Abstract: A resistive device includes a resistive layer, a flexible substrate arranged on the resistive layer, and an electrode layer. The electrode layer includes two electrode sections arranged below the resistive layer and separate to each other. Moreover, a method for manufacturing the resistive device with flexible substrate is also disclosed.

Abstract: There is provided herein an epoxy laminate comprising (a) an epoxy resin composition further comprising (i) at least one curable epoxy resin, (ii) at least one curing agent, (iii) at least one curing catalyst; and, (iv) a flame retardant effective amount of at least one metal phosphonate represented by the general formula: where Me is a metal, n is equal to the valency of the metal which is in the range of from 1 to 4, R1 is a linear or branched alkyl of up to about 12 carbon atoms, R2 is a linear or branched alkyl of up to about 12 carbon atoms or a substituted aryl or unsubstituted aryl of general formula: where R3 hydrogen, or a branched or linear alkyl of up to about 4 carbon atoms, or NH2 or CN or NO2, (b) a reinforcing material; and, (c) a copper foil.

Abstract: To prevent the breakage of the joint between a ceramic substrate and a glass epoxy substrate. The copper column is formed by a wiredrawing step for drawing a copper wire formed linearly to a predetermined diameter; a cutting step for cutting the copper wire, which has been drawn in the wire drawing step, in a predetermined length; a pressing step for pressing one end of the copper wire, which has been cut in the cutting step, in a longitudinal direction to form a copper column member; and an annealing step for annealing the copper column member, which has been formed in the pressing step, by maintaining a heating period of 60 minutes or longer at 600° C. or higher. Thereby, the Vickers hardness of the copper column becomes is 55 HV or less and the copper column is softened.

Abstract: A thermal and electrical conducting apparatus includes a few-layer graphene film having a thickness D where D?1.5 nm and a plurality of carbon nanotubes crystallographically aligned with the few-layer graphene film.

Abstract: Methods of backdrilling printed circuit boards (PCBs) to remove via stubs and related apparatuses. The method may include removing a via stub through a combination of backdrilling and chemical etching. The backdrilling may remove a masking layer from the via stub. Portions of an underlying layer may remain in the region of the via stub after the backdrilling is completed. The remaining portions of the underlying layer may be removed in a subsequent etching process thereby removing the via stub from the PCB. As the backdrilling step may be used for the limited purpose of removing the outer layer and portions of the underlying layer remaining in the via can be tolerated, the diameter of the backdrilling need not be as large as traditional backdrilling where all layers within the via must be ensured of being completely removed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a microfibrillated cellulose fiber dispersion containing microfibrillated cellulose fibers, at least one of a resin and a resin precursor, and an organic solvent, and the method comprises a fibrillation step of fibrillating cellulose fibers in a starting material dispersion containing cellulose fibers, at least one of a resin and a resin precursor, and an organic solvent, to obtain microfibrillated cellulose fibers.

Abstract: An exemplary method for manufacturing a circuit board includes, firstly, obtaining an insulating substrate, liquid heat-curable adhesive and electrically conductive particles. The electrically conductive particles are added into the liquid heat-curable adhesive. The electrically conductive particles in the heat-curable adhesive are activated by electrical discharge. Secondly, the liquid heat-curable adhesive having activated electrically conductive particles are spread on the insulating substrate to form a heat-curable adhesive layer on the insulating substrate. Thirdly, the heat-curable adhesive layer are exposed to the mid-infrared light by using a photo-mask, the photo-mask has a pattern corresponding to a desired circuit pattern of the circuit board. The electrically conductive particles relocated themselves one by one to form the circuit pattern under irradiation by the mid-infrared light. Finally, the heat-curable adhesive layer are hardening.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for mass production of electronic devices. Rows of perforation are formed across a sheet of conductive material such that plural conjoined strips are defined. Respective electronic entities are soldered to each of the conjoined strips. The strips are separated by severing the perforations such that plural discrete electronic devices are defined. Solar panels, electronic circuits and other apparatus can be formed in this way.

Abstract: A component fixed on a circuit board. The circuit board has a first perforation and a second perforation. The component has a body, a first pin, and a second pin. The first pin is connected to a side of the body. The first pin has a first section, a first bent section, and a second bent section. The first bent section is stuck in the first perforation. The second pin is connected to another side of the body. The second pin has a second section, a third bent section, and a fourth bent section. The third bent section is stuck in the second perforation. The design prevents the body from toppling and makes it stable and convenient to assemble the component onto the circuit board.

Abstract: A lead component holder includes a plurality of supporting portions each supporting a lead component at a position distant from a component mounting surface of a substrate, and at least one coupling member coupling the adjacent supporting portions at a position distant from the component mounting surface. An electronic device includes the substrate, the lead component holder, and an electronic component mounted to the substrate located below the coupling member.

Abstract: A wiring board has a first rigid wiring board having an accommodation portion, a second rigid wiring board accommodated in the accommodation portion, an insulation layer formed over the first rigid wiring board and the second rigid wiring board, and a joint conductor extending in a direction from a first surface of the first rigid wiring board to a second surface of the first rigid wiring board on the opposite side of the first surface of the first rigid wiring board such that the joint conductor is penetrating through the boundary between the first rigid wiring board and the second rigid wiring board and joining the first rigid wiring board and the second rigid wiring board.

Abstract: A circuit substrate having a base layer, a patterned conductive layer, a dielectric layer and a conductive block is provided. The patterned conductive layer is disposed on the base layer and having an inner pad. The dielectric layer is disposed on the base layer and covering the patterned conductive layer. The conductive block penetrates the dielectric layer, the conductive block being substantially coplanar with the dielectric layer and connecting the inner pad.

Abstract: A modified 0402 footprint for a PCB, including: at least two padstacks each having a minimum area consistent with the 0402 standard; and each padstack modified on at least two corners such that the padstack's footprint can be placed beneath a ball grid array (‘BGA’), the BGA having approximately a 1 millimeter pitch, and such that the padstack may be placed at least at a minimum distance away from a closest via in the PCB, wherein each padstack has a trace to a via not directly under a padstack in the PCB and each padstack has no via within the padstack.

Abstract: An electromagnetic interference shielding arrangement comprises a first and a second electro-conductive components that are arranged to be joined. The first electro-conductive component includes a first electro-conductive contact surface. The second electro-conductive component includes a second electro-conductive contact surface and a shielding member extending from the second electro conductive component at a location adjacent the second electro-conductive surface. The arrangement is such that, in the joined configuration of the first and the second electro-conductive components the first and the second electro-conductive surfaces abut to create an electro conductive engagement region that is adjacent the shielding member.

Abstract: A duct for distributing one or more telecommunication lines comprises an elongated body having a length and a conduit portion with a lengthwise bore formed therein. The conduit portion contains one or more telecommunication lines. The duct also includes a flange extending lengthwise adjacent the main body to mount the duct to a mounting surface, such as a wall. The duct also includes an adhesive layer disposed on a surface of the flange, the adhesive layer comprising a removable adhesive to permit removal of the duct from the mounting surface after mounting.

Abstract: An electric junction box for preventing brackets, while inclined to each other, from being fastened together, comprises a first cassette block and a second cassette block. Brackets of the first block and the second block are stacked onto each other, a bolt is passed through each of the through holes, and the blocks are fastened together. A metal collar formed tubular in nearly eclipse cross-sectional shape is also attached to inner surfaces of the through holes formed into nearly ellipse cross-sectional shape. Each of the collars is attached to each of the brackets so that long axes of the collars intersect to each other.

Abstract: An electronic component that includes an electronic component body, sealing members sealing the electronic component body, and adhesive layers which adhere the electronic component body and the sealing members, respectively. Between the electronic component body and the sealing members, sealed spaces are formed, respectively. The adhesive layers each contain organic fillers and inorganic fillers. The organic fillers are in contact with both the electronic component body and the sealing members. The inorganic fillers each have a minimum particle diameter smaller than the thickness of each of the adhesive layers. When the adhesive layers are viewed in a thickness direction thereof, the inorganic fillers are provided between the organic fillers and the electronic component body and between the organic fillers and each of the sealing members.

Abstract: A device includes a cover defining a sleeve allowing a transmission cable pass through to communicate inner with outer of the device. An elastomer is filled in the sleeve and embedded with the transmission cable. A fastening member is employed to engaged with the sleeve to tightly press the elastomer embedded with the transmission cable to prevent water from entering into the device along the transmission cable and the sleeve.

Abstract: Insulating spacer 1 has insulating molded member 3 molded as a single body with insulating material such as epoxy resin, in which at least one electric conductor 2, a grounding shield surrounding the electric conductor(s), and Optical fiber 14 of Faraday-effect element are embedded to form a build-in configuration. The grounding shield can be formed of cylindrical shielding member 15 made of metal wires, metal strips, or a cylindrical metallic member having a perforation of a plurality of small holes thereon. The aforementioned optical fiber 14, which is to be used as a component of an optical current transformer, is put in a certain place in cylindrical shielding member 15.

Abstract: An apparatus, such as an electrical distribution system, is provided. The apparatus can include a first conductor and a second conductor. Multiple conduction paths can form parallel electrical connections along a connection span between the first and second conductors, with each of the conduction paths having a respectively similar nominal electrical resistance. The first and second conductors can have respective cross-sectional areas that decrease in opposing directions along said connection span.

Abstract: [Technical Problem]An object of the present invention is to provide a wire connecting method and a wiring harness allowed to reduce the number of types of terminals for reducing cost by increasing the number of core wire sizes able to be crimped or press-connected with respect to one terminal. [Solution to Problem]Regarding covered wires 13, 14 of which core wire diameter is larger than the core wire diameter allowed to be crimped with a wire barrel 18, an ultrasonic processing in which while pressure is applied to a core wire 16, ultrasonic energy is applied to the core wire 16 is performed. Thereby, the core wire diameter is reduced to be allowed to be crimped to the wire barrel 18, and the core wire 16 of the covered wire 13, 14 is crimped or press-connected between a pair of crimping pieces 18B of the terminal 15.

Abstract: A ground-drilling device includes a basic body and a drill head movably mounted in relation thereto in the longitudinally axial direction, wherein a free space, which is variable in its size owing to the movable mounting, is formed between the drill head and the basic body, and a sealing element for sealing the free space with respect to the environment, wherein the sealing element is designed as a valve element which opens when an overpressure is present inside the clearance, in order to produce a pressure compensation, and which is closed when a negative pressure is present inside the clearance, in order to prevent a pressure compensation.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides drilling and tripping equipment packages and control schemes and methods using two or more lifting systems that operate simultaneously and continuously in a synchronized manner such that the feeding of tubular into or out of a well bore is achieved with continuous or near continuous movement, without the need for periodic interruptions. The drilling and tripping equipment packages and control schemes are also able to rotate the tubular in the well bore with continuous speed and torque sufficient for both drilling and back-reaming operations. The drilling and tripping equipment package and control scheme is additionally able to circulate drilling fluid into the internal bore of the tubular with sufficient pressure and flow to facilitate both drilling and back-reaming operations, with minimal interruption to circulation.

Abstract: A core orientation device (10) for a core drill (12). The device (10) comprises an arrangement (14) for providing signals (16) associated with a physical orientation (18) of the core orientation device (10). Processing means (22) are provided for processing the signals (16) so as to provide processed data (23) from which a measure (24) of the physical orientation (18) of the core orientation device (10) can be established. The measure (24) is associated with the physical orientation (18) of the device (10) at a particular moment in time. A memory (26) is coupled to the processing means 22 for storing the processed data 23. To this end there is provided an interface means (27) comprising first means (28) for storing the processed data (23) in the memory (26) and second means (30) for accessing the memory (26) to provide the measure (24) of the physical orientation (18) of core orientation device (10) when required.

Abstract: During a drilling operation, measured data from the drilling operation may be received with a panistic inversion and risk estimate module. The panistic inversion and risk estimate module may generate a plurality of mathematical solutions from a panistic inversion that uses the measured data and one or more earth models. The one or more earth models having various parameters may be selected prior to drilling and/or while the drilling operation occurs. For each solution of the plurality of mathematical solutions generated from the panistic inversion, the panistic inversion and risk estimate module may determine if the measured data exceeds one or more probability risk thresholds associated with the drilling operation. If the measured data exceeds the probability risk threshold associated with the drilling operation, then the panistic inversion and risk estimate module may generate an alert.

Abstract: An apparatus uses well devices, both downhole and at the surface, to control at least one condition in a wellbore. The downhole equipment includes flow restriction devices that modulate fluid flow along a wellbore annulus, flow bypass devices that selectively bypass fluid flow from wellbore tubular bore to the wellbore annulus, and downhole sensors that generate information relating to a selected parameter of interest. The surface equipment includes a pump that circulates a drilling fluid in the wellbore. Controllers, which may be downhole and/or at the surface, use sensor information to generate advice parameters or signals that may be used to control the flow restriction devices, the flow bypass devices, and/or the fluid circulation pump.

Abstract: A method for forming a coating upon a wellbore tool includes forming a pattern of features supported by a body and forming a coating over the pattern of features. Forming the pattern of features includes forming a first feature and forming a second feature spaced from the first feature by a first width at a first elevation and by a second width at a second elevation, the second width being different than the first width, and the first elevation being further from an interior region of the body than the second elevation. Also disclosed is a wellbore tool comprising a coating covering a pattern of features and a method of utilizing a wellbore tool in a subterranean formation, the method including forming a pattern of features, forming a coating over the pattern, and disposing the wellbore tool in a borehole.

Abstract: In a rotary drill, the drill is provided with at least one groove, of which one groove has a center lying on the axis of rotation of the drill. The two end points of the groove define a groove width, and the drill is provided with two or more cutting edges. Two cutting angles are defined. The groove has a left side and a right side. The rotary drill may further be used in a rotary drilling machine. The drill may be provided with a drill bit.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for retrieving a downhole sample. The apparatus includes: a carrier configured to be conveyed through a borehole penetrating an earth formation; a sample capsule configured to be disposed at the carrier and to contain the sample; and a discharge mechanism configured to discharge the sample capsule downhole into drilling fluid in the borehole.

Abstract: An apparatus and a system comprise a plate device comprising a support structure and a plurality of compartments being configured to retain items. The compartments are supported by the support structure. A plurality of weighing devices is configured to weigh the compartments. A scale support structure is configured to support the plate device and the weighing devices. A processing device is in communication with the weighing devices and is operable to at least process weight information. A presentation device is in communication with the processing device. The presentation device is operable to at least display processed weight information of items in each of the compartments and to display a sum total of processed weight information of items retained in the plate device.

Abstract: A server container includes a main body, at least one support plate, at least one angle detecting module, and an alarm module. The main body includes two opposite sidewalls. Two opposite edges of each support plate is interconnected the two sidewalls. Each angle detecting module includes an angle sensor and a controlling module. The angle sensor is correspondingly positioned on one support plate and for detecting a bending angle of the support plate and generating an angle signal corresponding to the bending angle. The controlling module is configured for comparing the voltage of the angle signal with a reference voltage which corresponds to a predetermined degree and generating a control signal upon a condition that the voltage of the angle signal is greater than the reference voltage. The alarm module is configured for generating an alarm upon a condition of receiving the control signal.

Abstract: A robot hand (20) and has: a measurement instrument (22); a hollow shaft unit (24b) attached to a distal end of the measurement instrument coaxially with the distal shaft; a suction unit (26) attached to a distal end of the hollow shaft unit and holds the object; a hollow member (32) that surrounds the hollow shaft unit rotatably in the circumferential direction; a hollow member connecting unit (31, 31a) that extends from a casing (12) supporting the distal shaft (11) and is connected to the hollow member; and a suction unit drive unit (37, 42) that is connected to the hollow member in a position corresponding to the peripheral surface of the hollow shaft unit and drives the suction unit, and the suction unit drive unit communicates with the inner space of the hollow shaft unit through one opening (25).

Abstract: This invention relates generally to robotic systems and is specifically designed for a robotic system that can navigate vertical pipes within a waste tank or similar environment. The robotic system allows a process for sampling, cleaning, inspecting and removing waste around vertical pipes by supplying a robotic platform that uses the vertical pipes to support and navigate the platform above waste material contained in the tank.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a driving device for a crane, wherein the crane includes an undercarriage and an uppercarriage, with at least one undercarriage engine arranged in the undercarriage, which is an internal combustion engine, and with at least one uppercarriage drive, wherein the uppercarriage drive can be driven by means of a torque and/or power transmission device to be driven by the undercarriage engine. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to a crane with such driving device.

Abstract: An agricultural vehicle includes an internal combustion engine, an electric machine for driving one powertrain and a number of devices selectively drivable by the powertrain. The powertrain has a first section associated to the internal combustion engine, a second section and a first clutch for coupling the first and second sections. The electric machine and at least one of the devices are associated to the second section.

Abstract: An electric cart with one or more lightweight, quick-change batteries or battery packs mounted on the cart frame. The cart body has battery pack access openings to provide easy access to remove and replace battery packs during racing operations. The batteries are easily removed and replaced so that a particular cart can be “refueled” in a matter of seconds. The batteries being removed are placed on a charger, and can be placed back into service relatively quickly. Lithium Ion batteries may be used for the battery packs. The electric cart also may include electrically-adjustable pedals and seats.

Abstract: A process for controlling a vehicle start-stop operation having a hybrid drive with an internal-combustion engine and an electric motor, a service brake with an ABS and an electric parking brake, includes: determining, monitoring and analyzing performance parameters of the vehicle, the internal-combustion engine, the electric motor, the service brake and the parking brake; automatically releasing the parking brake in the case of a starting prompt because of determined performance parameters; driving the vehicle by the electric motor for the start; starting the engine by the electric motor if the engine is switched off; driving the vehicle by the electric motor and the engine; activating a generator operation of the electric motor in the case of a braking prompt because of determined performance parameters; activating the service brake; and automatically locking the electric parking brake when the vehicle is stopped after a previously definable deceleration time.

Abstract: The present invention provides a grille shutter device for selectively opening and closing a grille opening in the front grille of a vehicle. The grille shutter device includes at least one fin, a motor, a transmission mechanism, a first switch, and a second switch. The fin has a support shaft, which is rotatably supported by the front grille. The motor has an output shaft. When supplied with electricity, the motor rotates the output shaft in one direction. The transmission mechanism converts the rotation of the output shaft to a swinging motion of the fin, thereby swinging the fin between a closed position, where the fin closes the grille opening, and an open position, where the fin opens the grille opening. When the fin is swung to the closed position, the first switch stops the motor. When the fin is swung to the open position, the second switch stops the motor.

Abstract: A battery cooling structure for a vehicle includes: a vehicle body floor part; and a battery module that is located under the vehicle body floor part, and that is arranged such that a clearance is formed between the battery module and the vehicle body floor part and an airflow that is introduced from the front side of a vehicle body into the clearance is discharged from the rear end of the clearance. At least one of the vehicle body floor part and the battery module has a wall portion that is formed so as to gradually decrease the area of a cross-section of the clearance, the cross-section being perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body, along the direction toward the rear of the vehicle body.

Abstract: A hood mount assembly for positioning and mounting a hood to a vehicle having a frame and a cab, wherein the hood is moveable between open and closed positions, includes a hinge assembly adjustably mountable between a front portion of the hood and the vehicle frame and at least one ball and socket assembly. The at least one ball and socket assembly has a ball member secured to one of a portion of the cab and a rear portion of the hood and a socket secured to the other of the portion of the cab and the rear portion of the hood. The ball member is receivable within the socket when the hood is moved into the closed position. An interior surface of the socket guides the ball into a predetermined position within the socket to position the hood relative to the cab.

Abstract: Personal transport means for walking at faster speeds than normal walking, made up of a pair of wheeled shoes or wheeled undersoles (1-1) that can be adapted by quick attachment (1-2) to the soles of the normal shoes of a walker, laterally articulated (1-3) to follow the natural movements of the heels relative to the tips of the feet (1-10) during normal walking, and allowing walking at higher speeds, without any skating movements, without having to gain momentum, and without modifying the rhythm, amplitude or longitudinal stability of natural walking, by means of a servomotor (1-4) which allows the speed of the driving wheels to exceed the skidding force (1-5a, 1-5b) resulting from the force transmitted by the supporting leg (1-6), and comprising an accelerator (1-8) and a brake (1-9) controlled by the foot of the walker.

Abstract: A gripping device comprising: a house; at least one gripper configured with at least one claw, the claw being configured with a pair of first phalanxes linked to the house at a first joint, and a pair of second phalanxes linked to the first phalanxes at a second joint; a first actuator arranged on the first joint; a second actuator arranged on the second joint; and a motor configured to enable the first and the second actuators co-operate so as to push the second phalanxes off a gripping substrate, or to push the second phalanxes back to the gripping substrate.

Abstract: A zero turning radius vehicle is disclosed having a power transmission operatively and independently engaged to each one of at least two driven wheels, and including at least one caster, supporting a portion of said vehicle weight, rotatably connected to the vehicle whereby the caster is operatively biased while the vehicle is operating at a side angle such that the caster neutralizes the gravitational force that would tend to drive the vehicle downward when traversing a slope.

Abstract: An active hinge with a reset mechanism that disables an additional degree of freedom in the hinge's movement to permit the trailing edge of a vehicle hood to lift is disclosed. The active hinge includes a deployment bracket on which a reset clip is mounted, a hood bracket for attachment to the vehicle's hood, and a body bracket for attachment to the vehicle's body. To re-lock the movement between the deployment bracket and the hood bracket resulting from the hood bracket rotating around a degree of freedom pivot, an engagement tab on the reset clip enters a notch in the hood bracket so that reset clip rotates until a locking tab on the clip engages a hole in the deployment bracket. The locking tab engaging the hole prevents further rotation of the hood bracket in either direction, to thereby maintain the active hinge in a reset position.

Abstract: In order to provide a solenoid valve or solenoid that allows easy and accurate wire winding for an electric annular coil employed therein, a simple shape is possessed by the electric annular coil with inner and outer cylindrical surfaces that entirely extend in parallel with an axis of the electric annular coil and a sleeve for axially sliding therein an armature together with a plunger is shaped to have a larger diameter portion that is put between a smaller diameter portion of a front core and the inner cylindrical surface of the electric coil, a smaller diameter portion that is put between the armature and a rear core integral with a solenoid housing and a sloped annular intermediate portion that extends between the larger and smaller diameter portions.

Abstract: An electric power steering system includes a shaft coupling that drivably couples a worm gear to an output shaft such that the worm gear is tiltable with respect to the output shaft. The shaft coupling includes a fixing part coupled to the output shaft and a cylindrical part having an inner periphery in rectangular cross section and fixed to the fixing part. A coupling part that is inserted in the cylindrical part and that has an outer periphery in non-circular cross section, engageable with the inner periphery, is formed at a proximal end part of the worm gear, and the outer periphery is ridged such that gaps that allow the coupling part to tilt are provided inside the cylindrical part. Then, the cylindrical part presses an inner ring of the first rolling bearing toward an axially distal end side of the worm gear.

Abstract: A methodology for designing structured metamaterials that can reflect, absorb and focus the propagation of both scalar acoustic and vector elastic waves is described. Three exemplary representative inventions based on the disclosed invention are described, illustrating i) compact ultra-wide broadband isolation, ii) sub-wavelength gaps and negative index propagation utilizing a single material platform, and iii) a fundamentally new method of producing multiple high frequency spectral gaps. Such metamaterial designs possess a wide range of potential applications, ranging from but not limited to, isolating an entity from external mechanical or acoustical vibrations, compact focusing lenses as well as cascaded high frequency filters for wave shaping and nonlinear wave propagation control.

Abstract: A gas-turbine exhaust cone has an outer wall with a plurality of recesses, a honeycomb-structured layer arranged at the inside of the outer wall and extending along said inside of the outer wall, an inner wall connected to the honeycomb structure and extending essentially parallel to the outer wall, and at least one annular chamber centered on a central axis and adjoining the inner wall. The inner wall has passage recesses connecting the area of the honeycomb structure to the annular chamber, with the annular chamber being subdivided in the circumferential direction by at least one partition wall into several chambers. The partition wall is made from a sheetmetal-like material and has a plurality of raised and/or recessed areas in a uniform arrangement formed by shaping of the sheetmetal-like material.

Abstract: An exhaust silencer for the air conditioning system of an aircraft is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sound-reducing member, a sound-reducing fabrication process, and a sound-reducing blend. The member includes a treatment region and a sound-reducing blend positioned at a location within the treatment region. The sound-reducing blend being positioned at the location provides sound mitigation. The process includes applying a sound-reducing blend to a location within a treatment region of a member. The sound-reducing blend being positioned at the location provides sound mitigation. The blend provides sound mitigation when applied to a location within a treatment region of a member.