Abstract: An actuator is provided for reconfiguring a reversibly expandable structure, also referred to as a deployable structure. The deployable structure includes an enclosed mechanical linkage capable of transformation between expanded and collapsed configurations while maintaining its shape. An actuator coupled to the deployable structure provides a load, force or torque for actuating a transformation. The actuated deployable structure transfers the actuation force to an external body substances, or element in contact with the deployable structure. The force can be directed inwardly or outwardly depending upon direction of the transformation (i.e., expanding or contracting). The force provided by the deployable structure can be used to perform work by its application over at least a portion of the distance traveled by a perimeter of the deployable structure during its transformation. In some embodiments, the actuatable deployable structure is lockable structure supporting a static load.

Abstract: A laminate floor product resembling a hand-scraped hardwood floor is disclosed. The product includes artificial beveled edges, hand-scraping marks, and chatter marks. The floor product may also include rolled or beveled edges with a decorative and/or scratch resistant paper extending to the peripheral edges.

Abstract: A sound barrier wall suitable for new installations and for retrofitting existing sound barrier walls includes a plurality of vertically extending posts and a plurality of wall sections disposed between pairs of the posts. The posts may have generally I-shaped cross sections with oppositely disposed channels defined by flanges on opposite sides of the posts. The sound barrier may further include post covers coupled with the respective posts. The post covers may have lip portions that are received over the flanges of the posts. The wall sections are received within the respective channels and may contact at least one of the lip portions of the post covers.

Abstract: Described are a new type of storm windows, along with an easy way (and less expensive) of installing the press-fit storm window, on existing frames or windows, without the hassle and expense of replacing the whole window (to save time, cost, and inconvenience), to increase R-value (insulation efficiency) for the windows (i.e. reduce energy waste). This relates to the construction and installation and use of easily installed low cost interior or exterior storm windows, which are attractive and effective in reducing heat and noise transmission. Different approaches and variations to implement this are shown here.

Abstract: A glazing unit is provided in which a two part bush is provided such that relative movement between a fastener, a glazing component and a wing skin is permitted, thus avoiding stress concentrations and lowering risk of damage in use.

Abstract: A reusable architectural wall is provided which provides a cost-effective space-dividing wall structure formed of internal support rails joined by a lightweight, cost effective facing panel on each panel side, which preferably is formed of standard architectural materials such as gypsum board, R-board and the like. The wall is structurally rigid, field cuttable, installable horizontally or vertically and has a substantial acoustic reduction, cable carrying capacity, and HVAC capability.

Abstract: A system, workflow and facilities for hybrid tissue banks are provided with a central access way having spaces on both sides for public and private diagnostic areas, public and private clean room areas for processing, culturing and other manufacturing steps, public and private storage areas, wherein air flow is into said clean rooms and out of said diagnostic areas and said storage areas, and wherein all public facilities are on one side of the central access-way and private facilities are on the other side, and wherein there are sample pass-throughs between each area, and at least the sample pass-through into and out of the clean room processing areas comprise small enclosed chambers having two access panels (one leading to each space), wherein only one panel can open at a time. Preferably, these areas are preceded by receiving spaces and terminated by shipping spaces, which also have pass-through chambers.

Abstract: An internal shear panel for reducing the tendency of the upper portions of buildings to move relative to the foundation when lateral forces, such as those produced by winds and earthquakes, are applied to the walls. The shear panel is pre-assembled having two vertical posts and two diaphragm members interconnecting the posts. The panel also has an upper and a lower horizontal member that are connected to the posts and the diaphragm members. The lower horizontal member and the posts are configured to be attached via brackets to holdown bolts mounted in the foundation of a building and the upper horizontal member is configured to be attached to an upper plate of the wall. Hence, the shear panel can be installed by connecting the upper horizontal member to the upper portion of the wall and connecting the lower horizontal member to the holdown bolts in the foundation.

Abstract: Retaining wall building blocks for receiving fill material during construction of a retaining wall, retaining walls constructed with the building blocks and methods of manufacture of the building block wherein the block comprises a cast cement body having a base, a generally upright face wall extending upward from the base, two generally upright side walls extending upward from the base and generally rearward of the face wall, the base, upright face wall, and side walls each having an inner and an outer surface, the side walls each having a top and a rearward most end, and a fill receiving cavity defined by base inner surface, side wall inner surfaces and face wall inner surface for receiving fill material, the fill receiving cavity having a volume wherein a ratio of the volume of the fill receiving cavity to the volume of the retaining wall building block is at least 0.75:1, respectively.

Abstract: A roofing shingle includes a substrate having a headlap portion and a tab portion. Reinforcement material is secured to the headlap portion, wherein the reinforcement material is formed from woven material.

Abstract: A roofing shingle includes a headlap portion and a tab portion. A bead of tab sealant extends longitudinally on a back side of the tab portion. Reinforcement material is secured to the headlap portion and includes outwardly extending attachment members configured to penetrate and mechanically bond with the tab sealant of an overlapping roofing shingle when installed on a roof.

Abstract: A laminated roofing shingle is provided, having an anterior shingle layer and a posterior shingle layer. Openings exist in tab portions of the anterior shingle layer, allowing for visible front surface portions of the posterior shingle layer to be visible through the openings. Such visible portions can be of varying vertical contrast from at least some of the top edges of the openings to at least some of the bottom edges of the posterior shingle layer that are exposed through the openings, and are generally of consistent horizontal contrast between right and left edges of the openings. Front surface portions of the posterior shingle layer that are exposed through one or more openings have a different contrast that is in interrupting contrast to at least a portion of any of the varying or consistent contrast that are visible through the openings between tabs of the anterior shingle layer.

Abstract: A corner block and a wall block system with a corner block for forming in multiple courses a wall which includes first and second visible wall portions which meet at a corner and where the corner block has a front face and at least one side surface having a texture or pattern matching the texture or pattern of a front face of a first block of the wall system.

Abstract: This present invention relates generally to deck fasteners for securing deck boards together and to a supporting member, and more particularly with a deck fastener which does not protrude from the deck surface.

Abstract: A wind power plant tower segment is provided. The tower segment is designed as a jacket segment and comprises a reinforced concrete body, comprising two faces for attaching to faces of at least one further tower segment. In the region of each face, at least one connecting body is introduced in the reinforced concrete body and anchored therein for connecting to a connecting body of an adjoining tower segment. The connecting body comprises a fastening wall that is disposed substantially parallel to the respective face for absorbing a tensile load that is directed transversely to the face and transversely to the fastening wall. A wind power installation pylon having a plurality of such pylon segments, a wind power installation having a corresponding pylon, and a process for the production of a plurality of pylon segments is also provided.

Abstract: A spacer and fixing apparatus for deck boards on supporting timber joists or metal tracks has a track member with a fixing portion secured to the top face of the joist or metal track and a web portion pivotally supporting a plurality of spaced fixing members. Each fixing member has a fixing head with a pair of opposed fixing teeth or spikes. One of the fixing teeth or spikes is driven into the side face of a deck board placed on the joist or metal track; and the side face of a second deck board is driven into fixing engagement with the other fixing tooth or spike on the fixing head, the fixing head spacing the deck boards apart. To omit the track member, the body of each fixing member has a fixing tongue driven into a side face of a respective joist.

Abstract: A floor panel assembly includes adjacent floor panels connected together along edges thereof with a locking element extending between the edges. The locking element has a first locking surface; a locking portion at one end; a control portion near another end; and a connecting portion connecting the locking portion to the control portion. The connecting portion is slidably accommodated in a channel of one of the panels and pushed towards a first end of the channel when the locking element is moved or deformed from a first position to a second position by the control portion, the front position being when the panels are disconnected and movable relative to each other and the second position being when the panels are fixedly connected to each other.

Abstract: A modular door case for bathing enclosure includes two jambs, top and bottom frame members, and four fasten components. Each frame member has an accommodating portion disposed at ends thereof, and at least one pair clasp holes respectively formed on upper and lower walls of the accommodating portion. Each fasten component has a base, at least one pair of clasp members above and below, and at least one compelling bolt. A clasp protrusion is disposed at opposite distal end of each clasp member, so that space between the pair of clasp members, in normal state, shrinks from the joint ends to the distal ones. Each clasp protrusion of the clasp member contacts each clasp hole of the frame member, while the base inserts into each accommodating portion. The compelling bolt is between the pair of the clasp members, and further capable of moving towards the distal ends of the clasp members to shove the clasp members for engaging with each clasp hole.

Abstract: First and second frame sections are to be joined at a corner of a glazing. Each section has a front base piece, a rear base piece, and a glazing stop piece. The front base piece is anchored to a support structure of a building and has a glazing channel facing the safe side of the window, to receive therein the glazing. The glazing stop piece is secured to the front base piece and thereby holds the glazing in its channel. The rear base piece is secured to the front base piece and thereby laterally closes the frame section. The base pieces are shaped so that an end portion of the front base overlaps an end portion of the rear base and a number of fasteners are installed through these end portions to secure the base pieces to each other. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: An anchor bolt locator is provided that is inexpensively manufactured on automatic die-press machines from sheet steel and a structural nut that does not require any welding, while also being easy to use and install with current, commonly-used building practices and anchor designs. The anchor bolt locator is made from a galvanized sheet metal chair and a structural nut attached to the chair by way of a friction fit.

Abstract: A furring strip fastening member comprises a furring strip receiving plate having a through-hole and a female thread section latching section, a rear face plate having a through-hole, a spring section and a female thread section. The spring section connects the furring strip receiving plate and the rear face plate . The female thread section has a through-hole having a thread formed in the inner periphery thereof , and is latched by the female thread section latching sections. In the construction structure for a building, the furring strip fastening member is connected to skeleton wall of building that is formed of concrete wall and a heat insulating material disposed outside the latter, in a state where the female thread section is screwed to the bolt . The furring strip receiving plate presses against the furring strip and the rear face plate presses against the heat insulating material.

Abstract: A sill is aligned in the vertical direction on a laser line. The alignment of the sill in the horizontal direction is undertaken with a line set of an assembly jig. The line set includes at least two lines, for example a first line and a second line. The first line runs by a first run from the first part of the assembly jig to a third marking of the first line and from there by a second run to the second part of the assembly jig. If the lines are tightened and the marking is at one corner of the sill and the free end of the second line at the other corner of the sill, the sill is aligned in horizontal direction.

Abstract: A take-up fastener is disclosed for fastening a level in a frame construction to the level below so as to resist upward forces generated by wind and other sources on the framed construction. The take-up fastener in general includes a take-up plate, or washer, fastened to a portion of the upper level and a take-up screw fit through the take-up plate and fastened to the adjacent level below. Once the take-up fastener is fully assembled, the take-up plate includes a pair of tabs which are capable of engaging threads on a take-up screw in a way that allows one-way motion of the take-up screw relative to the take-up plate. In particular, the take-up plate can move downward relative to the take-up screw, for example on constricting of the wooden members to which the take-up plate is affixed. However, the engagement between the take-up plate and take-up screw prevents movement of the take-up plate upward with respect to the take-up screw, for example upon an upward load due to wind or other external force.

Abstract: A deck preservation system is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, a deck board includes: an elongated one-piece deck board cap top cover for a deck board, adapted for a secure coupling to a board top surface of the deck board to cover the board top surface; a first cap side integrally formed with the deck board top cover and extended downwardly and adapted for a secure coupling to a board side of the deck board; a second cap side integrally formed with the deck board cap top cover and extended downwardly and adapted for a secure coupling to a board side of the deck board; wherein the first cap side and the second cap side are opposed to one another; and an inverted channel profile integrally formed and defined by the deck board top cover and first and second cap sides to cover and protect the deck board.

Abstract: A multi-track tray sealer comprising a lateral tray-contact element which includes a lateral contact surface oriented relative to trays and which is configured such that it is movable in the direction of transport so as to support transport of the trays from a supply conveyor into a sealing tool.

Abstract: A pouch-gripping apparatus includes a frame having a vertical mounting surface and a base mounted to that surface. A stationary arm projects outwardly from the vertical mounting surface. The stationary arm has an “L”-shaped distal free end that defines a stop wall. A second arm is rotatably mounted to the stationary arm and a plug is secured to the free end of the second arm. The second arm has a position of repose where it is angled relative to the stationary arm. The plug bears against the stop wall when the second arm rotates from the position of repose to a substantially horizontal position. A rim of a pouch sandwiched between the plug and the stop wall is held by the pressure between the plug and the stop wall and the pressure increases as a weight of the pouch increases.

Abstract: A recycle container of metal or plastic includes sufficient material of a value that will provide a monetary incentive to the user to recycle the container. Supplemental material may be added to the exterior of the container such as the bottom and/or side wall. The supplemental material may also be placed in the container.

Abstract: A bag-supporting frame apparatus is removably mountable on an edge portion of a horizontal or vertical substrate. The apparatus includes a gripping portion for contacting the substrate and holding the apparatus in place on the substrate. The apparatus also includes a bag-supporting portion configured to support an open end portion of a flexible plastic bag thereon, the bag-supporting portion including an outer loop portion and a downwardly-extending short portion attached to the outer loop portion at each end thereof. A projecting catch is defined, at each end of the outer loop portion, at the juncture of the downwardly-extending short portion and the outer loop portion. The outer loop portion is sized and configured to support a plastic bag of a predetermined size thereon. The apparatus also includes a connecting portion interconnecting the bag-supporting portion and the gripping portion. Methods of using the apparatus are also described.

Abstract: A method is provided for cutting packages out of a composite film in a thermoform packaging machine by previously detecting the position of the sealed seams and by suitably adapting the position of a cutting pattern. Additionally, a thermoform packaging machine is provided for executing the above-mentioned method.

Abstract: A filter including multiple tanks connected in series by connecting ducts. In the filter a flow of gaseous flows encounters multiple obstacles in it, an effect of which is efficiently to block constituents with heaviest molecular weight, without substantially hindering diffusion of lighter constituents. This may be obtained by internal baffles, or by a bank of finer ducts, for example at an inlet of the filter. Such a filter may find application to separation of hydrogen and radon produced by nuclear waste.

Abstract: Various high performance, high efficiency filter media are provided that are cost effective and easy to manufacture. In particular, various filter media are provided having at least one layer with a waved configuration that results in an increased surface area, thereby enhancing various properties of the filter media. The filter media can be used to form a variety of filter elements for use in various applications.

Abstract: A filter element having an end cap is provided with a seal that can better accommodate non-round holes. The seal may be a chevron type seal and/or other similar seal having a sealing flange for forming a radial seal. Methods of replacing a filter having an O-ring gasket to improve upon sealing are provided as well as filtration systems employing the filter element.

Abstract: An object is to provide an exhaust gas purification filter that can achieve high trapping efficiency of particulate matter and low pressure loss, and the exhaust gas purification filter includes an inflow surface through which exhaust gas containing particulate matter flows in, a discharge surface from which purified gas is discharged, and a filter base body that is formed from a porous body, wherein the filter base body includes porous partition walls and gas flow paths surrounded by the partition walls, a porous film having a pore size smaller than that of pores of the partition walls is provided on each surface of the partition walls, and microgrooves having a depth shallower than the thickness of the porous film are formed on at least a part of a surface of the porous film.

Abstract: A robotic mower launch point system includes a user interface for an operator to enter a plurality of launch point locations, durations and frequencies, and a vehicle control unit that stores the locations, durations and frequencies, determines a sequence of launches based on the launch point frequencies, and commands the robotic mower to exit a charging station and follow a boundary wire to each launch point in the sequence where the robotic mower mows for that launch point's duration before returning to the charging station. The vehicle control determines the sequence based on the frequency of each launch point relative to a total of the launch point frequencies.

Abstract: A spindle assembly for a cotton harvester. The spindle assembly includes an elongated nut having a first end with a threaded portion configured for receipt by the spindle bar. The elongated nut also has a second end, opposite the first end, with a tool receiving portion configured to be received by a tool to tighten the threaded portion of the first end into the spindle bar. The elongated nut further has an aperture extending through the elongated nut from the first end to the second end. The spindle assembly also includes a cotton harvester spindle having a bearing portion rotatably supported by the aperture of the elongated nut and a picking end projecting outwardly from the second end of the elongated nut. The elongated nut is hard coat anodized to improve wear resistance.

Abstract: The present relates to a front mount rotary cutter. The present front mount rotary cutter comprises a shell, a drive coupler affixed to the shell, and a plurality of rotary blades hingedly mounted to the shell. The plurality of rotary blades is driven by the drive coupler. The present front mount rotary cutter also comprises a plurality of discharge chutes. The plurality of discharge chutes protects a vehicle and/or the drive coupler from dust and debris generated upon operation of the plurality of rotary blades.

Abstract: A mobile rake device for displacing mown crop has a frame with a rake tool assembly that has a path-shaped working range and includes two rake tools with rake tines. In an operative position, the rake tools are arranged behind each other in a staggered manner in the direction of travel to provide two path parallel sections to achieve the path-shaped working range. The rake tools displace the mown crop located in the path section to one side in a flow of crop in order to form ultimately one final windrow. The rake tool assembly has an auxiliary displacing tool, that is arranged to throw the crop, which has been collected by the first rake tool in a flow of crop or in the form of a windrow, a pre-windrow, across the front of the next rake tool towards the final windrow to be formed.

Abstract: A cable protection and guide apparatus is configured to suppress collision noise otherwise generated between a peripheral member and link frames due to polygonal movements of the link frames. Wear and damage of the cables otherwise caused by contact with a connecting plate is prevented. The apparatus comprises a plurality of link frames each having a cable rectangularly-shaped, in cross-section, accommodating space formed by a pair of laterally and separately disposed link plates. Connecting plates crosslink the link plates on cable-bend inner and outer circumferential sides. Link frames are connected bendably with each other in a cable longitudinal direction between a cable stationary end and a cable mobile end to protect and guide the cables. The cable-bend outer circumferential side connecting plate is provided with cylindrical elastic members surrounding the connecting plate across the crosslinking direction thereof.

Abstract: A method for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide and oxygen emissions in an oxyfuel hydrocarbon combustion system, comprising the steps of feeding defined amounts of hydrocarbon fuel and an oxidizer (e.g., air) to one or more combustors in the engine and igniting the mixture to form a first combustor exhaust stream; determining the amount of carbon monoxide present at the head end of a combustor in the initial combustor exhaust stream; identifying one or more target locations within the combustor at a point downstream from the first exhaust stream for injecting free hydrogen and a supplemental oxidizer; injecting hydrogen and the supplemental oxidizer into the combustor at specified downstream locations based on the amount of detected carbon monoxide; and injecting a diluent (e.g., CO2) into the combustor at a point further downstream in the combustor exhaust to control the exhaust temperature.

Abstract: Provided is a controller for use with a gas turbine engine, which ensures a stable combustion regardless of the deterioration of the catalyst and elevated characteristics of the exhaust gas. The controller 6 is used in the engine which comprises a combustor 2 for combusting a mixture of compressed air from a compressor 1 and a fuel under the existence of catalyst, the combustor having a catalytic combustion unit 21 bearing the catalyst and a pre-burner 7 provided on an upstream side of the catalytic combustion unit with respect to a flow of the compressed air for supplying and combusting a pre-heating fuel PF with the compressed air CA.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas discharge tube (30) of a type that may be used for example in gas turbine engine (10) ignition systems. The gas discharge tube (30) has an envelope (42) containing a gas therein and the envelope has a pair of spaced electrodes (38, 40) for application of an electric potential difference across the gas. An electromagnetic radiation source (44), such as a deep UV light source, is arranged to emit photons (50) into the envelope (42) so as to initiate ionisation of the gas, thereby reducing the potential difference required to cause electrical conductance between the electrodes. The electromagnetic radiation source, which may comprise light emitting diodes, may be selectively controlled.

Abstract: A pulsed detonation engine may include a detonation tube for receiving fuel and an oxidizer to be detonated therein, one or more fuel-oxidizer injectors for injecting the fuel and oxidizer into the detonation tube, one or more purge air injectors for injecting purge air into the detonation tube for purging the detonation tube, and an ignition for igniting the fuel and oxidizer in the detonation tube so as to initiate detonation thereof. The detonation tube has an upstream end, a downstream end, and an axially extended portion extending from the upstream end to the downstream end and having a perimeter. The fuel-oxidizer injectors and purge air injectors may be disposed at least along the axially extended portion. The ignition may include a plurality of igniters disposed at or near the perimeter of the axially extended portion, spaced about the perimeter, at or near the upstream end of the detonation tube.

Abstract: A disclosed gas turbine engine includes a core section having a low spool, intermediate spool and a high spool that rotate about a common axis. The intermediate spool is supported at an aft position by an inter-shaft bearing arrangement on the low spool. The low spool is supported for rotation in an aft position by an aft roller bearing supported on a turbine exhaust case of the gas turbine engine. The high spool is supported by a high spool aft roller bearing disposed within a high spool bearing compartment. The high spool bearing compartment is positioned within a radial space between the combustor and the axis.

Abstract: A geared turbofan gas turbine engine includes a fan section and a core section. The core section includes a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. The fan section includes a gearbox and a fan. A low spool includes a low turbine within the turbine section and a forward connection to a gearbox for driving the fan. The low spool is supported for rotation about the axis at a forward most position by a forward roller bearing and at an aft position by a thrust bearing.

Abstract: A ducted fan gas turbine assembly has a propulsive fan driven by a core engine. The turbine assembly has an annular bypass duct which receives an airflow from the fan and is bounded on the radially inward side by the core engine and on the radially outward side by an engine nacelle. The turbine assembly has a thrust reverser assembly having a vane arrangement including a first set of turning vanes for channelling airflow from the duct in a rearward direction, a second set of turning vanes for channelling airflow from the bypass duct in a forward direction. The thrust reverser assembly includes a plurality of blocker doors which are deployable to block the bypass duct. The nacelle has stationary and movable cowl portions that cooperate with the thrust reverser assembly to provide several operational configurations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a propulsion system including a nacelle and, inside said nacelle, a dual flow turbojet engine that itself includes a fan casing (10) in which a fan and a flow-rectifying vane assembly (15) are located. Said propulsion system includes a reverse thrust means (17) that is located between said fan and said vane assembly (15).

Abstract: A system according to the principles of the present disclosure includes an air/fuel ratio determination module and an emission level determination module. The air/fuel ratio determination module determines an air/fuel ratio based on input from an air/fuel ratio sensor positioned downstream from a three-way catalyst that is positioned upstream from a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The emission level determination module selects one of a predetermined value and an input based on the air/fuel ratio. The input is received from a nitrogen oxide sensor positioned downstream from the three-way catalyst. The emission level determination module determines an ammonia level based on the one of the predetermined value and the input received from the nitrogen oxide sensor.

Abstract: Based on a fuel supplying amount in accordance with an engine operating condition, a discharge amount of a predetermined fuel component contained in exhaust gas to be discharge per unit time is estimated, and integrated by an accumulation amount of the fuel component accumulated in an exhaust purification element. Furthermore, according to an exhaust gas temperature that flows into the element, an amount of the fuel component to be removed from the element per unit time is estimated, and the amount is subtracted from the accumulation amount. When the accumulation amount is equal to or greater than a predetermined value, a determination is made that a timing to forcefully remove the fuel component accumulated in the element has arrived. Then, an alarming lamp is lightened, and a forceful removing processing is performed by raising a temperature of the exhaust gas above a temperature at which the fuel component is removed.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a power unit equipped with an internal combustion engine and outputs a power. The control apparatus according to the invention starts engine operation when the required power becomes equal to or larger than an engine start threshold during engine stop, and stops engine operation when the required power becomes equal to or smaller than an engine stop threshold during engine operation. The internal combustion engine is equipped with a catalyst. When the purification capacity of the catalyst is lower than a start threshold correction threshold, a value smaller than a reference engine start threshold is set as the engine start threshold. When the purification capacity of the catalyst is equal to or higher than the start threshold correction threshold, a value equal to the reference engine start threshold or a value larger than the reference engine start threshold is set as the engine start threshold.

Abstract: The exhaust gas purification device includes an exhaust gas post-processing device 30 provided in an exhaust passage 11 of an engine 10, an exhaust injection valve 22, a first catalyst 35, a second catalyst 36 for thermally decomposing fuel injected by the exhaust injection valve 22, an exhaust temperature estimation unit 41 for estimating an exhaust temperature, an engine injection control unit 42 for controlling fuel injection in the engine 10, and regeneration control units 43, 44 for controlling regeneration of the exhaust gas post-processing device 30. When an output value output by the exhaust gas temperature estimation unit 41 is equal to or lower than a threshold during regeneration by the regeneration control units 43, 44, the engine injection control unit 42 controls fuel injection in the engine by performing a multistage injection, which includes a post injection for supplying fuel to the first catalyst 35.