Abstract: An internal combustion engine system includes: an engine with a plurality of pistons housed in respective ones of a plurality of cylinders; an air intake system to provide air to the plurality of cylinders through respective ones of a plurality of intake valves; an exhaust system to release exhaust gas from the plurality of cylinders through respective one of a plurality of exhaust valves; an aftertreatment system to treat exhaust emission from the engine; at least one sensor to provide a sensor signal corresponding to an efficiency of the aftertreatment system; and a controller coupled to the at least one sensor and operable to regulate an internal exhaust gas recirculation operation in the cylinders when the aftertreatment system operates at less than a desired efficiency.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas aftertreatment system (1) for a motor vehicle having a turbocharged internal combustion engine (2) comprises a large-volume lean NOx trap (5) which is connected by means of a short connecting pipe (4) to an outlet of the turbocharger (3), wherein the lean NOx trap (5) has a first region (6) for the storage and/or reduction of NOx and oxidation of NO to form NO2 and/or reduction of hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas, and a downstream second region (7) for the storage and/or reduction of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas.

Abstract: A method for operating a metering apparatus for reducing agent includes providing the metering apparatus with at least one movable pump element movable between upper and lower reversal points to convey reducing agent into an exhaust-gas treatment component, and at least one position transmitter for determining a pass of the movable pump element. In the method, a first detection of a position of the movable pump element is provided by the position encoder. Subsequently, the movable pump element is moved and reducing agent is metered into the exhaust-gas treatment component. Thereupon, a second detection of a position of the movable pump element is provided by the position encoder, and subsequently a first quantity of reducing agent which is metered between the first and second detections is determined. A metering apparatus and a motor vehicle having a metering apparatus are also provided.

Abstract: A variety of embodiments of exhaust systems for engines including small off-road engines, and related methods of operation, are disclosed. In at least some embodiments, the exhaust system includes a first conduit that receives exhaust emissions from a first engine cylinder, and a second conduit that communicates air to a first port on the first conduit. The air mixes with the exhaust emissions within the first conduit so as to produce a chemical reaction, and a level of at least one undesirable component of the exhaust emissions is reduced. Further, the exhaust system does not include any catalytic converter. In some embodiments, the exhaust system further comprises a crankcase ventilation system.

Abstract: An exhaust post-treatment device (2) for a vehicle (4) for reducing nitrogen oxides present in the exhaust gases (20) of the vehicle (4) by supply of liquid reducing agent (18) to the exhaust gases (20) in an exhaust pipe (32). The device (2) locally warms a surface (31) within the exhaust pipe (32) by a Peltier element (6) by using thermal energy from the exhaust gases (20) to vaporize liquid reducing agent (18) which reaches the surface (31), thereby avoiding the formation of deposits of reducing agent within the exhaust pipe (32). Also a method for post-treatment of exhaust gases from vehicles with an exhaust post-treatment device (2) including a Peltier element (6).

Abstract: A delivery unit for a liquid additive includes a first pump with a first suction port and a first pressure port, a second pump with a second suction port and a second pressure port, and a feed device. The feed device is connected to the first pressure port through a first line system and the first suction port is connected to a tank for the liquid additive through a second line system. The second pressure port is connected to the tank through a third line system and the second line system and the third line system are separated from one another. A method for operating a delivery unit and a motor vehicle having a delivery unit are also provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for determining and controlling an NO2 to NOx ratio reference target in an exhaust conduit between a first SCR catalyst and a second SCR catalyst. The method includes determining a present NO2 to NOx ratio in the exhaust conduit between the first SCR catalyst and the second SCR catalyst, and providing a reductant doser command in response to a deviation of the present NO2 to NOx ratio from the NO2 to NOx ratio reference target.

Abstract: An exhaust manifold includes a head flange member, a plurality of branch pipe parts and a collector pipe part. The head flange member has a flange main body portion and a cylinder head mounting surface configured and arranged to be attached to a cylinder head of an engine. Each of the branch pipe parts has an upstream end portion with respect to an exhaust gas flow fixed to one side of the head flange member that is opposite from the cylinder head mounting surface. The collector pipe part is connected to a downstream end portion with respect to the exhaust gas flow of each of the branch pipe parts. An area of the cylinder head mounting surface is smaller than a cross sectional area of the head flange main body portion taken along a plane substantially parallel to the cylinder head mounting surface.

Abstract: A dual pipe exhaust manifold includes an inner pipe, an outer pipe and a plurality of spacers. The inner pipe includes a plurality of branch pipes and a plurality of collector pipes. The collector pipes are slidably connected to each other. One end of each of the branch pipe is fixed to a flange section configured and arranged to be attached to a cylinder head of an engine, and the other end of each of the branch pipe is slidably connected to a corresponding one of the collector pipes so that each of the collector pipes is connected to a plural number of the branch pipes. The outer pipe covers a circumference of the inner pipe. The spacers are disposed between the outer pipe and the inner pipe to form a gap therebetween.

Abstract: An adaptive valve assembly includes a pipe defining a passageway for conducting engine exhaust gases, a pivot shaft supported by the pipe, and a valve body coupled to the pivot shaft. The valve body is moveable between an open position where exhaust gas flow through the passageway is increased and a closed position where exhaust gas flow through the passageway is reduced. A resilient member biases the valve body toward the closed position. A retainer assembly includes at least one damping feature that engages the resilient member to dampen vibrations.

Abstract: A hydraulic control system and method for controlling a hydraulic system of a vehicle powertrain is provided, which includes an accumulator arranged to accumulate fluid when an engine is turned on, to retain fluid when the engine is turned off, and to discharge fluid to the transmission when the engine is restarted. The accumulator is actively filled through a controlled valve, and it may also be filled passively, for example, via ball check-valve. The method of controlling the hydraulic system includes providing a fluid line pressure to the transmission by opening a fluid passage when the engine is turned on; opening a valve to actively accumulate fluid from the fluid line pressure into an accumulator; closing the valve to retain the fluid in the accumulator; and discharging the fluid from the accumulator to the fluid passage when the engine is restarted.

Abstract: A hydraulic system that includes a rotating group with a plurality of fluid chambers and a plurality of valve sets that valve a corresponding one of the fluid chambers is disclosed. The hydraulic system may function as a hydraulic transformer. The hydraulic system may transfer energy between a high pressure fluid supply (e.g., from a pump), an accumulator, a hydraulic component (e.g., a hydraulic cylinder, a hydraulic motor, and/or a hydraulic pump-motor), and/or an input/output shaft. The hydraulic system may include a single rotating group with a common axis. Each of the valve sets may include a first valve that fluidly connects to the pump, a second valve that fluidly connects to a tank, a third valve that fluidly connects to the accumulator, and a fourth valve that fluidly connects to the hydraulic component. The valves may have a valving period set to less than half or one-third of a rotational period of the rotating group.

Abstract: A hybrid power source includes an electric power source, a first hydraulic pump powered by the electric power source, a hydrocarbon burning power source, and a second hydraulic pump powered by the hydrocarbon burning power source. A hydraulic fluid output is fed by a combined output from the first hydraulic pump and the second hydraulic pump. A controller is provided for dynamically calculating hydraulic fluid requirements at the hydraulic fluid output as work is performed. The hydraulic fluid requirements are primarily provided by the first hydraulic pump powered by the electric power source and supplemented, as directed by the controller, by the second hydraulic pump powered by the hydrocarbon burning power source.

Abstract: An electric brake actuator provided with a main reservoir attached to a vehicle frame, a first reservoir attached to an input device and coupled to the main reservoir via a pipe, and a second reservoir coupled to the main reservoir via another pipe and directly mounted to a motor cylinder, wherein the second reservoir is disposed below the main reservoir in the vertical up and down direction.

Abstract: An input device of a vehicle brake system integrally includes an integrally provided master cylinder and a stroke simulator which communicate via a hydraulic communication path. The stroke simulator is provided with a simulator piston accommodated within a simulator accommodation chamber. The simulator accommodation chamber has an opening portion enabling the insertion of the simulator piston into the simulator accommodation chamber from the side on which the brake pedal is disposed relative to the dashboard.

Abstract: An input device of a vehicle brake system which is downsized and has an improved general versatility in comparison with conventional vehicle brake systems is provided. An input device 14 includes: a master cylinder 34 that produces a fluid pressure in accordance with an input of an operation of a brake operating member 12; and a stroke simulator 64 which is provided side by side with the master cylinder 34 and which applies in a pseudo manner a force counteracting the operation of the brake operating member 12 to the brake operating member 12. The master cylinder 34 and the stroke simulator 64 are formed integrally.

Abstract: There is provided a vehicle brake system to which an electric brake actuator constituting the vehicle brake system is stably attached and in which it is possible to dispose the electric brake actuator in a power plant storage chamber in a space-efficient manner. A vehicle brake system configured by disposing, on a vehicle, an input device to which the brake operation of an operator is inputted and a motor cylinder device for generating brake fluid pressure by driving a hydraulic pressure controlling piston stored in a cylindrical cylinder main body by means of an electric motor at least in accordance with the brake operation, wherein the motor cylinder device is attached in a manner such that at least a portion of the cylinder main body overlaps with a power plant in the vehicle up and down direction; and the electric motor is disposed below the cylinder main body.

Abstract: An exhaust gas turbocharger module and internal combustion engine outfitted therewith are disclosed. The exhaust gas turbocharger modules have an individual turbocharging assembly with a low-pressure exhaust gas turbocharger with a low-pressure turbine and a low-pressure compressor which have a common first turbocharger axis. A high-pressure exhaust gas turbocharger is provided with a high-pressure turbine and a high-pressure compressor which have a common second turbocharger axis extending perpendicular to the first turbocharger axis. The low-pressure turbine is connected downstream of the high-pressure turbine via an exhaust gas connection line, and the high-pressure compressor is connected downstream of the low-pressure compressor via a charge air connection line. A housing receives the low-pressure turbine, the high-pressure turbine and the exhaust gas connection line. The low-pressure compressor, the high-pressure compressor, and the charge air connection line are arranged outside of the housing.

Abstract: A linear actuator for a variable-geometry member of a turbocharger includes a piston/rod assembly that can axially translate and also pivot to a limited extent. A permanent magnet is mounted in a fixed position within the actuator. A non-magnetized flux carrier is mounted in the piston/rod assembly, and its movement alters the magnetic field of the magnet. A Halls effects sensor detects the magnetic field and the signals produced by the sensor are used for determining axial position of the piston/rod assembly.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling compressor inlet flow in a turbocharger of an engine are described. In one example, a method for controlling a compressor inlet flow of an engine turbocharger system comprises: directing air from a high pressure source to an inlet upstream of a compressor wheel via a conduit coupled to the inlet and the high pressure source, where the conduit is obliquely coupled to the inlet.

Abstract: In an exhaust gas turbocharger system for charging an engine including a compressor arrangement at a charging fluid side LL and a turbine arrangement at an exhaust gas side AG, a further compressor which is driven by a separate controllable drive and whose primary side is connected to the charging fluid side LL while its secondary side is connected to the exhaust gas side is provided for compressing charge air taken from the charging fluid side and supply it to the exhaust gas side for assisting driving the exhaust gas turbines so as to maintain them at relatively high speeds in transition periods including engine idling.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of extracting geothermal energy, generally comprising the steps of: insertion of a thermal mass into a Heat Absorption Zone, absorbing heat in thermal mass, raising the thermal mass to a Heat Transfer Zone, and transferring the heat from the thermal mass. The acquired heat can be used to generate electricity or to drive an industrial process. The thermal mass can have internal chambers containing a liquid such as molten salt, and can also have structures facilitating heat exchange using a thermal exchange fluid, such as a gas or a glycol-based fluid. In some embodiments, two thermal masses are used as counterweights, reducing the energy consumed in bringing the heat in the thermal masses to the surface. In other embodiments, solid or molten salt can be directly supplied to a well shaft to acquire geothermal heat and returned to the surface in a closed loop system.

Abstract: A compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is disclosed for the generation of power. The system may include a compressor configured to receive inlet air and output compressed air to an air storage during an off-peak period. During a peak load period, compressed air from the air storage may be released to generate power. A heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the air storage may receive the released compressed air and transfer heat to the compressed air. An air expander may receive the heated compressed air from the heat exchanger, expand the heated compressed air to generate a first power output, and output an exhaust. The system may further include a bypass line configured to circumvent compressed air around the air expander. A second power output may be generated through a turbine configured to receive the compressed air from the air storage and the exhaust from the air expander.

Abstract: A compact energy cycle construction that operates as or in accordance with a Rankine, Organic Rankine, Heat Pump, or Combined Organic Rankine and Heat Pump Cycle, comprising a compact housing of a generally cylindrical form with some combination of a scroll type expander, pump, and compressor disposed therein to share a common shaft with a motor or generator and to form an integrated system, with the working fluid of the system circulating within the housing as a torus along the common shaft and toroidally within the housing as the system operates.

Abstract: The fuel flow rate to a gas turbine is measured using an inert gas. The inert gas is injected into the fuel flow and the concentration of the inert gas in the fuel/inert gas mixture is later measured. The concentration of the inert gas in the fuel/inert gas mixture is then used to calculate the mass flow rate of the fuel.

Abstract: A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine includes an annular passage configured to flow a fuel and a disk concentric with and disposed at a second end of the annular passage. The disk extends radially outward from the second end. A plurality of passages extend through the disk and are configured to impart swirl to a working fluid flowing through the passages. A shroud including an upstream end axially separated from a downstream end surrounds the disk and extends downstream from the disk.

Abstract: A fuel-air premixer for a combustor of a turbine engine includes a central passage along an axis. The central passage is operable to communicate an unswirled airflow. An outer annular passage is located around the axis and includes a multiple of first swirl vanes that are operable to communicate a first swirled airflow in a first direction. An inner annular passage is located around the axis between the central passage and the outer annular passage. The inner annular passage includes a multiple of second swirl vanes that are operable to communicate a second swirled airflow in a second direction different than the first direction.

Abstract: A system includes a multi-tube fuel nozzle including a fuel nozzle head and multiple tubes. The fuel nozzle head includes an outer wall surrounding a chamber, and the outer wall includes a downstream wall portion that faces a combustion region. The multiple tubes extend through the chamber to the downstream wall portion, and each tube includes an air inlet into the tube, a fuel inlet including a protrusion extending radially into the tube in a crosswise direction relative to a longitudinal axis of the tube, and an outlet from the tube.

Abstract: A system for supplying a working fluid to a combustor includes a combustion chamber, a liner that circumferentially surrounds at least a portion of the combustion chamber, and a flow sleeve that circumferentially surrounds at least a portion of the liner. A tube provides fluid communication for the working fluid to flow through the flow sleeve and the liner and into the combustion chamber, and the tube spirals between the flow sleeve and the liner.

Abstract: An exhaust duct through which an exhaust gas jet from a gas turbine engine flows comprises a duct wall, an inlet, an outlet and an eductor. The inlet, through which the exhaust gas jet enters the exhaust duct, is positioned at an upstream end of the exhaust duct. The outlet, through which the exhaust gas jet exits the exhaust duct, is positioned at a downstream end of the exhaust duct. The eductor is positioned proximate the downstream end. In one embodiment, the eductor comprises a perforated wall segment of the duct wall through which ambient air from outside of the duct wall is permitted to enter the exhaust duct. In yet another embodiment, the eductor is diverging.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A combustor includes a combustion chamber and a casing that circumferentially surrounds the combustion chamber to at least partially define an annular passage between the casing and the combustion chamber. A fuel plenum extends radially through the casing to provide fluid communication through the casing to the annular passage, and a liner extends inside at least a portion of the fuel plenum to prevent fuel from directly impinging upon at least a portion of the fuel plenum. A method of reducing thermal stresses in a combustor includes flowing a fuel inside a fuel plenum that extends radially through a casing, shielding at least a portion of the fuel plenum from direct impingement by the fuel radially inward of the casing, and flowing the fuel from the fuel plenum into an annular passage between the casing and a combustion chamber.

Abstract: A fuel injector for a gas turbine engine is disclosed. The fuel injector includes an injector housing extending from a first end to a second end along a longitudinal axis. The second end of the housing is fluidly coupled to a combustor of the turbine engine and the housing includes a liquid fuel gallery annularly disposed about the longitudinal axis. The fuel injector also includes a stem extending longitudinally from the first end of the housing to a third end. The stem includes a liquid tube configured to deliver liquid fuel to the fuel injector. The fuel injector also includes an annular shell extending along the longitudinal axis from the first end to the third end and circumferentially disposed about the stem. The fuel injector further includes an insulating air shroud formed inside the shell. The air shroud includes a layer of air between the shell and the stem.

Abstract: A burner for a gas combustor and a method of operating the burner are disclosed. The burner includes a front surface area divided into a plurality of subareas and inlets arranged on the front surface area such that each subarea is encircled by at least four inlets and such that during operation of the burner, a gas recirculation in the combustor is facilitated corresponding to each subarea.

Abstract: A fuel heating system for a gas turbine engine comprises a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a fuel pump and a valve. The first heat exchanger produces a heated air flow. The second heat exchanger receives the heated air flow from the first heat exchanger. The fuel pump provides a fuel flow. The valve is coupled to the fuel pump to intermittently include the second heat exchanger in the fuel flow based on a temperature of the fuel flow. A method of heating fuel in a gas turbine engine comprises providing fuel to a gas turbine engine with a fuel pump to sustain a combustion process, heating a flow of air with exhaust gas from the combustion process, and heating fuel from the fuel pump en route to the gas turbine engine with the flow of air based on a temperature of the fuel.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for the controlled release of a flow cross section of a gas line which is connected to a combustion chamber of a gas engine. The apparatus has a check valve and a flexible device. The flexible device is provided for absorbing a force occurring as a result of a thermal expansion of the check valve.

Abstract: An airfoil for a turbine engine, the airfoil including a first side wall, a second side wall spaced apart from the first side wall, and an internal cooling channel formed between the first side wall and the second side wall. The internal cooling channel includes at least one pedestal having a first pedestal end connected to the first side wall and a second pedestal end connected to the second side wall. The internal cooling channel also includes a first fillet disposed around the periphery of the first pedestal end between the first side wall and the first pedestal end; and a second fillet disposed around the periphery of the second pedestal end between the second side wall and the second pedestal end. At least one of the first fillet and the second fillet includes a profile that is non-uniform around the periphery of the corresponding pedestal end.

Abstract: A novel ice for beverages and methods of manufacturing thereof. The novel ice includes liquid and solid contents frozen together to provide ice with a cooling, flavor, and visual appeal effects. The ice may also be manufactured to be cooperatively used with water bottles and sports bottles that have limited-diameter openings.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a heat exchanger includes a container, and a plurality of heat exchange components. The container is fed with a heat transport medium. The plurality of heat exchange components is provided with a prescribed spacing inside the container. The plurality of heat exchange components is provided along a flowing direction of the heat transport medium so as not to overlap at least partly as viewed in the flowing direction of the heat transport medium.

Abstract: A backup cooling storage system comprising at least one cooling and storage unit configured to cool a liquid supply using a quantity of cooled material when a main chiller of the liquid supply is not operational, and at least one chilling element configured to generate the quantity of cooled material for the at least one cooling and storage unit when the main chiller of the liquid supply is operational. Additional embodiments and methods are further disclosed.

Abstract: A thermoelectric cooler assembly comprises a cold plate, a first thermoelectric cooler, and a second thermoelectric cooler. The cold plate has a first side and a second side. The first thermoelectric cooler is in thermal communication with the first side of the cold plate, and the second thermoelectric cooler is in thermal communication with the second side of the cold plate. A heat exchanger assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: A climate control system of a vehicle and a method of controlling the climate control system to minimize vehicle energy consumption and maximize occupant comfort. The climate control system includes a main HVAC system for conditioning a fluid discharged into a passenger compartment of the vehicle, an auxiliary HVAC system for conditioning a localized fluid of at least one HVAC zones of the passenger compartment, a seat system, and an HVAC controller. The HVAC controller controls the main HVAC system, the auxiliary HVAC system, and the seat system based upon at least one parameter and condition which pertains to at least one of electrical energy consumption of the vehicle and occupant comfort.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for cryogenic fluid delivery. The systems may include a pressure vessel containing a cryogenic fluid formed of liquid and vapor that is connected to a use device via a withdrawal line. The withdrawal line connects to the cryogenic fluid in the pressure vessel via two routes, a liquid tube and a vapor line. The vapor line may include a back-pressure regulator that opens the vapor line depending on pressure in the system. The withdrawal line may include a pressure relief valve that exerts pressure on the liquid tube. A bypass line may connect the withdrawal line to the liquid tube. The bypass line has a check valve that permits free flow of cryogen from the withdrawal line to the liquid tube via the bypass line while prohibiting cryogen flow from the pressure vessel through the bypass line. The methods employ the systems described herein.

Abstract: A cold storage unit such as a cryogenic dewar includes a tank with an opening, a storage space communicating with the opening, and a pool for liquid nitrogen positioned adjacent the storage space. The storage space receives a plurality of storage racks, each including a rack body with a rear wall and first and second sidewalls extending from the rear wall. The storage rack also includes a plurality of shelves, each shelf defined by a first lip punched from the first sidewall and a second lip punched from the second sidewall, the first and second lips being bent towards one another and spaced from one another. The shelves minimize the material and weight used in manufacturing the storage rack. Additionally, the storage rack is assembled with minimal spot welding required.

Abstract: A cryopump system includes a cryopump configured to perform a preparatory operation including a cooldown from a room temperature to a cryogenic temperature and to perform a vacuum pumping operation at the cryogenic temperature, a compressor unit of a working gas for the cryopump, a gas line connecting the cryopump and the compressor unit, a gas volume adjuster configured to increase a quantity of the working gas in the gas line during the vacuum pumping operation in comparison with that during the preparatory operation, and a control device configured to control the compressor unit so as to provide a pressure control for the gas line.

Abstract: A personal thermal regulation system includes a personal liquid cooling garment, wherein the personal liquid cooling garment is configured to circulate a working fluid therein, a membrane evaporator configured to receive circulated working fluid from the personal liquid cooling garment, wherein the membrane evaporator is further configured to evaporate a portion of the received circulated working fluid, and a chemical absorber in fluid communication with the membrane evaporator, wherein the chemical absorber is configured to receive a controlled flow of the evaporated portion of the received circulated working fluid from the membrane evaporator.

Abstract: Operation of a refrigeration system can be improved by adding a novel refrigerant composition comprising a mixture of activated long chain fatty acids with a polar heat transfer fluid. Activation is preferably accomplished by blending a mixture of the oils and the heat transfer fluid in a vessel containing a catalyst. Contemplated improvements can include, among other things, a reduction in power consumption, a reduction in evaporator coil condensation, or a reduction in leakage of operating fluid.