through the icemaker section and activates the refrigeration components to speed ice production whether or not additional cooling is required in fresh food and/or freezer compartments.

Abstract: A recovery system for a frozen product dispenser accommodates automatic recovery and continued operation of the dispenser in response to the output torque of a beater bar and scraper assembly drive motor exceeding a selected upper limit due to transient conditions. A controller monitors the output torque of the drive motor and, upon sensing an output torque in excess of the selected upper limit, shuts off the drive motor and operates a refrigeration system to defrost a freeze barrel within which the beater bar and scraper assembly is rotated, for a time sufficient to defrost product in the barrel. The controller then turns on the drive motor, operates the refrigeration system to refreeze product in the barrel and continues to monitor the output torque of the drive motor. The foregoing operation is repeated several times, if and as necessary, before a system error is generated.

Abstract: A thermal energy transfer unit is used in conjunction with a conventional Freon based heat pump system. One or several thermal energy transfer units are operatively interconnected to one or several Freon based heat pump systems and share a common energy storage tank. Each thermal energy transfer unit converts energy from a compressor and condensing coil of the conventional heat pump system and stores it in the common energy storage tank when electricity is in low demand. Each thermal energy transfer unit retrieves stored energy from the common storage tank and provides air conditioning without the use of the compressor when electricity is in high demand. Each thermal energy transfer unit can be disabled to allow the heat pump units to perform as if they and the energy storage tank were not connected. One or all of the units can be disabled without affecting the performance or purpose of the others.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of stabilizer that may be at least one phenol or a mixture of at least one phenol with other stabilizers. The stabilized compositions may be useful in cooling apparatus, such as refrigeration, air-conditioning, chillers, and heat pumps, as well as in applications as foam blowing agents, solvents, aerosol propellants, fire extinguishants, and sterilants.

Abstract: A refrigerant system is provided with tandem compressors. A tandem compressor arrangement includes at least two compressors operating in parallel and having at least one common manifold. A control may operate the compressors either simultaneously, or in some predetermined sequence to provide control over refrigerant system capacity. At least one of the tandem compressors is provided with a pulse width modulation control on a suction line. In this manner, the amount of refrigerant, compressed by the compressor, can be precisely controlled to exactly meet thermal load demands in the conditioned space.

Abstract: A predictive maintenance method and apparatus for HVACR systems including a sensor capable of detecting the presence of a gaseous phase in the refrigerant fluid at a location wherein solely liquid phase should be present if the system is functioning properly.

Abstract: A valve assembly for an air conditioning system includes a liquid line port pressurized at a discharge pressure, an evaporator inlet port pressurized at a suction pressure, a sequence valve for controlling a first flow path between the liquid line port and an outlet in response to a differential between the discharge pressure and the suction pressure, and a thermostatic expansion valve that includes an actuator and an expansion valve member for controlling a second flow path between the outlet and the evaporator inlet port in response to a pressure differential across the actuator.