Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are generally related to a fiber assembly, for example, in a chirped pulse amplification system, for all-fiber delivery of high energy femtosecond pulses. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method for improving dispersion management when using hollow core photonic bandgap fibers for pulse compression. In one embodiment of the present invention, a fiber assembly comprises: an optical laser oscillator; a first fiber section for stretching the pulses from the laser oscillator, the first fiber section comprising a high order mode fiber; and a second fiber section for compressing the stretched pulses, connected to the first fiber section via a splice, the second fiber section comprising a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber; wherein the fiber assembly outputs a pulse compression at less than 200 fs.

Abstract: A pulse fiber laser device 1 has a Fabry-Perot type optical resonator, and is provided with an excitation light source 11, an optical coupling unit 12, an amplifying optical fiber 13, a saturable absorber 14, a gradient index lens 15, an optical output unit 16, a dispersion adjusting unit 17, a mirror 21 and a mirror 22. The saturable absorber 14 and the mirror 21, integrated into one body, constitute a saturable absorber mirror 23. The gradient index lens 15 converges the light output from an end face of an optical fiber 32 and outputs the light to the saturable absorber mirror 23, and inputs the light reflected from the saturable absorber mirror 23 into the end face of the optical fiber 32. Thus, there is provided a pulse fiber laser device that enables easy adjustment of the intensity of light incident on a saturable absorber and facilitates miniaturization.

Abstract: An optical amplifying device includes an optical system including a first end and a second end, the optical system configured to receive signal light through the first end, to lead the received signal light to an optical amplifying medium, and to output the signal light amplified by the optical amplifying medium through the second end, the optical system including a first optical isolator and a second optical isolator which are arranged on respective sides of the optical amplifying medium, wherein with respect to a direction in which the signal light propagates, each of the first optical isolator and the second optical isolator is capable of allowing light propagating in the same direction to pass therethrough and blocking light propagating in the opposite direction, and the first optical isolator and the second optical isolator have different center isolation wavelengths for the light propagating in the opposite direction.

Abstract: A spectral purity filter includes a body of material, through which a plurality of apertures extend. The apertures are arranged to suppress radiation having a first wavelength and to allow at least a portion of radiation having a second wavelength to be transmitted through the apertures. The second wavelength of radiation is shorter than the first wavelength of radiation. The body of material is formed from a material having a bulk reflectance of substantially greater than or equal to 70% at the first wavelength of radiation. The material has a melting point above 1000° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a garnet single crystal comprising a terbium aluminum garnet single crystal, wherein a portion of the aluminum is substituted with scandium, and a portion of at least one of the aluminum and terbium is substituted with at least one type selected from the group consisting of thulium, ytterbium and yttrium.

Abstract: Light management constructions contain an optical substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface. The first major surface is a microstructured surface with asymmetrical structures. The asymmetrical structures form an ordered arrangement of a plurality of multi-sided refractive prisms, with the multi-sided refractive prisms having a cross section of 4 or greater sides. The light management constructions can be incorporated into optical articles such as windows.

Abstract: A mirror (1a; 1a?; 1b; 1b?; 1c; 1c?) for the EUV wavelength range and having a substrate (S) and a layer arrangement, wherein the layer arrangement includes at least one surface layer system (P??) consisting of a periodic sequence of at least two periods (P3) of individual layers, wherein the periods (P3) include two individual layers composed of different materials for a high refractive index layer (H??) and a low refractive index layer (L??), wherein the layer arrangement includes at least one surface protecting layer (SPL, Lp) or at least one surface protecting layer system (SPLS) having a thickness of greater than 20 nm, and preferably greater than 50 nm.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a stationary plate comprising an opening, a guide retained in the opening and pivotable relative to the stationary plate and a cable. The guide includes a through hole and the cable is disposed and axially slidable in the through hole.

Abstract: A microscope controller improves the operability in moving a stage when a stage moving operation is performed on a touch panel. The microscope controller for control of the operation of each electric unit configuring the microscope system solves problems by including: a touch panel unit having a display function and receiving an input by an external physical contact; a control unit for setting a display region as a function area by assigning an image for operation of the electric unit to a specified display region of the touch panel unit, and, when an input to the function area is detected, generating a control instruction signal for control of the electric unit depending on the contact operation to the electric unit corresponding to the function area, and a communication control unit for transmitting the control instruction signal to an external device for controlling the operation of the electric unit.

Abstract: A plasmonic plate for generating optical vortices, formed by electrically conducting material and defining a plurality of slots that convert a first electromagnetic field having a non-null spin angular momentum into a second electromagnetic field having a non-null orbital angular momentum.

Abstract: A beam splitter includes a substrate unit, and first and second prisms disposed on surfaces at two opposite sides of the substrate unit, respectively. The substrate unit includes a substrate member, and a beam splitter film disposed at the substrate member and capable of beam splitting. The beam splitter film includes a plurality of thin film layers arranged in a stack. Each of the thin film layers is made of an inorganic material.

Abstract: An optical element according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a reflective imaging element for reflecting light from an object an even number of times to cause an image of the object to be formed; a first polarizer disposed on a light-outgoing side of the reflective imaging element; and a first phase difference plate disposed between the reflective imaging element and the first polarizer.

Abstract: A diffractive combiner for head-up color display device comprises a first optical diffraction grating configured to diffract, in a direction of diffraction, light of a first incident wavelength on the first grating in a direction of incidence, a second optical diffraction grating configured to diffract, in the same direction of diffraction, light of a second incident wavelength on the second grating in the direction of incidence. The first and second optical diffraction gratings are formed in relief on first and second opposed faces of the combiner. The first and/or the second grating is formed as a wavelength multiplexed optical diffraction grating and configured to diffract, in the direction of diffraction, light of a third incident wavelength on the first and/or second optical diffraction grating in the direction of incidence.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for marking an object (1) during the production thereof, comprising the molding of at least one grating structure (10) on or in the surface of the object (1). To this end, said grating structure has a grating constant which permits observation by the naked eye of the diffraction structures which can be generated by visible light. The at least one grating structure (10) is generated by a molding process of the object (1), in which the mold used is equipped with a negative version of said grating structure. The object (1) at least partially consists of a soft polymer, in particular PVC-P, wherein the molding process is carried out as an injection molding process using an open mold.

Abstract: A tunable optical diffraction grating apparatus, such as but not limited to a tunable Fresnel zone lens apparatus, includes a plurality of symmetric repeating structures (i.e., typically concentric rings) located over a substrate and comprising a material susceptible to a transparent to opaque transition for a designated radiation wavelength. The tunable optical diffraction grating apparatus also includes a means for separately effecting the transparent to opaque transition for each of the plurality of symmetric repeating structures to provide a plurality of transparent zones each comprising a variable first sub-plurality of adjacent transparent symmetric repeating structures alternating and interposed between a plurality of opaque zones each comprising a variable second sub-plurality of adjacent opaque symmetric repeating structures. Also included are a method for fabricating the tunable optical diffraction grating apparatus and a method for operating the tunable optical diffraction grating apparatus.

Abstract: An optical component emits or transmits laser light of a wavelength of 460 nm or less, and a first coating formed from a dielectric film is applied upon at least a part of the surface thereof, and a second coating B formed from a dielectric film containing a noble metal or platinum group element is applied upon the first coating.

Abstract: The present invention concerns antireflective films comprising a high refractive index layer (60) and low refractive index layer (80) disposed on the high refractive index layer. The antireflective films have a microstructured surface (70) that can be derived from a microreplicated tool.

Abstract: A soda-lime-silica glass for solar collector cover plates and solar mirrors has less than 0.010 weight percent total iron as Fe2O3, a redox ratio of less than 0.350, less than 0.0025 weight percent CeO2, and spectral properties that include a visible transmission, and a total solar infrared transmittance, of greater than 90% at a thickness of 5.5 millimeters, and reduced solarization. In one non-limiting embodiment of invention, the glass is made by heating a pool of molten soda-lime-silica with a mixture of combustion air and fuel gas having an air firing ratio of greater than 11, or an oxygen firing ratio of greater than 2.31. In another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, streams of oxygen bubbles are moved through a pool of molten glass. In both embodiments, the oxygen oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron to reduce the redox ratio.

Abstract: Optical apparatus includes a matrix of light sources arranged on a substrate with a predetermined, uniform spacing between the light sources. A beam homogenizer includes a first optical surface, including a first microlens array, which has a first pitch equal to the spacing between the light sources and which is aligned with the matrix so that a respective optical axis of each microlens in the array intercepts a corresponding light source in the matrix and transmits light emitted by the corresponding light source. A second optical surface, including a second microlens array, is positioned to receive and focus the light transmitted by the first microlens array and has a second pitch that is different from the first pitch.

Abstract: A moiré magnification device includes a transparent substrate carrying: a regular array of micro-focusing elements, that define a focal plane, on a first surface; a corresponding first array of microimage elements in a first colour located in a plane substantially coincident with the focal plane; and a corresponding second array of microimage elements, in a second colour, located in a plane substantially coincident with the focal plane. The pitches of the micro-focusing elements and first and second arrays and their relative locations are such that the array of micro-focusing elements cooperates with each of the first and second arrays to generate magnified versions of the microimage elements due to the moiré effect. The magnified version of the first array is viewed against a background defined by the magnified version of the second array, the first array exhibiting movement relative to the background when the device is tilted.

Abstract: To realize a memory effect in an optical device using the electro wetting effect. An optical device includes: first and second substrates placed opposite each other; a partition provided therebetween; a first electrode provided on one side of the first substrate, at least a part thereof overlapping with a region surrounded by the partition in a plan view; second and third electrodes provided on one side of the second substrate and which are respectively placed opposite the first electrode across the region surrounded by the partition; a smoothing layer provided on one side of the second substrate and which covers the second and third electrodes; and first and second fluid, which are incompatible, disposed in the region surrounded by the partition. The first fluid is made of a liquid body possessing polarity or conductivity, and the second fluid is made of a liquid body containing a liquid-crystalline material.

Abstract: A curvature control device includes a first fluid that has a light transmitting property and a polar property; a second fluid that has a light transmitting property; a chamber that the first fluid and the second fluid are accommodated without being mixed with each other, wherein a boundary surface between the first fluid and the second fluid comprises a first surface that is a lens surface and a second surface that induces a change in a curvature of the first surface; a first intermediate plate that is disposed in the chamber, and includes a first through-hole that forms a diameter of a lens corresponding to the first surface and a second through-hole that forms a path of the second fluid; and an electrode portion configured to generate an electric field that changes a position of the second surface.

Abstract: A wide-angle converter lens capable of being detachably mounted on an enlargement side of an imaging lens includes a first optical element, at least one optical element having negative refractive power, and at least one optical element having positive refractive power, wherein, when an average value of relative partial dispersions of the first optical element and all optical elements of which the sign of refractive power is the same as that of the first optical element is denoted by ?gF_ave, a relative partial dispersion of the first optical element is denoted by ?gF, and an Abbe number of the first optical element is denoted by ?d, these numerical values satisfy appropriate relationships.

Abstract: During zooming from the wide angle end to the telephoto end, a first lens unit having a positive refractive power is fixed, a second lens unit having a negative refractive power moves toward the image side, a third lens unit having a positive refractive power moves toward the object side, a fourth lens having a negative refractive power unit moves, and a fifth lens unit having a positive refractive power is fixed. The first lens unit includes a reflecting member that bends the optical path by 90 degrees. The entirety of or at least a part of the fifth lens unit is shifted in directions transverse to the optical axis to stabilize a picked-up image when the optical system vibrates. The zoom lens satisfies the predetermined expressions.

Abstract: A photographing optical lens assembly comprising, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens element with positive refractive power, a second lens element with negative refractive power, a third lens element with refractive power, a fourth lens element with positive refractive power and a plastic fifth lens element is mentioned. The third lens element comprises a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The fourth lens element comprises a convex object-side surface and a convex image-side surface. The fifth lens element comprises a concave image-side surface. The surfaces of the third and fifth lens elements are aspheric. The fifth lens element comprises at least one inflection point. By adjusting the refractive power of the third lens element, and adjusting the total length of the photographing optical lens assembly, the total volume of the lens assembly is reduced, and the image quality is improved.

Abstract: In an image pickup element module, a light blocking plate sandwiched between a first lens and a second lens is provided with fixing holes. The light blocking plate is retained by the second lens by projections from the second lens being inserted into the fixing holes. This prevents the light blocking plate from being displaced due to vibration or impact, thus making it possible to keep the optical characteristics of the image pickup element module satisfactory and provide the image pickup element module inexpensively.

Abstract: A method of making a nanostructure is provided that includes applying a thin, random discontinuous masking layer (105) to a major surface (103) of a substrate (101) by plasma chemical vapor deposition. The substrate (101) can be a polymer, an inorganic material, an alloy, or a solid solution. The masking layer (105) can include the reaction product of plasma chemical vapor deposition using a reactant gas comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of organosilicon compounds, metal alkyls, metal isopropoxides, metal acetylacetonates, and metal halides. Portions (107) of the substrate (101) not protected by the masking layer (105) are then etched away by reactive ion etching to make the nanostructures.

Abstract: A superwide-angle lens system includes a negative first lens group, an aperture diaphragm, and a positive second lens group. The first lens group includes two negative meniscus lens elements, and a positive lens element. The second lens group includes a cemented lens having negative and positive lens elements; and a positive lens element. The following conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied: ?1.45<f12/f<?1.15??(1) 1.4<SF2<2.4??(2) f12: the combined focal length of the two the negative meniscus lens elements in the first lens group, f: the focal length of the lens system, SF2: the shaping factor of the negative meniscus lens element on the image side in the first lens group.

Abstract: A lens system includes a first lens with positive refractive power and a second lens with positive refractive power, and an image plane. The first lens includes a first surface and a second surface from the object-side to the image-side of the lens system. The lens system satisfies the conditions: D/TTL>1.18; 1.5<F1/F<1.7; 0.15<R2/(F1)2<0.25; wherein, D is a diameter of an effective imaging range of the image plane; TTL is a total length of the lens system, R2 is a radius of curvature of the second surface, F1 is a focal length of the first lens; F is a focal length of the lens system.

Abstract: A laminated wafer lens includes a wafer lens and a spacer substrate bonded to each other. The wafer lens includes a resin section provided on a surface of a glass substrate. The resin section includes lens portions and interval portions, each interval portion provided between adjacent lens portions. The spacer substrate has openings at positions corresponding to the respective lens portions. The lens portions are arrayed in row and column directions in a matrix fashion. The interval portions include first and second interval portions, the second interval portion longer than the first interval portion. The spacer substrate includes interval portions each of which is provided between adjacent openings. The interval portions include third and fourth interval portions corresponding to the first and second interval portions, respectively, the fourth interval portion being longer than the third interval portion.

Abstract: A spacing ring is provided and includes a peripheral ring-shaped spacing portion and a light shading portion extending from an inner peripheral surface of the spacing portion. The spacing portion has a resisting surface. The light shading portion includes an inclined clamping surface connecting with the resisting surface of the spacing portion. The clamping surface and a central axis of the spacing ring cooperatively define an acute angle, the clamping surface and the resisting surface of the spacing portion cooperatively define an obtuse angle. A lens module using the spacing ring is also provided.

Abstract: A compact lens module includes a lens seat, a lens group, a first and a second circuit boards. The lens seat includes a top surface, a bottom surface opposite to the top surface, and a first side surface connecting the top surface to the bottom surface. The lens seat defines a receiving space extending through the top surface and the bottom surface, and a receiving groove on the first side wall. The lens group is received in the receiving space. The first circuit board is mounted on the bottom surface of the lens seat, and holds an image sensor aligned with the lens group. The second circuit board is received in the receiving groove. The second circuit board holds a lens drive circuit and electrically connected with the lens group and the first circuit board.

Abstract: Provided are a lens driving motor and an elastic member of the lens driving motor. The elastic member of a lens driving motor, the elastic member includes a first spring and a second spring. The second spring is different from the first spring and disposed together with the first spring on one side of a carrier to support the carrier. A first lead line of a coil and a first external power source are connected to the first spring, and a second lead line of the coil and a second external power source are connected to the second spring to supply power to the coil. Since the carrier can be assembled to other part after a (+) lead line and a (?) lead line of the coil are connected to the first and second springs, respectively, using solder, a process is simple and convenient.

Abstract: A device for visually confirming a forward direction that allows a crew member to visually confirm a desired range on the forward side of a vehicle includes a first reflecting mirror that reflects the desired range and a second reflecting mirror that reflects a reflected image reflected on the first reflecting mirror toward the crew member, the first reflecting mirror is arranged on a dashboard that is located inside the vehicle, and the second reflecting mirror is arranged on a lower side of the dashboard, and a first light transmitting part and a second light transmitting part are disposed in an area that connects the first reflecting mirror and the second reflecting mirror and an area that connects the second reflecting mirror and an eye-point of the crew member.

Abstract: A hinge assembly for a wing mirror unit for a motor vehicle comprising a central shaft and a mirror housing pivotably arranged around the central shaft. In an embodiment, a bottom surface of the mirror housing is supported on a supporting surface at the base of the central shaft and, through cooperation, first and second run-on surfaces define a predetermined angular position between the central shaft and the mirror housing corresponding to a folded-out position of the mirror housing. In an embodiment, first run-on surfaces are provided on a side of the mirror housing remote from the supporting surface, and second run-on surfaces are connected with the central shaft to be axially compliant and rotation-coupled.

Abstract: A color filter array includes a substrate, a light shielding layer, and color filter patterns. The light shielding layer is on the substrate and has openings exposing a surface of the substrate. Besides, the light shielding layer has a height H. The color filter patterns are located in the openings of the light shielding layer. Each color filter pattern has the maximum film thickness Lc and the minimum film thickness Ls, and the difference between the maximum film thickness Lc and the minimum film thickness Ls is ?L. The maximum film thickness Lc of each color filter pattern satisfies (m×H)<Lc<(n×H), wherein m comprises about 0.83, n comprises about 0.91, the height H of the light shielding layer satisfies a<H<b, wherein a comprises about 1.6 um and b comprises 2.22 um, and the difference ?L is less than about 0.39 um.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of servo writing a disk drive comprising a first head actuated over a first disk surface, and a second head actuated over a second disk surface. A first repeatable runout (RRO) of the first disk surface is measured, and a seek is performed to seek the first head over the first disk surface in response to the measured first RRO while writing a first spiral track to the second disk surface using the second head. As a result, the first spiral track comprises a second RRO that substantially matches the first RRO of the first disk surface.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for contiguous data address management are provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus may comprise a processor configured to receive a write command including data to be written to a plurality of logical block addresses (LBAs); determine if the plurality of LBAs includes LBAs from a plurality of logical bands; and when the plurality of LBAs includes LBAs from a plurality of logical bands, combine the plurality of logical bands into a single logical band and write the data to the single logical band. In another embodiment, the processor may be further configured to separate the single logical band into the plurality of logical bands when the data written to the plurality of LBAs becomes invalid.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for managing read or write errors are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method may comprise receiving a command to perform an operation associated with first data and a first address of a data storage medium, performing the operation at the first address, retrying the operation when the operation did not complete successfully, and storing the first data to a second address when a first threshold is exceeded. In another embodiment, an apparatus may comprise a processor configured to: receive a command to perform an operation associated with first data and a first address of a data storage medium, perform the operation at the first address, retry the operation when the operation did not complete successfully, and store the first data to a second address when a first threshold is exceeded.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed comprising a head actuated over a disk comprising a plurality of tracks, and control circuitry operable to seek the head to a target track and settle the head on the target track during a settle time, adapt a settle parameter used to settle the head on the target track, access the target track after an access delay, and decrease the access delay based on a speed that the settle parameter adapts.

Abstract: A system for and method of properly positioning a media magazine in a mass data storage library.

Abstract: A spindle motor includes a base portion, a rotor hub, a stator, and a circuit board. The base portion preferably includes a through hole and is arranged to spread out radially around a central axis. The rotor hub is arranged above the base portion to rotate about the central axis. The stator is arranged above the base portion, and includes coils each including at least one lead wire. The circuit board is arranged radially outward of the through hole, and arranged on a lower surface of the base portion. The base portion includes a communicating groove arranged to join the through hole and the circuit board to each other. The at least one lead wire of the coils is arranged to pass inside the through hole and the communicating groove to be electrically connected to the circuit board. The through hole is sealed with a sealant.

Abstract: A method, including depositing a layer of material onto a base portion of a wafer, is disclosed. The layer of material has a first surface adjacent the base portion. The method also includes depositing a pattern of masking material onto a portion of a second surface of the layer. Material from the layer of material that is unprotected by the pattern of masking material is removed from the layer of material. By removing such material a portion of the layer of material is suspended from the base portion.

Abstract: A magnetic head includes: a main pole; a coil; a first shield having an end face that is located in a medium facing surface at a position forward of an end face of the main pole along a direction of travel of a recording medium; and a first return path section disposed forward of the main pole along the direction of travel of the recording medium. The first return path section connects part of the main pole away from the medium facing surface to the first shield so that a first space is defined. The coil includes a first portion having a planar spiral shape and wound around a core part of the first return path section. The first portion includes first and second coil elements that each extend through the first space. No part of the coil other than the first and second coil elements exists in the first space.

Abstract: A first sleeve rotatably extends around a shaft. First and second flanges are fixed to the shaft. A second sleeve extending around the first sleeve is fixed thereto. A first annular member fixed to the second sleeve surrounds the first flange. A second annular member fixed to the second flange surrounds a portion of the second sleeve. A first capillary seal includes a clearance between the first flange and the first annular member. A second capillary seal includes a clearance between the second annular member and the second sleeve. Lubricant is provided in the clearances in the first and second capillary seals. The second annular member and the second sleeve are designed so that the lubricant in the clearance in the second capillary seal can be viewed from a point in a radial position which is outward of the second sleeve as seen in an axial direction.

Abstract: A ground fault circuit interrupter comprises a reset key, a reset locking mechanism, a reset mechanism, a reset bracket, a bracket reset mechanism, a bracket homing mechanism, a reset linkage mechanism, and a reset linkage clutching mechanism. A conductive assembly is configured to selectively connect or disconnect electrical continuity between the power input side and the load side. The conductive assembly comprises pairs of short-circuit conductive strips with conductive movable contacts, power input connection assemblies with input conductive stationary contacts, wiring output assemblies, receptacle output assemblies with output stationary contacts, and a first short-circuit conductor and a second short-circuit conductor.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an electrical wiring device that includes a circuit coupled to the line terminals and configured to conduct a predetermined current flow when the line terminals are connected to a source of AC power, the predetermined current flow does not simulate a fault condition. An interrupting contact assembly includes four sets of interrupting contacts that are configured to provide electrical continuity between the line terminals, the load terminals and the at least one receptacle in a reset state and configured to interrupt the electrical continuity in tripped state. The interrupting contact assembly is energized to effect the tripped stated and substantially deenergized otherwise, the interrupting contact assembly being substantially prevented from effecting the reset state absent the predetermined current flow.

Abstract: Devices for treating water are provided with a varistor to protect the circuitry within such devices against excessive voltage surges and/or transient voltages. The varistor is incorporated into the circuitry in such a way that, when triggered by a high voltage spike (e.g., power surge), the varistor shunts the current created by the high voltage spike away from other sensitive components of the circuitry. Methods for treating water using devices that incorporate the varistor are also provided.

Abstract: An arc fault detector comprises a current transformer (CT) having a primary winding and a secondary winding (W1), the primary winding being formed by at least one conductor (L) of an AC or DC supply circuit. The inductance of the CT is selected so that the CT has a lower frequency operating point (LFOP) of at least 10 KHz. The detector also comprises circuitry (10, 12, SW) for disconnecting the supply if the voltage induced in the secondary winding meets predetermined criteria as to magnitude and duration.

Abstract: A battery power management system including a protection switch, a battery set, a high-voltage protection chip, a plurality of voltage-dividing units and a low-voltage measurement chip is provided. The protection switch and the battery set are connected in series between a first power terminal and a second power terminal of the battery power management system. The battery set includes a plurality of battery cells and has a plurality of sensing nodes. The high-voltage protection chip controls the protection switch according to a plurality of first sensing voltages from the sensing nodes. The voltage-dividing units are connected to a part of the sensing nodes and divide a part of the first sensing voltages to generate a plurality of second sensing voltages. The low-voltage measurement chip is connected to the voltage-dividing units and measures electric quantities of the battery cells according to the second sensing voltages.