Abstract: The invention relates to a passive optical limiter having a nonlinear material capable of switching in a predetermined optical band from a transparent state to an opaque state as a function of the power of an incident laser beam. The nonlinear material is an organic dye which comprises molecules derived from 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene into which a nitrogen atom is inserted at the meso position, referred to as aza-bodipy molecules, and which have conjugated ? chains functionalized so as to exhibit absorption for two photons around an incident beam wavelength lying between 1.45 ?m and 1.6 ?m.

Abstract: A bidirectional fibre optic probe comprises an optical in/out coupler and a single fibre or a bundle of fibres, each fibre having a proximal end and a distal end and a numerical aperture NA=sin ?. The numerical aperture NA describes the range of angles over which the optical fibre's proximal end can accept or emit light. The numerical aperture depends on the refractive index n of the fibre core and is given by NA=n sin* ?. ? is the acceptance angle being defined as the half angle of the acceptance cone of the fibre at its proximal end.

Abstract: An optical encoder and method for measuring displacement information uses an encoder member that includes multiple optical tracks of diffractive optical regions having different periodicities with respect to consecutive identical diffractive optical regions to produce diffracted beams of light from at least one beam of light emitted from a light source. The diffracted beams of light are received at photodetectors, which produce electrical signals in response to the received beams of light. The electrical signals are related to the displacement information being measured.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes a light source emitting a measuring light, a first photo-detection element directly receiving a part of a reflected light of the measuring light reflected from a shaft to be measured to detect a first light receiving position, and a second photo-detection element directly receiving another part of the reflected light to detect a second light receiving position. An axis tilt angle of the shaft is measured on the basis of a signal output from the first photo-detection element and a signal output from the second photo-detection element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pressure sensor comprising: a substrate; a pressure reception plate which is provided in a state of facing the substrate, the pressure reception plate comprising in a surface which faces the substrate, a low reflection region, and a high reflection region having a relatively higher reflection ratio compared to the low reflection region; a support portion to change a distance between the substrate and the pressure reception plate when a pressure is applied to the pressure reception plate, the support portion being provided in between the substrate and the pressure reception plate; and a plurality of light receiving elements which are respectively provided on the substrate in positions facing the low reflection region and in positions facing the high reflection region, of the pressure reception plate.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer is disclosed wherein an ion signal is split into a first and second signal. The first and second signals are multiplied by different gains and are digitised. Arrival time and intensity pairs are calculated for both digitised signals and the resulting time and intensity pairs are combined to form a high dynamic range spectrum. The spectrum is then combined with other corresponding spectra to form a summed spectrum.

Abstract: A radiation dosimetry method and associated devices for carrying out the method are disclosed herein. More particularly, a method and associated apparatus which compensates for variations in amounts of a radiation sensitive material in a radiation dosimetry film is provided.

Abstract: A mass spectrometry unit of the present invention includes a mass spectrometry portion that detects ion current values of a gas to be measured according to mass-to-charge ratio, to thereby measure partial pressures of the gas to be measured. The mass spectrometry unit further includes: a control portion for preliminary storing a record of a mass-to-charge ratio of a specific gas that decreases a function of a specific portion of the mass spectrometry unit, in which if an ion current value with the mass-to-charge ratio of the specific gas detected by the mass spectrometry portion is not less than a predetermined value, the control portion outputs a warning signal denoting a functional decrease in the specific portion.

Abstract: A smart FAIMS sensor system and method includes a 2/2-electrode filter that pumps the ions through the system and separates the ionic species, a detector for collecting the separated ions and generating a detector signal in response to the collected ions, and a controller configured to change the operating parameters of the system in response to changes in the sensor's environment detected by the sensor. The ability to dynamically change the operating parameters of the sensor enables the sensor to maintain high sensitivity to environmental threats while decreasing the incidences of false positive events.

Abstract: A method of operating a screening system includes applying an electromagnetic field to a subject in a region at least partially enclosed by electromagnetic shielding, and measuring an output from a sensor. The output is representative of an interaction of the electromagnetic field and the subject. A trace vapor is collected from the subject within the region, and the trace vapor is identified. Based on the measured sensor output and the identified trace vapor, whether a target material is associated with the subject is determined.

Abstract: Prior work on differential mobility analysis (DMA) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) has shown how to couple the output of a planar DMA with the atmospheric pressure inlet of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APCI-MS). However, because the ion inlet to APCI-MS instruments is a round orifice, while conventional DMA geometries make use of elongated slits, the coupling of both has attained less resolving power or tolerated a smaller sample flow rate than a DMA alone. The present invention overcomes these limitations with an axial DMA of cylindrical symmetry using more than two electrodes. The configuration is related to that previously proposed by Labowsky and Fernández de la. Mora (2004, 2006), where ions with a critical electrical mobility are brought into the symmetry axis of the DMA. Ions with this critical mobility are now optimally transmitted into the MS, with much higher resolution than possible in planar DMAs.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for the soft desorption of analyte from a sample, in which an optical beam absorbed within an irradiate zone of the sample causes vibrational excitations of a component within the sample. The optical beam, providing sufficient energy to superheat the component, is provided for a time interval that is less than the time duration required for the loss of energy out of the irradiated zone due to thermal diffusion and acoustic expansion. The superheated component thus drives ablation within the irradiated zone, resulting in the soft desorption of analyte without ionization and fragmentation. The ejected ablation plume may be directed towards the inlet of a mass analysis device for detection of the desorbed analyte, which is preferably ionized by a linear resonant photo-ionization step.

Abstract: A method for identifying and characterizing components of interest in complex samples includes subjecting both a sample and its control samples to chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry analysis to detect ions of the samples. The method includes defining sections of control sample data within specified chromatographic fluctuation time and mass precision windows around each ion or each group of the same ions of question in the test sample data. The defined sections of the control sample data are examined and the maximal intensities are subtracted from respective ions in the test sample. Components of interest are determined from the resultant data of the test sample. The method can be used for identifying molecular ions and/or their fragment ions for components of interest in complex samples.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing image contrast by phase shifting in the electron optics, wherein, from an intermediate image (5), an anamorphic image (6, 6?) of the axial rays (x?, y?) is produced by quadrupole fields (Q1?, Q2?, Q3?; Q11?, Q12?, Q13?) with simultaneous passage through zero of the field rays (x?, y?) in at least one diffraction intermediate image plane (8, 8?), where a relative phase shift between a region (14) around the electron beam of zeroth order of diffraction (13) and the electron beams of higher orders of diffraction (15) is caused by a magnetic or electric field (9, 9?), and thereafter the at least one anamorphosis of the beam path produced is corrected again by further quadrupole fields (Q4?, Q5?; Q13?, Q14?, Q15?).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron beam apparatus which can capture images at high speeds even using an area sensor which senses a small number of frames per second, by deflecting a primary electron beam by a deflector to irradiate each of sub-visual fields which are formed by dividing an evaluation area on a sample surface, and detecting secondary electrons containing information on the sample surface in each of the sub-visual fields by a detecting device. For this purpose, the detecting device 26 of the electron beam apparatus comprises a plurality of unit detectors 24-1 each including an area sensor CCD 1 (˜CCD 14), a bundle of optical fibers 25 having one end coupled to a detection plane of the area sensor, an FOP coated on the other end of the bundle of optical fibers and formed with a scintillator, on which a secondary electron beam emitted from the sub-visual fields are focused.

Abstract: A technique executes autofocus adjustment stably even when a plurality of patterns or foreign matter capable of being imaged only by a specific detector are included independently. Such an image as a concavo-convex image having a weak contrast can be picked up. The technique can automatically focus such an image even when it is difficult to find a focus position in the image. A scanning electron microscope includes a plurality of detectors for detecting secondary signals from a specimen when irradiated with an electron beam, and a calculation unit for combining the signals obtained from the detectors. At least two of the detectors are provided to be symmetric with respect to the electron beam. The focus of the electron beam is adjusted based on the signals of the detectors or on a signal corresponding to a combination of the signals.

Abstract: A device for imaging the local distribution of at least one thermodynamic variable includes a radiation emitter capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation and a filter for filtering electromagnetic radiation. The emitter and the filter form an arrangement adapted for modifying the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitter in dependency of the local distribution of at least one thermodynamic variable at the location of the arrangement. The emitter further includes at least one electroluminescent layer and the filter is provided with at least one filter layer. The electroluminescent layer and the filter layer are integrated within a cohesive sequence of layers. The device is particularly suitable for infrared camera systems.

Abstract: A radiation sensor (27) includes a radiation sensor chip (1) including first (7) and second (8) thermopile junctions connected to form a thermopile (7,8). The first thermopile junction is disposed in a floating portion of a dielectric membrane (3) thermally insulated from a silicon substrate (2) of the chip, and the second thermopile junction is disposed in the dielectric membrane directly adjacent to the substrate. Bump conductors (28) are bonded to corresponding bonding pads (28A) coupled to the thermopile (7,8) to physically and electrically connect the chip to conductors on a printed circuit board (23). The silicon substrate transmits infrared radiation to the thermopile while blocking visible light.

Abstract: A radiation sensor includes an integrated circuit radiation sensor chip (1A) including first (7) and second (8) thermopile junctions connected in series to form a thermopile (7,8) within a dielectric stack (3). The first thermopile junction (7) is insulated from a substrate (2) of the chip. A resistive heater (6) in the dielectric stack for heating the first thermopile junction is coupled to a calibration circuit (67) for calibrating responsivity of the thermopile (7,8). The calibration circuit causes a current flow in the heater and multiplies the current by a resulting voltage across the heater to determine power dissipation. A resulting thermoelectric voltage (Vout) of the thermopile (7,8) is divided by the power to provide the responsivity of the sensor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for generating and detecting coherent electromagnetic radiation (8) in the THz frequency range, comprising an optically parametric oscillator (2) for generating electromagnetic radiation in the THz frequency range (8). In order to provide a device for generating and detecting electromagnetic radiation in the THz frequency range, according to the invention the device comprises a coherent phase-sensitive detector (3, 21) for detecting the intensity and phase of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the optically parametric oscillator (2).

Abstract: A method and a portable device for assessing the occurrence of an agent in a sample. A sample is illuminated with photons emanating from a portable device to produce photons reflected, emitted, or absorbed from a set of multiple points in the sample having a defined geometric relationship. The portable device is used to simultaneously illuminate the sample and analyze the photons reflected, emitted, or absorbed from the set of multiple points using spectroscopic methods, including infrared, fluorescence, and UV/visible. The agent assessed may include a hazardous agent, a chemical agent, a biological agent, a microorganism, a bacterium, a protozoan, a virus, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A kit, apparatus and method are presented for use in measuring an optical property of a sample. The kit comprises at least one reference unit, having a reference surface of a directional emissivity of a certain value; and main and auxiliary chambers, each defining an optical window allowing passage of electromagnetic radiation therethrough. The main chamber is configured to define a region thereof for accommodating the reference unit and the sample, and is configured to screen this region from external radiation.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus comprises: a radiation generator configured to irradiate an object with radiation; a radiation detector configured to detect radiation transmitted through the object; a detector configured to detect at least one of movement and rotation of the radiation generator and the radiation detector relative to the object; and a controller configured to change a size of an irradiated region of radiation applied to the object by the radiation generator based on a detection result.

Abstract: A self-powered sensor (e.g., 100, 180, 220, 400) can wake-up systems requiring a trigger signal to wake-up circuits or systems in power-sleep mode, conserving the battery power for emergency computations and communications. In a humidity sensor embodiment 100, radioisotope generated voltage biases are employed to power sensor capacitors to realize self-powered sensors. A first self-powered capacitor biasing architecture 160 is based on changes in the leakage resistance of the polymer capacitor 110, and a second self-powered capacitor biasing architecture 140 uses changes in the capacitance of the polymer capacitor. Another sensor embodiment uses changes in the capacitance or leakage resistance of the sensor capacitor to modulate conductance of a MOSFET 114, realizing an easily readable electronic output signal. A temperature sensor embodiment 180 and a MEMS cantilever structure based fissile material proximity sensor embodiment 400 are also disclosed.

Abstract: A silicon-on-insulator (SOI) neutron detector comprising a silicon-on-insulator structure, wherein the silicon-on-insulator structure consists of an active semiconductor layer, a buried layer, and a handle substrate, a lateral carrier transport and collection detector structure within the active semiconductor layer of the silicon-on-insulator structure, and a neutron to high energy particle converter layer on the active semiconductor layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiation detector (100), particularly for X-rays (X) and for y-rays, which comprises a combination of (a) at least one primary conversion layer (101a-101f) with a low attenuation coefficient for the photons and (b) at least one secondary conversion layer (102) with a high attenuation coefficient for the photons. In preferred embodiments, the primary conversion layer (101a-101f) may be realized by a silicon layer coupled to associated energy-resolving counting electronics (111a-111f, 121). The secondary conversion layer (102) may be realized for example by CZT or GOS coupled to energy-resolving counting electronics or integrating electronics. Using primary conversion layers with low stopping power allows to build a stacked radiation detector (100) for spectral CT in which the counting rates of the layers are limited to feasible values without requiring unrealistic thin layers.

Abstract: This device for the detection of ionizing radiation includes a stack integrating a first set of electrodes (1), a solid detector material sensitive to ionizing radiation (2), capable of interacting therewith by releasing electron and electron hole mobile charge carriers, and a second set of electrodes (3), said first and second sets of electrodes being polarized in such a way that an electric field is applied through the detector material (2), thereby allowing the charge carriers generated by the interaction between the detector material and the ionizing radiation to migrate. It further includes electrically insulated electrodes (41-44), known as non-collecting electrodes, and positioned in the volume of the detector material (2) subjected to the electric field, and capable, by capacitive effect, of detecting the charges induced by the migration of the charge carriers in the volume of the detector subjected to the electric field.

Abstract: A judging section judges whether the operating portion provided on a device is being operated. A correcting section performs correction such that the values of signals S that indicate the intensities and directions of external forces applied to the operating portion, which are output from a detecting section while it is judged that the operating portion is not being operated, are included in a dead zone range with respect to control of a movement assisting section that assists manual movement of the device by urging the device. A control section controls the movement assisting section to assist movement in the directions of the external forces indicated by the signals output by the detecting section, and to not perform movement assistance in the case that the signal values are included in the dead zone range.

Abstract: An irradiation field forming device for forming an irradiation field when a specimen is irradiated with a charged particle beam generated by an accelerator, the irradiation field forming device includes: a range shifter arranged on a beam axis of the charged particle beam for regulating an irradiation depth of the charged particle beam; and two or more than two converging electromagnets arranged in the downstream of the range shifter for regulating a beam diameter of the charged particle beam which is enlarged by the range shifter to a constant value.

Abstract: A device for circumscribing a target site with a beam. The target site is located within a target body. The path of the beam is varied rotationally so as to form a cone with an isocenter at the cone's apex. The isocenter is fixed on the approximate center of the target site. The target body is rotated about a vertical axis passing approximately through the center of the target site, and the rates of rotation of the beam path and body, respectively correspond so that the beam intersects an axis passing through the target site at an approximately constant angle.

Abstract: A focused ion beam system includes a sample holder having a fixing plane for fixing a sample, a sample base on which the sample holder is provided, a focused ion beam irradiating mechanism that irradiates a focused ion beam to the sample, microtweezers that hold the sample and have the axial direction at a predetermined angle to a surface of the sample base, an opening/closing mechanism that opens and closes the microtweezers, a rotating mechanism that rotates the microtweezers about the axial direction, and a moving mechanism that moves the position of the microtweezers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus comprising a housing, an excitation unit, and a detector. The housing is portable and capable of being positioned relative to a location on an object. Quantum dots are present in the location. The excitation unit is mounted to the housing. The excitation unit is capable of sending energy into the location in which the energy is capable of causing a response from the quantum dots. The detector is mounted to the housing. The detector is capable of detecting the response from the quantum dots in the location.

Abstract: A method and a device for detecting degradation in the quality of a brake fluid are disclosed. The brake fluid comprises a luminescent dye, wherein there is a change in luminescence emitted by the dye in response to a change in water content of the brake fluid.

Abstract: Localization methods and methods for localizing a light source using multivariate statistical analysis. In particular, a multi-variate distribution, such as a multi-variate normal distribution, may be used to localize photons originating from a light source and, in particular, may be used to analyze photon position maps acquired by Photon Event Distribution Sampling (PEDS). The multi-variate distribution assigned to each of the photons in the photon position map may be summed to predict a most probable location for the light source.

Abstract: An inorganic scintillating mixture includes at least a first and a second component, each having a characteristic behavior in response to the irradiation with charged particles, such as protons and heavy ions, showing a typical Bragg peak with respect to a relative depth dose. The first component has a quenching characteristic in the Bragg peak region and the second component shows an increased efficiency in the Bragg peak region both related to a reference curve for the relative dose.

Abstract: High-power excimer lasers are assembled with individually replaceable optical module subsystems containing consumable optical components. Windows formed in the enclosures of the optical modules incorporate a fluorescent material for converting ultraviolet light scattered from the components of the optical module into visible light emanating from the windows. Changes in the amount or location of the visible light emanating from the windows are interpreted as indications of the degradation in the performance of the optical modules.

Abstract: An illumination chamber for illuminating an object with substantially uniform illumination and providing an image of the object, the illumination chamber includes a generally 6-faced polyhedron opaque housing, which encloses a light mixing chamber. The housing includes an object transparent glass sheet, an image transparent glass sheet and at least one light source disposed inside the housing. The object transparent glass sheet is disposed at a first of the two larger faces of the 6-faced polyhedron and image transparent glass sheet is disposed at the second large face of the 6-faced polyhedron, opposing the object glass sheet. The object to be images, typically a document, is disposed immediately adjacent to the external surface of the object transparent glass sheet. The image of the objects exits the housing through the image transparent glass sheet.

Abstract: Plural charged particle beams are simultaneously radiated to a surface of an object for processing it while the beams are moved relative to the surface of the object by the same movement. Among the plurality of charged particle beams, a first charged particle beam is an ion beam for a shape correcting process that is used to variable control a scanning speed along a raster scan trajectory. A second charged particle beam is an ion beam for a smoothing process that is used to variable control a pulse width or the amount of current according to a variation in the scanning speed. Plural processing operations with different distributions of the number of particles that reach a unit area on surface of the object are performed at the same time. Therefore, the processing time is reduced.

Abstract: A device for determining control parameters for a particle irradiation system that deposits different dose values at different target points in a target volume through the selection of sampling points by a particle beam is provided. The device includes an input for receiving information relating to a predefined dose distribution via target points, and a determination component for determining a particle number distribution that is to be deposited during the irradiation via sampling points. The determining takes place using the predefined dose distribution and a variable, which takes into account differences in the particle number distribution between particle numbers of different sampling points.

Abstract: In an extreme ultraviolet light source apparatus generating an extreme ultraviolet light from a plasma generated by irradiating a target, which is a droplet D of molten Sn, with a laser light, and controlling the flow direction of ion generated at the generation of the extreme ultraviolet light by a magnetic field or an electric field, an ion collection cylinder 20 is arranged for collecting the ion, and ion collision surfaces Sa and Sb of the ion collection cylinder 20 are provided with or coated with Si, which is a metal whose sputtering rate with respect to the ion is less than one atom/ion.

Abstract: In order to prevent cascading of water flowing through a recharge pipe used for recharging an underground aquifer and to thereby minimize or eliminate introduction of air into aquifers, a valve is provided at the lower end of the recharge pipe which controls the rate of flow of recharge water. This is accomplished by providing an array of elongated, vertically extending slots in a section of the recharge pipe proximate the lower end of the recharge pipe, which slots are progressively opened by an overlying valve sleeve. In order to prevent recharge water from spraying laterally from the recharge pipe when the recharge valve is open, a throttle skirt extends laterally from the valve sleeve in spaced relation to the pipe so as to deflect the recharge water downwardly and directly toward the aquifer. This prevents the recharge well from being blocked by debris from the wall of the recharge well.

Abstract: A height control valve for a suspension leveling system includes a control unit and a valve assembly. The control unit can include a servo powered by a servo current, the servo being coupled to the valve assembly with a linkage. The control unit also can include a controller in communication with the servo and adapted to sense a change in the servo current when the linkage fully engages the valve assembly to reconfigure the valve assembly to a desired supply, exhaust and/or closed position. Based on the change in servo current, the controller can determine a selected distance to move or reconfigure the valve assembly, with distance being independent of any wear or tolerance in the linkage or elsewhere. The control unit can also include an actuator, the movement of which is sensed by a non-contact sensor that is in communication with the controller.

Abstract: The sanitary fitting has an outflow pipe and a mounting base. The outflow pipe is arranged galvanically isolated from the mounting base and serves as the electrode of a sensor device. The sensor device detects whether an object, for example a hand, is present in a sensor zone or not and thereupon generates a presence or an absence signal. An electronic control system controls, in accordance with the presence or absence signal, a valve device, which controls a water flow. The electronic control system can also actuate light sources which illuminate the mounting base and the nozzle region.

Abstract: An assembly structure of a lever handle and a valve plug, wherein at least two positioning grooves are formed in the inner surface of a mounting hole of the lever handle which is made of metal, a non-metal clamping member has two pushing wedges inserted in the positioning grooves, and a second connecting portion of the valve plug is inserted in the mounting hole of the lever handle and is axially fixed by a locking member. Plural arc-shaped concave surfaces formed on the pushing edges are abutted against the teeth of the second connecting portion of the valve plug in an interference fit, so as to prevent the looseness between the lever handle and the valve plug and the accelerated wear and tear caused by the fit clearance between the teeth.

Abstract: The invention relates to a valve comprising a housing and a closing member arranged in the housing, from which member a shaft protrudes via which the closing member is rotatable in the housing. In order to provide a working and easy-to-use valve, the closing member comprises a sector closing the opening, a flexible sector having a thinner wall than the closing sector, a guiding sector having the same radius (R) as the inner surface of the housing wall, and an open sector.

Abstract: A bypass valve for a cooler connected downstream from a hydraulic aggregate. The bypass valve includes a housing with ports for connection to the hydraulic aggregate and the cooler. A closure element is located in the housing for closing and opening a bypass. A spring pushes the closure element into a closing position, and thermo-sensitive means causes the closure element to open if the temperature of the hydraulic fluid is below a threshold temperature. The thermo-sensitive means are formed by the valve spring, which is made of a memory-metal alloy with a transition point close to the threshold temperature such that below the threshold temperature it no longer exerts a force and allows the closure element to open.

Abstract: Conventionally, an electrolyte composition made from a conductive polymer and an ionic liquid possibly has poor durability (particularly impedance characteristics) in a case where the electrolyte composition is used in a conductive polymer capacitor. The present invention provides an electrolyte composition having excellent durability, by using an ionic liquid that includes carboxylic acid as its anion component. Moreover, the carboxylic acid is preferably one which includes a hydroxyl group, or is preferably an amino acid. Moreover, the electrolyte composition is preferably made of (A) a polymer component of a conductive polymer and (B) an ionic liquid. Moreover, the electrolyte composition preferably includes an ammonium salt, an amine salt, a quaternary ammonium salt or like salts.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a thermally conductive thermoplastic pressure sensitive adhesive composition excellent in thermal conductivity, which can be used for lamination of a glass panel of a plasma display or a radiator plate of electronic devices etc., and can disassemble easily in product repair or after ending of life cycle. The present invention is a thermally conductive thermoplastic pressure sensitive adhesive composition characterized by having, as essential components: (A) liquid rubber; (B) at least either of styrene-based rubber and an amorphous olefin-based resin; (C) a tackifier resin; and (D) graphite, where formulation amount of graphite of the (D) component is in a range of from 30 to 75% by mass relative to total mass of the composition.

Abstract: A curable silicone composition comprising: (A) a liquid organopolysiloxane having in one molecule at least two epoxy groups; (B) a compound containing groups react to the epoxy groups; (C) a thermally conductive filler; and (D) a silicone powder, preferably, an epoxy-containing silicone powder; possesses excellent handleability and workability in combination with low viscosity and that, when cured, forms a cured body of excellent elasticity, adhesiveness, and thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A composition of ingredients and application process that enables the removal of contaminants from water or wastewaters, the composition when added and mixed with water(s) sequences to coagulate, flocculates and ion exchange with the composite materials. The application process is the addition of the composite material to water or wastewater where the contaminated materials are removed from the water(s) and contained in a solid material for disposal. The application is for clarification of potable waters for solids, clarification and settling aid for municipal wastewater waters, and contaminant and solids removal from industrial wastewaters.