Abstract: The spacer 1 defines a body (2) having two opposed sides (3) and (4). The body (2) defines a separation distance between the opposed sides (3) and (4) for use as a spacer intermediate at least two concrete containment panels (5) and (6). Various preferred embodiments have separation distances suitable for forming walls having concrete thicknesses of 50 mm, 120 mm or 150 mm, for example. Each of the opposed sides (3) and (4) include fastening means (7) and (8) adapted for fastening of a cladding panel (16) disposed external to the concrete containment panels (5) and (6), as shown for example in FIGS. (32) and (33). To counter bulging of the concrete containment panels (5) due to the weight of the concrete a brace (49) adapted for fastening engagement with the spacers (1) may be used, as shown in FIGS. (50) to (55). The brace 49 includes an abutment member (50) for abutment with the concrete containment panels (5).

Abstract: A vibration isolating mounting clip which is used to mount a furring channel to a mounting surface, which is then further loaded with a finishing substrate via the furring channel consists of a resilient bent metal strip. The resilient bent metal strip has a first end and an opposing second end, and a transition portion shaped to fit the furring channel. Through different aspects of the invention either the first end, or the first and second end is mounted to the mounting surface. The resilient bent metal strip has a stiffness and shape such that when the furring channel is positioned in the resilient bent metal strip, and the resilient bent metal strip is mounted to the mounting surface, and a finishing substrate is loaded on the furring channel, the furring channel does not contact the mounting surface. Between the ends of the resilient bent metal strip, and the furring channel, are one to several bends, towards and away from the mounting surface to achieve the desired resiliency.

Abstract: A multilayer insulation with an array of rigid posts is provided. In particular, the posts are comprised of multiple post elements that are interconnected to radiation shields or sheets comprising the layers of the integrated multi-layer insulation structure. The post elements maintain spacing between adjacent sheets, thus maintaining a volume between the sheets. The post elements within a post can be attached to one another to form an integrated post structure. Moreover, neighboring posts can be interconnected to one another by beams. The post elements can also be configured so that, when the IMLI structure is not subjected to atmospheric pressure, the elements within a post are separated from one another to form gaps, thereby reducing heat transfer between layers.

Abstract: A door insulating blanket constructed of a blanket body that has a minimum thickness of ¼ inch and a dimension not larger than a planar area of a door; a slot opening in the blanket body disposed in a longitudinal direction of a door handle in the door; and a plurality of metal buttons that has magnetic properties provided along an outer peripheral edge on a surface facing the door of the blanket body, each of the plurality of metal buttons being spaced from an adjacent metal button by a distance not larger than 5 inches.

Abstract: A universal mounting clip for installation of siding strips in a horizontal, overlapping pattern includes a unitized clip body of U-shaped cross section having a front panel, a rear panel, and an interconnecting top panel. The clip body can be made of a structural metal, a structural thermoplastic compound, or a composite material. The front panel of each clip also has at least one adhesive pad that will bond the front panel of the clip to the back side of the next overlapping siding strip. The universal siding installation clip fits over a top edge of the siding strip, and a securing screw is run through the aperture in the front panel of the clip, through the siding strip, and through an opening in the rear panel, and then into the sheathing material, thereby spacing the siding strip from the sheathing material and subsequently-installed siding strips.

Abstract: A device is provided for joining pre-cast concrete sections, the device including a cable loop, wherein the cable sections forming bent portions of the cable loop have elements for keeping the cable sections in a bent-over position, the elements are cable cores which lie within the cable sections of the cable loop and which are plastically deformable.

Abstract: A stay-in-place form for casting concrete structures comprises a plurality of elongate panels interconnectable in edge-to-edge relationship via complementary connector components on their longitudinal edges to define at least a portion of a perimeter of the form. Each panel comprises a first contoured connector component comprising a protrusion on a first longitudinal edge thereof and a second contoured connector component comprising a receptacle on a second longitudinal edge thereof. The panels are connectable to one another in edge-to-edge relationship by positioning the protrusion of a first panel in or near the receptacle of a second panel and effecting relative pivotal motion between the first connector component of the first panel and the second connector component of the second panel to extend the protrusion of the first panel into the receptacle of the second panel.

Abstract: Described is a simple and inexpensive method of manufacturing a floor panel (2) with which a floor panel (2) can be produced with a beveled or recessed edge (10a, 10b, 25, 26), a top surface layer (4) extending continuously and in one piece from a top side (3a) of a core (3) over the beveled edge (10a, 10b, 25, 26). A panel body (12) is first of all provided with a core (3, 13), a top side (3a, 13a) of the core (3, 13) being provided with a top surface layer (4). A recess (15) is then formed from a side surface (13b) into the panel body (12), the recess extending under the top surface layer (4) and leaving a freestanding ledge (16) which includes the top surface layer (4). The recess (15) is then closed by fixing the first and second recess surfaces (15a, 15b) to one another.

Abstract: Hub structures inter-connectable with and/or connected to elongated frame members (e.g., rod-type members) to form frames. In certain non-limiting, example, embodiments, hubs which have simple configurations and/or which are connectable to elongated frame members (e.g., rod-type members) employing small numbers of connectors (e.g., one screw-type connector per frame member/hub connection) and/or which are more easily assembled/disassembled to frame members for constructing and/or deconstructing frame structures.

Abstract: Prefabricated Multi Structural Timber Alignment Fixture, for quicker & cheaper roof structural timber' installation, comprises L beam (1) having four welded U channels (3) matching standard roof timber width, embodying holes (7) to nail timber to channels (3). USES & ADVANTAGES: 1. Saves time, labour & costs on repetitive roof truss accurate fixing & installation. 2. Inexpensive instant accurate permanent and safe truss alignments in one go. 3. Eliminates need for temporary alignment templates & battens, requiring removal. 4. Eliminates need for measuring tapes and associated operative errors. 5. Assembly at ground level 4 trusses & 3 accuspacers, using only hammer & nails. 6. Entire accuspaced assembly of 4 trusses can be hoisted high and safely into position. 7. Versatile Alignment Fixture can be deployed for horizontal and sloping trusses. 8. Fabricated beam construction substantially enhances building structural soundness.

Abstract: A structural fixing system with high clamping force, tightening precision and high corrosion resistance, in particular for light and heavy metalwork elements, comprises a flanged metal bolt (10), and/or a flanged metal nut (20), obtained by hot or cold forming. In the space between the base of the flange (12) and the shank (13) of the bolt (10) or below the flange of the nut (20) is a precision collar with a smaller diameter than the diameter of the flange.

Abstract: The track wall system includes at least one elongated track having a base and opposite sidewalls extending from the base, the base and sidewalls defining a stud layout trough therebetween, each of the sidewalls includes a plurality of pairs of discontinuous stud holding notches disposed at regular intervals along the length of the track, each pair of stud holding notches defines a space therebetween adapted to hold a stud, a plurality of studs disposed between opposing pairs of stud holding notches, and each notch includes projections that securely holds the stud for fast and reliable installation of a wall frame . . . .

Abstract: Various embodiments of the invention are directed to a method for installing an elevated batten system that includes a horizontal batten strip to which cylindrical-shaped pads are coupled. The pads elevate the horizontal batten strip above the roof deck surface, preventing water and debris from gathering on the roof deck surface and eliminating the need to install the vertical and horizontal battens in separate steps. Other various embodiments of the invention are directed to an elevated batten system that includes a horizontal batten strip to which pads are coupled that define a depressed portion. The depressed portion receives a fastener for coupling each pad to the horizontal batten strip, and in some embodiments, prevents irregularities in the height of the horizontal batten strip relative to the roof deck surface when installed on the roof deck surface.

Abstract: The present invention is a tool for forming aligned repeating pattern impressions in a deformable material. This tool comprises an upper support plate with at least one handle and a lower forming surface adjacent the upper support plate. The lower forming surface has raised elements designed to form pattern impressions in the deformable material. The raised elements are defined in part by four opposite edges forming a lower perimeter adjacent an upper perimeter of the upper support plate. One of two edges of the lower perimeter is designed to create a respective impression that will match only with an impression created by a respective one of two opposite edges. To ensure proper alignment of the impression, the tool also is provided with alignment indicia to align a first impression made by one continuous perimeter edge of the raised elements to a subsequent impression made by the opposite perimeter edge of the raised elements.

Abstract: A machine for inflating and sealing an inflatable structure having a longitudinal edge generally comprises a drive, an inflation nozzle, a sealing device, and a sheet engagement device. The machine may define an engaging assembly and an opposing assembly. The drive may be rotationally coupled to the sheet engagement device such that when the drive rotates, the engagement device also rotates. The engagement device may include a first belt and an opposing second belt which may each have a plurality of teeth thereon. The teeth may intermesh between a drive roller and a backing roller on the longitudinal edge of the inflatable structure. Thereby, the sheets of the inflatable structure may be engaged together and the length of the longitudinal edge may contract to facilitate inflation. The resulting inflated inflatable structure may comprise an embossed longitudinal edge.

Abstract: A quick-change tooling system includes a plurality of pickers each configured to pick specific items, and a plurality of magazines each configured to hold a stack of the items. A pick and place machine includes a carriage for moving the pickers between a picking location adjacent the magazine and a placing location. The carriage includes a quick-release clamp assembly that allows pickers for different items to be changed quickly and without the use of tools. The magazines and product support plates upon which items are also configured to be changed without the use of tools.

Abstract: There is provided an improved vial lid fastening device capable of reliably completing lid fastening in a short time. The vial lid fastening device 30 has a lid rotating device 51, a lid placing member 52, 53, a transporting device 55, 56, a first lid body reservoir 115, 116, a vial lid holding and supplying device 57, and a vial discharging device 58. A lid body 3 slides on an inclined flat surface 102 to reach a terminal mechanism part 101, and a stepped section 31 of the lid body 3 engages a stepped section holder 105. The lid body 3 is grasped by chuck claws 35 and is rotated as engaged to the terminal mechanism part 101 of the stepped section holder 105. Then, one of rotation regulating protrusions 28a, 28b of the lid body 3 is allowed to collide with a rotation preventing member 107 of the lid placing member 52. Thus, position determination in a rotation direction is performed with reference to the rotation regulating projections 28a, 28b and such position is maintained fixedly.

Abstract: A machine for inflating and sealing an inflatable structure having a longitudinal edge generally comprises a drive, an inflation nozzle, a sealing device, and a sheet engagement device. The machine may define an engaging assembly and an opposing assembly. The drive may be rotationally coupled to the sheet engagement device such that when the drive rotates, the engagement device also rotates. The sheet engagement device may comprise one or more engagement rollers which may have a plurality of teeth thereon. A first plurality of rollers and a second plurality of rollers comprising the engagement rollers may intermesh between a drive roller and a backing roller on the longitudinal edge of the inflatable structure. Thereby, the sheets of the inflatable structure may be engaged together and the length of the longitudinal edge may contract to facilitate inflation. The resulting inflated inflatable structure may comprise an embossed longitudinal edge.

Abstract: A process for producing a catheter comprises mixing ETFE and PTFE in a mass ratio of from 99:1 to 45:55 to form a mixture, forming the mixture into a tubular body, forming a reinforcement layer and a resin layer on said tubular body to form a catheter configured to be positioned in a lumen of a living body, sealingly packaging the catheter to produce a packaged catheter, and sterilizing the packaged catheter with electron beam irradiation.

Abstract: An apparatus for closing flaps of a rectangular cuboid includes a pair of first flap closing guide members to guide a first flap from an open position to a closed position. A pair of second flap diverting members divert a second flap away from engaging the first flap closing guide members and a pair of second flap closing guide members that guide the second flap from an open position to a closed position. A machine having the closing apparatus and a method of closing a rectangular cuboid are also included.

Abstract: Systems and methods for preparing and packaging scented wax for use with wickless candles, and for preparing and packaging other types of wax and non-wax products, are disclosed herein. A wax product manufacturing machine configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure can include a container loading assembly that loads a plurality of empty product containers onto a conveyor for transfer to container filling assembly. The container filling assembly can simultaneously fill the plurality of empty product containers with colored and/or scented wax. The manufacturing machine can further include a cooling assembly through which the filled wax containers move for cooling and hardening of the wax therein. The manufacturing machine can additionally include a discharge assembly that closes the product containers to encapsulate the wax product therein, and transfers the closed product containers to a labeling machine for automatic application of a suitable label.

Abstract: Package for electrode rods includes a container for holding a plurality of rods, an insert for the container, the insert having a first section that fits into the container and generally conforms to an internal shape of the container, and a second section that generally conforms to a bundled shape of a plurality of the rods, with a binding that applies tension about the insert second section. In one embodiment the insert may be made of corrugated board.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for stuffing envelopes is disclosed. The apparatus includes a plurality of prime movers, a plurality of sensors disposed throughout the apparatus, and a central controller. The prime movers, the sensors and the central controller are operably interconnected such that the central controller directly receives signals from the sensors and from the plurality of prime movers for real-time control of at least one prime mover from the plurality of prime movers based upon determined movement of at least one of a discrete sheet of material, a stack of sheets of material or a stuffed envelope through at least a portion of the apparatus.

Abstract: A member for opening a rectangular cuboid includes a elongated body having an insertion section, a delamination and a folding section sequentially positioned along the longitudinal axis of the body. The insertion section includes a tapered insertion end configured for guiding the body into an opening in an end of the cuboid. The delamination section is configured to laterally displace first and second flaps of the cuboid relative to each other away from a first sealed position. The opening section has oppositely facing sidewalls to deflect the first and second flaps to a second open position at which the first and second flaps are opened past first and second sides of the cuboid. A machine having the opening member and a method of opening a rectangular cuboid are also included.

Abstract: A horizontal dust collector includes a plurality of elongated filter elements in a horizontally-oriented array, each filter element connected at one end to a tube sheet, and at an opposite end to a support plate. The one end of each filter element is fitted with a substantially rigid coupler having an insertion portion, a peripheral, outwardly facing groove adopted to receive a mating edge defining an aperture in the tube sheet, and a radially outwardly extending flange axially behind the annular groove for engagement with a filter element assembly tool. A tool is also provided to facilitate installation of the filter elements within the dust collector.

Abstract: A filter dust collector is disclosed. The filter dust collector includes a housing, filter cloths fixed to an inside of the housing, a filter body part disposed inside the housing and having filter insertion holes, a compressed air supply part coupled to peripheries of the filter insertion holes, a transfer part connected to the filter body part to move the filter body part and the compressed air supply part in a longitudinal direction, a duct suction port formed on a side surface of the housing to suck air to be filtered, a supply port formed on a side surface of the housing to discharge filtered air, and a dust discharge port formed on a side surface of the housing, wherein the filter cloths are positioned at the filter insertion holes, the filter body part and the compressed air supply part move in the longitudinal direction, and the compressed air supply part sprays compressed air to the filter cloths.

Abstract: A modular apparatus for processing air, particularly for classified environments and processes for preparing foods in general, characterized in that said apparatus comprises: a recovery air and outside air suction section, said suction section optionally comprising a free cooling fan; an air mixing section; a filtering section; a cold and hot battery section; a spacing section between the batteries of said cold and hot battery section; an air delivery ventilating section; an optional absolute filtering section; and an air delivery section.

Abstract: A system, in certain embodiments, includes a filter holding frame configured to support a plurality of filters for a turbine engine. The filter holding frame has a first filter cell and a first retainer. The first retainer has a first retaining pad coupled to a first shaft, wherein the first retaining pad and the first shaft are movable to secure and release a first filter in the first filter cell.

Abstract: Provided is a filter unit in which an increase in pressure loss is suppressed despite the use of an injection-molded resin as a frame. This filter unit includes a pleated filter medium 1 and a frame 2 for supporting the filter medium 1. The frame 2 has inner and outer peripheries, each of which is rectangular in shape when viewed along an air flow path through the filter medium 1. In this filter unit, the filter medium 1 is fixed to the frame 2 with a peripheral portion of the filter medium 1 being embedded inside the frame 2. The pleated filter medium 1 has a value DIP of 0.25 or less. This value DIP is obtained by dividing the distance D between adjacent ridges of the pleats of the filter medium 1 by the height P of the pleats. The distance D has a minimum value d of at least 1 mm. The frame 2 has a length La longer than a length Lm.

Abstract: The present invention improves a method of bonding by welding a plurality of filter units each having a frame body made of a resin member so as to provide a filter unit panel having excellent pressure resistance. This filter unit panel is obtained by disposing a plurality of filter units so that the outer peripheral surfaces of adjacent filter units (100a) and (100b) are partially in contact with each other but at least a part of the upper surfaces (11) and/or the lower surfaces (12) of the adjacent filter units are spaced apart from each other, and then melting a bonding resin so as to cause the melted bonding resin to flow into a gap (15) between the spaced upper surfaces and/or a gap (15) between the spaced lower surfaces and to cure. The bonding resin is supplied from, for example, protruding portions (10a) and (10b) of the frame body. This welding method increases the bonding strength between the filter units and increases the pressure resistance thereof accordingly.

Abstract: A cassette filter assembly for removing particles from an air stream, in particular from a gas stream entering a gas turbine, has an upstream end and a downstream end and comprises a mounting frame to which a filter media is fitted and which has a mounting flange extension adapted for mounting the cassette filter to an opening of a partition. The mounting flange extension is positioned between the mounting face of the partition and the mounting face of the cassette filter such that continuous filter media is disposed partially within the clean side of the filtration unit and partially within the dirty side of the filtration unit.

Abstract: An agricultural harvester includes a draper cutting platform, and a traction unit carrying the draper cutting platform. The traction unit includes an operator station and a hydro handle within the operator station. The hydro handle includes a reverse shuttle switch which is manually actuatable by an operator to selectively reverse a travel direction of at least one movable component on the cutting platform.

Abstract: A finger for a crop gathering auger of a grain header for an agricultural combine, a forage harvester, or the like, the finger including a resilient elastomeric retainer retractor which spans a failure region of the finger and will retain a free end of the finger in connection with a mounting end thereof when the failure region is broken, and which is configured and operable for automatically retracting the broken off free end into an auger drum and retaining it therein during subsequent rotation of the drum for limiting potential damage from the broken end and preventing entry of the broken end into crop handling equipment of the combine or other machine.

Abstract: A mowing finger arrangement has a lower element (4) and an upper element (3). The lower (4) and upper (3) elements are connected to each other and form two mowing fingers (1, 2) and a blade gap (15). The blade gap (15) guides a mowing sickle between the lower element (4) and the upper element (3). The lower element (4) forms lower counter cutting edges (20, 21). The upper element (3) forms upper counter cutting edges (22, 23) for the mowing sickle. The two mowing fingers (1, 2) are connected to each other via a rear (26) and a front (29) connection web on the upper element (3) and via a rear (35) and a front (34) connection web on the lower element (4). The two front connection webs (29, 34) of the lower element (4) and the upper element (3) define part of the blade gap (15).

Abstract: An endless elastomeric belt includes a carcass that includes an elastomeric matrix extending in an endless loop around a circumference of the belt. The matrix has opposite lateral edges defining a width of the matrix, and a carcass cord within the matrix extending in multiple turns around the circumference of the belt. An elongate binder extends around the lateral edges of the matrix generally transverse to the centerline of the body.

Abstract: A single action hydraulic cylinder is utilized to rise a rake arm from the operating position to the transport position. An elastic mass is provided between the outer body of the hydraulic cylinder and an adjusting device, such as a nut on the stem of the cylinder. When the cylinder is actuated to rise the rake arm, the stem extends out of the cylinder body, thus freeing the elastic mass from the contact with the cylinder outer body. When lowering the rake arm to its operative position, the stem retracts and the elastic mass comes in contact with the cylinder, thereby acting against the retracting action and limiting the downward movement of the rake arm. The elasticity of the elastic mass permits small vertical movements of the rake arm to accommodate unevenness of the ground. Other versions and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a seal for sealing a gap between transition sections of adjacent can annular combustors in a turbine engine such that the seal is usable in applications for sealing pressure drops of 0.5 bar or greater. The seal includes a plate configured to extend between adjacent transition sections and the plate may have at least one perforation extending from the front surface of the plate to the rear surface of plate. The seal further includes a porous matrix formed from materials capable of withstanding turbine combustion gas temperatures, wherein a portion of the porous matrix may be fixedly attached to a surface of the plate.

Abstract: A containment system for a gas turbine engine comprises a force absorbing arrangement for absorbing the force exerted thereon by an ejected portion of a failed component of the engine. The force absorbing arrangement circumferentially surrounds a major proportion of the axial length of the engine.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine (34) including a compressor (36) for producing compressed air, a first stage of combustion (24) in the compressed air producing combustion gas, an expansion turbine (61) expanding the combustion gas to produce work and an exhaust gas (14), a second stage of combustion (26) in the combustion gas disposed downstream of a first stage of expansion in the turbine (61), and a third stage of combustion (28) in the combustion gas disposed downstream of the second stage (26) of combustion. None of the stages of combustion produce a temperature in the combustion gas of more than about 1,400° C.

Abstract: There is disclosed a field emission electric propulsion (FEEP) system including a FEEP thruster having at least one emitter and an extractor electrode, and a power supply. The power supply may provide an extractor voltage applied between the emitter and the extractor electrode. The power supply may be operable in a constant current mode in which the extractor voltage is controlled to set an ion current flowing from the emitter at a target current level.

Abstract: A method and means to produce a force for propulsion comprises a source of electrons and a means to produce hyperbolic electrons; whereas, a gravitating body such as the Earth provides a repulsive fifth force on the hyperbolic electrons. Hyperbolic electrons are produced by elastically scattering the electrons of an electron beam from atoms or molecules at specific energies. The emerging beam of hyperbolic electrons experiences a fifth force away from the Earth, and the beam moves upward (away from the Earth). To use this invention for propulsion, the repulsive fifth force on the hyperbolic-electron beam is transferred to a negatively charged plate. The Coulombic repulsion between the beam of hyperbolic electrons and the negatively charged plate causes the plate (and anything connected to the plate) to lift.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to units of engines and more particularly to units containing a unique combined-cycle (combustion-detonation) “counter-rotation, anti-gyration, gyroscopic,” turbine fan-jet/free-piston engine configuration for induced air supercharging and boosting the performance of novel Ramjet engines or Ramjet engine configurations by improving internal air-stream dynamics. These dynamics are the result of co-operative air stream intermixing through convergent, supercharge-attenuated, inducted, compressed, tuned, pre-heated ambient air. Achieved through the varying of the geometric structural form and the utilization of unique engines and air induction and propulsion conformations, aided with supplemental air, fuel, oxygen and optiomal water and electrolyte charging.

Abstract: The invention relates to a grid-type thrust reverser comprising: a fixed structure (1) on which a rear frame (3) bearing said grids (5) is mounted; a mobile structure (7) comprising an outer wall (9), an inner wall (11) at least partially formed by at least one acoustic panel (13), and at least one partition (15) connecting the outer wall (9) to the acoustic panel (13); and actuators (16) placed between the fixed structure (1) and the mobile structure (7), extending through openings (17, 19) formed in the rear frame (3) and the partition (15). Said thrust reverser is characterised in that the rear frame (3) and the acoustic panel (13) are sufficiently radially close to each other to interfere mutually and in a controlled manner when said mobile structure (7) is in a direct jet position.

Abstract: Solid composite propellants are provided that include a matrix comprising an energetic oxidizer and a binder. A multi-layered reactive thin film is provided in the matrix. The reactive thin film includes metal and inorganic oxidizer. Methods of making the solid composite propellants are also provided.

Abstract: A rocket engine for manned or unmanned space flight and atmospheric flight uses an elongated fuel structure that is external to the combustion chamber and that is fed into the combustion chamber during operation of the rocket. The elongated fuel structure includes propellant elements and may include coolant elements as well. The elongated fuel structure of one embodiment is a ribbon and a wide ribbon may be formed of plural side-by-side ribbon sections. The wide ribbon is cut into separate ribbon sections and is fed between two opposed pinion gears of a fuel injector. The fuel injector has multiple pairs of opposed pinion gears forming multiple stages of the injector, which seal the engine from escaping gases while permitting the elongated fuel structure to be drawn into the engine. The injector has a cutting wheel at the outlet to cut open the coolant and propellant bodies in the ribbon. The propellant ribbon has an outer slow burning layer and an inner fast burning layer.

Abstract: A plasma enhanced rapidly expanded duct system includes a gas turbine engine inter-turbine transition duct having radially spaced apart conical inner and outer duct walls extending axially between a duct inlet and a duct outlet. A conical plasma generator produces a conical plasma along the outer duct wall. An exemplary embodiment of the conical plasma generator is mounted to the outer duct wall and including radially inner and outer electrodes separated by a dielectric material. The dielectric material is disposed within a conical groove in a radially inwardly facing surface of the outer duct wall. An AC power supply is connected to the electrodes to supply a high voltage AC potential to the electrodes.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a technology that enables reduction of NOx stored in an NOx catalyst with improved efficiency in an exhaust gas purification system for an internal combustion engine. According to the present invention, when NOx stored in the NOx catalyst is to be reduced, if the temperature of the NOx catalyst is lower than a specific temperature, the air-fuel ratio of the ambient atmosphere around the NOx catalyst is decreased only by decreasing the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas discharged from the internal combustion engine, and if the temperature of the NOx catalyst is not lower than the specific temperature, the air-fuel ratio of the ambient atmosphere around the NOx catalyst is decreased either only by adding reducing agent through reducing agent addition means, or by decreasing the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas discharged from the internal combustion engine and adding reducing agent through the reducing agent addition means.

Abstract: An ammonia selective reduction-type NOx catalyst (48) is interposed in an exhaust passage of an engine (2) installed in a series-type hybrid electric vehicle (1), and a urea-water injector (62) for supplying urea water in the upstream side of the ammonia selective reduction-type NOx catalyst (48) is placed in the exhaust passage. The engine (2) started in response to a storage state of a battery (8) is operated in a first operation mode, and urea water supply is suspended, until exhaust temperature reaches predetermined temperature (Ta). Once the exhaust temperature reaches the predetermined temperature (Ta), the engine (2) is operated in a second operation mode, and urea water is supplied from the urea-water injector (62). While the engine (2) is operated in the first operation mode, NOx emissions from the engine (2) are more decreased than in the second operation mode.

Abstract: A control system for providing an optimal estimate of NOx emission in an exhaust during a selective catalytic reduction process is provided. The control system includes a continuous emission monitoring sensor configured to generate a responsive signal representing a first estimate of NOx emission; wherein the responsive signal has a first time lag between a time of measurement of NOx emission and the time when the corresponding responsive signal is made available by the continuous emission monitoring sensor, and the continuous emission monitoring sensor has a first time constant. The control system also includes a virtual sensor configured to generate a relatively faster responsive signal representing a second estimate of NOx emission. The control system further includes a processor that includes a time delay compensation circuit configured to introduce a second time lag in the relatively faster responsive signal, wherein the second time lag matches the first time lag.

Abstract: Systems and methods for abating NOx emission in an exhaust stream are provided. Systems comprising hydrocarbon conversion over a partial oxidation catalyst in a slip stream and a hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction catalyst are described. The emissions treatment system is advantageously used for the treatment of exhaust streams from lean burn engines including diesel engines, lean burn gasoline engines and locomotive engines.