Abstract: An apparatus, system and method of installation of a pipe in fixed association with at least one stanchion, said stanchion having a universal pipe mount for fixing the distance from a pipe inserted into the pipe holder to a mounting surface, and when two or more stanchions and associated pipe holders are used to insert a pipe, the distance between the pipe holders and the mounting surface create a pitch of the pipe in the direction of the sink and away from the source of a liquid insures the proper rate of gravitational flow of the liquid therein.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pipe element comprising at least one hoop-wound tube (T), said hoop-wound tube (T) comprising a central part consisting of a metal core (A) covered by at least one hoop layer (F), at least one connecting means (C). Hoop-wound tube (T) also comprises at least one transition element (B) welded, on one side, to one end of said core (A) and, on the other side, to one end of connecting means (C). This pipe element can be used as an auxiliary line of a drilling riser pipe.

Abstract: Apparatus and method of manufacturing a flexible pipe body are disclosed. The method may include providing a fluid retaining layer; wrapping a plurality of tensile armour elements around the fluid retaining layer; and wrapping a crush resistant elongate body that houses at least one fibre element around the fluid retaining layer and radially between two of the plurality of tensile armour elements. Matrix material provided in the elongate body may be cured subsequent to fitting the pipe body to an end fitting.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention provides an energy dissipative tube including: a length of tubing; an inner resin layer surrounding an outer surface of said tubing, wherein said inner resin layer is substantially free of a fire retardant; a non-expanded metal foil adjacent to an outer surface of said inner resin layer; and an outer resin layer surrounding said metal foil and said inner resin layer, wherein said outer resin layer includes a fire retardant. Another aspect of the invention provides an energy dissipative tube include: a length of tubing; an inner resin layer surrounding an outer surface of said tubing, wherein said inner resin layer is static dissipative; a non-expanded metal foil adjacent to an outer surface of said inner resin layer; and an outer resin layer surrounding said metal foil and said inner resin layer, wherein said outer resin layer is conductive.

Abstract: Copper alloys exhibiting enhanced oxidation resistance are provided by adding an amount of sulfur that is effective to enhance oxidative resistance. Such sulfur addition can be achieved by combining elemental forms of copper and sulfur and heating the mixture to form a molten alloy, or by forming a sulfur-rich pre-mix that is added to a base alloy composition. Forming a pre-mix provides improved homogeneity and distribution of the sulfur predominantly in the form of a metal sulfide.

Abstract: A system for untwisting and straightening the ends of a twisted pair cable before inserting them into a network connector. The system includes a first ring including a cutting blade located on a top end, a second ring having a plurality of grooves running from a first side of a top end to a second side of a top end, and a third ring including a plurality of teeth protruding from a top end. The first ring, the second ring, and the third ring are designed to be worn on fingers of a user.

Abstract: A funnel for use in juice making processes and related method of using the funnel are disclosed.

Abstract: The flexible bag includes overlaying first and second sidewalls that provide an internal volume that can be accessed via an opening. To evacuate air from the internal volume after the open top edge has been closed, the bag includes a one-way valve element attached to the first sidewall. The bag is configured to prevent objects from clogging the valve element during evacuation. In one embodiment, the bag may include a plurality of ridges formed along the inner surface of at least one sidewall that can maintain separation of the sidewalls and contents from the valve element. In another aspect, the valve element is beneficially located at a top corner of the bag where the valve element is spaced apart from those locations in the bag where contents are likely to collect.

Abstract: Packaging and dispensing device comprising a receptacle (2) and a pipette (31) designed to be inserted into the receptacle in order to permit the collection of a dose of product, the pipette being connected to a closure member (3) for closing the receptacle, characterized in that the closure member is provided with a piston pump (28) designed to aspirate the liquid into the pipette during the passage of this closure member from a closed position to an opened position of the receptacle, the pump being equipped with a push button (5) in order to permit the aspiration of product when the closure member is not in the closed position.

Abstract: The invention relates to a filling device, in particular for filling a tank with a urea solution, comprising: at least one vehicle-specific pipe element, one standardized filler neck, and one holder, wherein the holder is fixed to said vehicle-specific pipe element via a joining method, particularly a welding method, used for the vehicle-specific pipe element, either in axial and/or in radial and/or in circumferential direction of said vehicle-specific pipe element.

Abstract: A device that dispense dosages of a free-flowing substance has a support column with a horizontal support arm (10) cantilevered thereon. The device includes a holder unit (20) on which at least one movably supported receiving unit (30) is arranged. The receiving unit is designed so that at least one dosage unit (70) can be set into, as well as taken out of, it. The holder unit contains at least one agitation actuator (50) that acts on the receiving unit. The dosage unit can be fastened to the receiving unit by means of a pre-tensioned clamping module (60). For the insertion and/or removal of the dosage unit, the clamping module can be spread apart from a dispensing position into a loading position by means of an opener module that is based on the holder unit. In the dispensing position, the opener module is uncoupled from the receiving unit.

Abstract: A machine for the preparation of pharmaceutical products is provided with a gripping and carrier device to transfer at least one container between a magazine and a dosage station for the preparation of a pharmaceutical product, and a box-type holding frame defining a chamber for the housing of magazine, gripping and carrier device, and dosage station; the chamber displaying an access aperture to magazine and being crossed by a sterile air flow adapted to avoid the entry of air from the external environment through aperture itself.

Abstract: The invention is related to a capsule filler comprising: a capsule cap containing tray, a plurality of capsule body containing plates, a lifting base, and a frame, in which a plurality of spacer plates are provided on the top of the lifting base, which are movable. The capsule cap containing tray and each of the capsule body containing plates include thereon a plurality of sets of capsule receiving holes for placing capsules, each set including a plurality of capsule receiving holes, being correspondingly placed in top as well as bottom and number. The number of each set of capsule receiving holes is seven or a multiple of seven. The present invention provides a more suitable design of a capsule filler for animal hospitals.

Abstract: A kit comprising of a container (20) arranged to be in an inverted configuration and having a cap (21) at its lower end, in use, the cap (21) having an outlet orifice extending axially into the container (20) which is selectively sealed at its axially innermost end by a resiliently biased seal, a disc within the outlet orifice on which the seal sits, a plurality of spokes holding the disc in place, so that, with the seal open, flow paths are formed between the outlet orifice, the disc and the spokes; and a refill device, the refill device comprising a nozzle (41) with a plurality of castellations which fit into the outlet orifice of the container (20) between the spokes to lift the seal from the seat to open a flow path for the ingress of liquid.

Abstract: A medical liquid filling system and associated methods are provided, the system comprising a disposable and a drive system. The disposable includes a tubular member and a piston slidably disposed within the tubular member for retraction and advancement within at least a first portion of the tubular member. The disposable may include a seal member for sealing the first portion of the tubular member and may be interconnected to the piston for co-movement therewith. The drive system may include a piston drive member selectively interconnectable to the piston for driven advancement and retraction of the piston within the tubular member. The drive system may be interconnected to a controller, which may be operable to automate or semi-automate various filling operations. A user interface may be interconnected to the controller for providing input of various system operation parameters, which may be communicated to the controller to facilitate automated or semi-automated operation of the filling system.

Abstract: A system and method for handling wicket bags involve a wicket bag holder for transporting wicket bags to a working position along a transport path, the bag holder including one or more holding devices each being operable between an open position allowing receipt of an upper tab of the wicket bag and a closed position whereby the bag is held suspended within a working zone. Also involved are one or more main gripping devices each being operable between an open position allowing receipt of a suspended wicket bag and a closed position whereby the bag is gripped to form a bag neck portion. The system and method may be used for bag filling applications.

Abstract: A method of forming a joint between first and second workpieces generally consisting of forming a recess in one of such workpieces, provided with at least one side wall having a serrated cross-sectional configuration with inwardly projecting, distortable segments; providing a portion in the other of such workpieces, insertable into such recess, having a cross-sectional configuration sufficient to engage and distort such segments as such portion is inserted into such recess, and inserting such of the other workpiece into such recess, causing the segments to distort and thus provide an interference fit between such workpieces.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides flux compositions for forming a solder bump and methods of fabricating a semiconductor device using the same. The flux composition may include a resin, an activator, and a solvent. The resin may include gum rosin and rosin ester, and a mass ratio of the gum rosin versus the rosin ester may have a range of about 60:40 to about 90:10.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a magnetized bonded magnet, including the steps of: arranging a magnetization permanent magnet for magnetizing a magnetic field near a non-magnetized bonded magnet; heating the non-magnetized bonded magnet to a temperature of a Curie point thereof or higher; and continuously magnetizing the magnetic field to the non-magnetized bonded magnet by the magnetization permanent magnet for magnetizing the magnetic field while cooling the non-magnetized bonded magnet reached at the temperature of the Curie point thereof or higher to a temperature of less than the Curie point, wherein the non-magnetized bonded magnet is a rare-earth iron bonded magnet including two or more different rare-earth elements in magnet powder thereof.

Abstract: A high-strength steel sheet has a chemical composition comprising C: 0.05-0.20%, Si: 0.02-3.0%, Mn: 0.5-3.0%, P: at most 0.5%, S: at most 0.05%, Cr: 0.05-1.0%, sol. Al: 0.01-1.0%, one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Nb, Mo, V, and W: a total of 0.002-0.03%, and a remainder of Fe and impurities. The sheet has an average grain diameter of ferrite of at most 3.0 ?m at least in a region of 100-200 ?m in the sheet thickness direction from the surface of the steel sheet. The average spacing in the sheet thickness direction of the remaining structure in this region is at most 3.0 ?m. Mechanical properties include at least 750 MPa tensile strength and at least 13,000 MPa·% (tensile strength×elongation).

Abstract: A high strength steel sheet excellent in warm stamp formability and a method for manufacturing the same. The steel has a composition containing, in terms of % by mass, C: 0.01 to 0.2%, Si: 0.5% or lower, Mn: 2% or lower, P: 0.03% or lower, S: 0.01% or lower, Al: 0.07% or lower, and N: 0.01% or lower and further containing one or two or more elements selected from Ti, Nb, V, Mo, W, and B.

Abstract: A method of hot forming a steel blank into an article the method including the following steps: d) cooling a heated steel blank to form an article during hot forming, starting at a starting temperature T2 above Ar3; to an interrupt temperature T3 in the range of 400-550° C. at a cooling rate V2 of at least 25° C./s; e) immediately further cooling the article from the interrupt temperature T3 to ambient temperature at a cooling rate V3 of 0.2-10° C./s, wherein the interrupt temperature T3 and cooling rate V3 are selected such that the article thus obtained has multiphase microstructure including by volume fraction: 55-90% of bainitic ferrite 5-15% of retained austenite 5-30% martensite.

Abstract: A method of controlling the location at which yielding initiates a load bearing component and the collapse mode that is activated at the site of yielding for a designated type of loading is claimed. The steps include selecting a desired area of deformation and a kinematic mode of collapse; selecting a strength-altering pattern including at least a strengthening or weakening zone to control the location in a component where plastic deformation occurs, such that the pattern causes deformation to proceed into a desired collapse mode or shape with the component is subjected to design loading; and applying the strength-altering pattern to the component by friction stir processing, forming at least a strengthened or weakened zone relative to the base material of the component.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for protecting and securing a case, comprising a cover for partially enclosing the case and a lockable toggle configured to secure said case within said cover. The lockable toggle is capable of switching between a locked position and an unlocked position.

Abstract: An agricultural tire has an equatorial plane separating first and second sides. First and second inner sixths of the treads extend between the equatorial plane and circumferential reference planes disposed axially one-sixth of a tread width on either side of the equatorial plane. First and second middle sixths of the tread extend between inner circumferential planes and middle circumferential reference planes one-sixth of the tread width from the inner circumferential reference planes. Outer sixths extend between the middle circumferential reference planes and outer circumferential reference planes disposed one-sixth of the tread width from the middle planes. Net tread volume ratio is approximately 40 percent, where between 36 and 39 percent of lug volume is in the inner sixths, between 32 to 35 percent in the middle sixths, and 27 to 30 percent in the outer sixths of the tread.

Abstract: In a pneumatic tire in which axial grooves are arranged on an outer surface of a tread portion so as to be spaced apart from each other in a tire circumferential direction, a rib-forming region including at least one inward rib which projects from an inner surface of the tread portion inwardly in a tire radial direction and extends in a direction intersecting the axial grooves and across axial groove-inward regions inward of the axial grooves in the tire radial direction is provided in the inner surface of the tread portion.

Abstract: A tread portion of a pneumatic ti re includes inner land portions between outer circumferential main grooves disposed most on tread ground-contact end sides and at least one inner circumferential main groove on the inner side thereof. The inner land portions are divided into inner blocks by inner lateral grooves inclined at an angle ? of 10 to 40°. The inner lateral grooves consist of first inner lateral grooves and second inner lateral grooves which are alternately arranged in a circumferential direction. The first inner lateral grooves include a wide-width part connecting to the outer circumferential main groove and a narrow-width part connecting to the inner circumferential main groove.

Abstract: An inclined groove (11) has a first inclined groove (101) and a second inclined groove (102). The first inclined groove (101) intersects a tire equator line (CL) and extends to one side (W1) outward in the tire width direction proceeding from the forward side (F) to the rearward side (B) in the rotation direction. The second inclined groove (102) intersects the tire equator line (CL) and the first inclined groove (101), and extends to the other side (W2) outward in the tire width direction proceeding from the forward side (F) in the rotation direction to the rearward side (B) in the rotation direction. The first inclined groove (101) and the second inclined groove (102) have forward side curved grooves (111), (121) located at the forward side (F) in the rotation direction, and rearward side curved grooves (112), (122) located at the rearward side (B) in the rotation direction.

Abstract: Tire tread provided with circumferential grooves delimiting two edge rows provided with a plurality of transverse grooves, those of one edge row forming at least one bearing block protruding on at least one delimiting wall, each comprising a surface capable of coming into contact with another surface during contact with the ground and at least one passageway for a fluid between each bearing block of a groove and the bottom of the groove. For each edge row, the mean surface indentation ratio Tc is at least 0.7 and at most 1.6 times E/R, where E is the mean thickness for all grooves comprising active surfaces measured between a radially outermost point of the active surface and a radially outermost point of the reinforcing belt, R is the mean distance for all transverse grooves comprising active surfaces measured between the point of the active surface that is radially outermost and the rotation axis of the tire provided with the tread.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment relates to a non-pneumatic tire for a center pivot irrigation system comprising two arcuate half-tire segments, the segments having two sidewalls connected by an outer circumferential wall and an inner circumferential wall; a plurality of transverse traction cleats circumferentially spaced on the outer circumferential wall extending between the side walls, the cleats having a rounded tip; a pair of connecting cleats at the ends of the half-tire segments having a plurality of apertures adapted for use in connecting the two arcuate half-tire segments; and a plurality of connectors adapted for insertion into the apertures wherein the cleats are tapered in width having a ratio of the center width of the cleat to the edge width of the cleat of at least about 1.25:1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a film for a tire inner liner including a base film layer having an absolute weight-average molecular weight of 50,000 to 1,000,000, and an adhesive layer, and a method for manufacturing the film for a tire inner liner. The film for a tire inner liner may exhibit excellent gas barrier properties while having a thin thickness and lighter weight, and thus improves fuel efficiency, allows easier construction during its preparation, has excellent mechanical properties including high durability and fatigue resistance, and provides excellent adhesive strength to a tire carcass layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a film for a tire inner liner including: a base film layer including polyamide-based resin and a copolymer including a polyamide-based segment and a polyether-based segment; and an adhesive layer including a resorcinol-formalin-latex (RFL)-based adhesive, wherein there is little difference between properties in an MD (machine direction) and a TD (transverse direction), and a method for preparing a film for a tire inner liner, including melting the polyamide-based resin and the copolymer at 230 to 300° C., extruding the molten substance under specific die gap conditions to form a base film, and forming an adhesive layer including a resorcinol-formalin-latex (RFL)-based adhesive on the base film.

Abstract: A technique for improving the durability of the beads of a radial tire for a heavy vehicle of the civil engineering type, by reducing the rate of spread of cracks initiated at the turned-back end of carcass reinforcement and the spread through the coating, edge-binding and filler polymer materials.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes a carcass having a first portion in which a distance between ply cords of a carcass body section and a carcass folded section gradually decreases from a position of a bead core toward outside in a radial direction of the tire, a second portion in which the distance between the ply cords gradually increases from the first portion toward outside in the radial direction of the tire, and a third portion in which the distance between the ply cords gradually decreases from the second portion toward outside in the radial direction of the tire. A notched portion is provided on a widthwise outer skin rubber of the carcass folded section of the second portion by notching the widthwise outer skin rubber inwardly in the width direction of the tire.

Abstract: Sulfur contaminants, such as elemental sulfur (S8), hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur components in fluids (e.g., air, natural gas, and other gases, as well as water and other liquids) are removed using a silicone-based chemical filter/bath. In one embodiment, a silicone-based chemical filter includes a membrane having a cross-linked silicone that is a reaction product of an olefin and a polyhydrosiloxane. For example, sulfur contaminants in air may be removed by passing the air through the membrane before the air enters a data center or other facility housing computer systems. In another embodiment, a silicone-based chemical bath includes a housing having an inlet port, an outlet port, and a chamber containing a silicone oil. For example, sulfur contaminants in air may be removed by passing the air through the silicone oil in the chamber before the air enters a data center or other facility housing computer systems.

Abstract: A solar battery cell serving as a member to be protected is sandwiched between protective films for lamination and disposed in a press-type laminating device. The protective films are then heated, and when the temperature of the protective films becomes a first temperature which is equal to or higher than the softening point of the protective films, pressing of the protective films and the solar battery cell is started. Then the protective films are held at a second temperature (target temperature) that is higher than the first temperature, in a state in which the protective films and the member to be protected are pressed.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods appropriate for use in medical training that include materials that better mimic natural human tissue are disclosed. In one aspect, methods of forming multi-layer tissue simulations are provided. In another aspect, methods of forming a male genitalia model are provided. In another aspects, methods of forming an abdominal surgical wall insert are provided. Devices and systems associated with these methods are also provided.

Abstract: A method for repairing a laminated article having a damaged area comprising the steps of: removing the damaged area from the laminated article so as to leave a repair site; positioning a repair patch to cover the repair site; placing one or more heat blankets over the repair patch and other selected locations; placing the laminated article with the repair patch in a vacuum bag; placing the vacuum bag in an autoclave; operating the autoclave within a selected range of desired temperatures and pressures; and, curing the repair patch of the laminated article without disturbing or damaging the adjacent bondments within a composite structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for fixing a bearing ring (1) on or in a component (2) using an adhesive connection. In order to improve the fixing process between the bearing ring and the component, the invention provides the following steps: a) applying the adhesive (3) to a surface (4) of the bearing ring (1) that is provided for adhesive bonding to the component (2); b) allowing the adhesive (3) to pre-cure on the surface (4), so that the adhesive (3) no longer has an adhesive property; c) joining the bearing ring (1) and the component (2) in the desired relative position; d) activating the adhesive (3) so that it produces an adhesive bond between the bearing ring (1) and the component (2).

Abstract: Label facestock and label assemblies utilizing the facestock are described. The label facestock includes impact copolymer polypropylene (ICP). The label facestock is also axially oriented.

Abstract: A strip of a thermoplastic elastomer to be wound spirally on a cylindrical drum for forming an inner liner for a tire having a shape close to a finished sectional shape is provided. The strip is formed of composite layers of (A) a first layer made of a styrene-isobutylene-styrene triblock copolymer and (B) a second layer containing at least one of a styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer and a styrene-isobutylene diblock copolymer. The strip further has a strip main body and ear portions arranged on opposite sides thereof. The strip main body has a thickness (T1) of 0.05 mm to 1.0 mm. The ear portions have a thickness (T2) thinner than the thickness (T1) of the strip main body and a width (W2) of 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm. This ribbon-shaped strip reduces unevenness of the surface of a sheet formed by the opposite ends of the strip when manufacturing an inner liner.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for making silica-filled rubber masterbatch using silica hydrophobated with a trimethoxy silane coupling agent that is soluble in an alcohol-water solution containing at least about 70 wt % water. One embodiment uses a mixture of trimethoxy silanes, one or more of which react with rubber to bond the silica to the rubber, and one or more of which do not react with rubber, but do hydrophobate the silica. Hydrophobated silica is mixed with latex polymer and incorporated into rubber during coagulation of the latex, which is preferably coagulated with calcium chloride. The present invention further provides a process for making the trimethoxy silane coupling agents. Preferred trimethoxy silane coupling agents include bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-disulfide and bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of manufacturing a polarizing plate having a polarizer layer and a protection film, sequentially having a drawing step of uniaxially drawing a stack film constituted of a base film and a polyvinyl alcohol based resin layer, a removal step prior to bonding of removing by cutting, opposing first end portions in a direction of width after dyeing and cross-linking the resin layer of the stack film, and a bonding step of bonding a protection film on a surface opposite to a surface on a side of the base film of the polarizer layer in the stack film from which the first end portions were removed.

Abstract: A stretch composite fabric comprises a sintered expanded porous polytetrafluoroethylene film and a stretch cloth laminated to each other while maintaining a flat state. The stretch composite fabric has a tensile stress at 10% elongation, as measured in at least one direction, of 1.8 N/15 mm or less. When a 5 cm-width test piece of the stretch composite fabric is stretched in a length direction under a load of 300 g and then released from the stress, an elongation recovery R of the stretch composite fabric, which is given by the following equation, is preferably 700 or more. R=(L2?L3)/(L2?L1)×100 (In the equation, L1, L2, and L3 represent the lengths of the composite fabric before the load is applied, when the load is applied, and after the load is removed, respectively.

Abstract: A structure such as a containment case (2) for a gas turbine engine (1) comprises an annular housing (3) made of composite material. A sleeve-like flange unit (4) is fitted onto an end of the housing (3) and is mechanically joined thereto by a first portion (31, 32, 33) of the composite material of the housing which projects into a recess (411) of the flange unit (4). This reduces or eliminates the need to use mechanical fasteners to connect the housing (3) to the flange unit (4).

Abstract: A membrane-electrode assembly producing apparatus and membrane-electrode assembly producing method are provided which can increase the bonding strength between a polymer electrolyte film and a catalyst layer and which can produce a high-quality membrane-electrode assembly without a formation of wrinkle through a hot roll technique. An apparatus includes pre-heating unit for pre-heating a catalyst-layer supporting base material 12 that supports the catalyst layer on a surface of a transfer base material, and the polymer electrolyte film 10, thermal pressure bonding unit for heating and pressing the catalyst-layer supporting base material 12 and the polymer electrolyte film 10 to form an integrated joined member 14, and peeling unit for peeling the transfer base material 16 from the joined member 14.

Abstract: Provided is a laser bonding method which is a highly reliable laser bonding method for a thermoplastic resin and a metal, wherein the adhesiveness at an interface between a thermoplastic resin and a metal is improved to prevent peeling due to heat stress at the time of bonding. Accordingly, the method includes a step of forming an oxide layer having a higher oxygen functional group content than a bulk thermoplastic resin by subjecting at least a thermoplastic resin on the side of a bonding interface to a surface modification treatment prior to bonding, and the thermoplastic resin and a metal are bonded to each other by applying pressure and irradiating a laser in a state where the surface energy of the metal on the bonding surface side is increased to be larger than that of the thermoplastic resin having the oxide layer formed thereon.

Abstract: Disclosed are nip rollers, machines, systems, and methods, including a nip roller that includes a hollow roller to press materials, at least a portion of the hollow roller being constructed from a material configured to enable passage of energy, and at least one energy source disposed within an inner volume of the hollow roller to generate energy, at least some of the energy being directed through the at least the portion of the hollow roller constructed from the material configured to enable passage of energy to cause curing process for a curable adhesive, deposited on a substrate and pressed against a layer material, to occur.

Abstract: Laminates are described having a durable outer film surface for use in making lightweight liquidproof articles of apparel, such as outerwear garments. A method of making the laminate and a lightweight outerwear garment having an abrasion resistant exterior film surface is described.

Abstract: Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide for materials, methods for using such materials and structures that both incorporate such materials and are made using such methods that can be smoothly debonded at or near room temperature while providing a fixable bond that allows for wafer processing such as wafer thinning, anisotropic dry etching and chemical resistance during plating and etching.