Abstract: A plate attachment device and a method for attaching and removing printing plates, wherein the positioning accuracy in the circumferential direction relative to a plate cylinder is increased and attachment and removal of the printing plate is easy, are provided. The plate attachment device 1 is equipped with a plate cylinder 11 secured to the outer periphery of a plate drive shaft 31 and having a cylindrical plate attaching surface 12 to which a printing plate 2 is to be attached from the tip end side of the plate drive shaft 31. The plate attaching surface 12 is provided with a plurality of plate securing members 121 which are formed to be movable to both the outer side and inner side in the radial direction of the plate cylinder 11, abut the printing plate 2 attached to the plate attaching surface 12 and expand in the radial direction so as to adhere and secure the printing plate 2 to the plate attaching surface 12.

Abstract: A device for retaining a print medium during printing according to various exemplary embodiments can include a print medium protector pocket having a front sheet, a back sheet, and an opening. The pocket may be adapted to receive therein through the opening a print medium. A plurality of retaining mechanisms may be cut into the back sheet for releasably attaching the print medium and holding the print medium relative to the back sheet during a printing operation. In various embodiments, a device for retaining a print medium during printing can include a reusable carrier assembly and an adhesive retaining mechanism. The adhesive retaining mechanism is temporarily attached to the carrier assembly to temporarily retain the print medium at any position on the carrier assembly during the printing operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and related devices for carrying out TBM excavation and expansion blasting, which uses a blast protector and a cart to expand a pilot tunnel by blasting after the pilot tunnel has been formed; and which specifically includes: a step of forming a pilot tunnel; a step of forming a horizontal or vertical blast hole; a step of installing a blast protector within the pilot tunnel; a step of blasting the upper and lower halves of the pilot tunnel to expand the upper and lower halves; and a step of removing the debris formed during the blasting of the upper and lower halves, by dumping the debris into a cart. Accordingly, the rail and cable are protected from the debris formed during the blasting, and working efficiency is improved.

Abstract: A blasting cartridge includes a generally cylindrical blasting container, a blasting substance filled in the blasting container, a pair of leadwires contained in the blasting container, and a single thin metal wire connected to tip portions of the pair of leadwires. The leadwires and the thin metal wire are positioned within the blasting substance within the blasting container. The blasting substance is nitromethane, and the thin metal wire is formed of tungsten. With an electric discharge impact blasting apparatus, since the thin metal wire has a higher heating value than a copper wire because of its higher resistance and vaporizes at higher temperatures, it is possible to obtain a greater blasting force at lower voltages than with a blasting apparatus using a copper wire.

Abstract: An ammunition round and method of hunting is provided that allows a hunter of the Muslim faith to hunt with a firearm and ensure the flesh of the hunted animal is halal. The ammunition rounds include a shotgun pellet, shotgun slug, handgun round, and rifle round having sharpened edges designed into their body structure to induce a cutting or slicing operation upon impact with a game animal. The shotgun pellets comprise raised cutting surfaces or a defined bi-pyramidal shape having cutting edges and intersection thereon. The shotgun slug, handgun round, and rifle round of the present invention comprise leading ends having cutting surfaces forming sharpened edges. These cutting surfaces include a plurality of sharpened extension members extending from the round leading end, or different surface geometries to create a cutting interface upon contact with a target animal.

Abstract: Prior to immersion into the ballast, a hand tamper (1) for tamping a track is detachably connected to an anchor element (10), fixed to the track (9) and lying opposite with regard to a tamping motion (18), by means of a fixing member (15) fastened to a tamper section (6) situated between a drive motor (3) and a tamping blade (5). Thus, an improved compaction effect can be achieved.

Abstract: The method of independent control of the drum of the load lifting/lowering line or the main line in each carriage in the system of cableway carriages which are driven by an endless line or by a movable line that rotates or moves in an optional direction, so that in each cableway carriage the drum is controlled independently in superimposed time, and the operation of each cableway carriage is independent from the other carriages in the system of the cableway carriages, while the way of the load lifting/lowering line or the main line drum control in the cableway carriage system is assured by the endless line (3) or by the movable line (3), which rotates or moves in the cableway system in the same direction (optional according to the needs); the drive of the drum is actuated, according to the needs, in all carriages through which the endless line (3) or the movable line (3) passes; in each carriage the endless line (3) or the movable line (3) actuates the rotation of the sheave (9) in the direction of the rotati

Abstract: An autorack railroad car has an underframe that, in contrast to the prior art, has a straight-through center sill that is shallower, and of diminished geometry-based sectional properties generally, in the middle portion between the trucks than at the end portions at either the draft sills at the draft gear or at the truck centers. The bottom flange of the center sill is carried at a constant height from end to end, and is free of kinks in elevation. In the mid-span portion of the car, from truck center to truck center, the center sill is shallower in section than the side sills. The bottom flange of the center sill is carried at a height that corresponds to, or is higher than, the height of the lower flanges of the side sills, such that the cross-bearer arms are shallow, and the bottom flanges of the cross-bearer arms are substantially level.

Abstract: A stabilized red mud composition containing red mud generated as a by-product of the Bayer process reduced to a water content of less than or equal to about 65% and an effective amount of an ash composition to convert the red mud and its water content into a reaction product suitable as a construction material and methods of making the same.

Abstract: Despite the excellent properties associated with Magnesium OxyChloride (Sorel) based cements and Magnesium OxySulfate based cements, water and corrosion resistance has been limiting factors for achieving greater commercial applications. Such issues can be addressed by incorporating various alkali metal phosphates, such as Magnesium mono- or dihydrogen phosphate (MgHPO4 or MgH2PO4) with alkali metal fatty acids; such as Magnesium Stearate; and metal or alkali metal sulfates such as Aluminum Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate. Water resistance is further enhanced by either pre-carbonating the mix water or the liquid magnesium chloride phase of the cements, or by adding a carbonate into the powder phase. Accelerated cure of this system has also been obtained by using various inorganic metal oxides. Additionally, improved corrosion resistance is achieved through the use of certain phosphates, zeolites, nitrites and other novel additives.

Abstract: An inorganic material board, which is a cured mat formed by dehydrating a slurry including 30 to 53 wt % of blast furnace slag, 2 to 5 wt % of gypsum having an average particle size of 200 to 2000 ?m, 5 to 11 wt % of alkaline material, 5 to 15 wt % of reinforcing fibers, and 31 to 50 wt % of inorganic admixture with respect to a total solid content, and in which a weight ratio of the blast furnace slag to the gypsum to the alkaline material is 1:0.05 to 0.15:0.15 to 0.35. It is desirable that the blast furnace slag has a specific surface area of 3000 to 5000.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for making sand compositions wherein manufactured sand particles are pretreated with a clay-mitigating polycation and blended with natural sand particles that have washed to remove fines such that at least 90% of the natural sand particles are retained on a 75 micron sieve. Methods of the invention also involve the use of the blended pretreated sand for making concrete wherein the sand is combined with cement, a polycarboxylate type dispersant, a further amount of clay-mitigating polycation compound, and at least one hydryoxyl or hydroxyl carboxylic acid or salt compound.

Abstract: A table adjustable in height and pitch is disclosed. The table includes a base, a pair of upper rods, a table board and a first pitch-adjusting mechanism. The base includes a pair of legs, each having a slot and a plurality of dents. The leg and the upper rods include a first included angle. The first pitch-adjusting mechanism serving to adjust the first included angle includes two positioning rods, a lever and a plurality of links. Each of the positioning rods has an insert and the two inserts have an engaged state where they are retained by the dents and a disengaged state where they are slidable along the slots. The links build kinetic connection between the positioning rods and the lever, so that when the lever is operated, the two inserts are switched between the engaged and disengaged states.

Abstract: Gun safes according to various embodiments of the invention include a secure housing and a rotatable gun support assembly that is disposed at least partially within an interior portion of the secure housing, and that is adapted to support rifles in a substantially upright position adjacent a perimeter of a portion of the gun support assembly. In various embodiments, the gun support assembly includes: (A) a gun support portion that is disposed within the secure housing; and (B) an upper shelf that is disposed: (1) outside of the interior of said secure housing; and (2) adjacent an upper surface of the secure housing. In particular embodiments, this upper shelf is mounted to rotate in tandem with one or more portions of the gun support portion. In various embodiments, the gun safe includes a motor for rotating the gun support assembly at least substantially without manual assistance from a user.

Abstract: A feeder apparatus for a furnace includes a vessel for feed material, the vessel being positioned at least partially above a feed port of the furnace, and a feeding apparatus located at least partially within the vessel, the feeding apparatus being configured for controlling the rate of feed flow from the vessel, through the feed port and into the furnace, the apparatus preventing escape of fugitive gases between an exterior of the vessel and the feed port.

Abstract: Pipe insulation, such as may be used to insulate the condensate pipe of a heating appliance such as condensing boiler, the pipe insulation comprising a flexible internal conduit surrounded by a flexible layer of insulation, in which the layer of insulation comprise fibers between which is trapped air. Typically, the insulation layer can comprise a silica nanoporous aerogel with reinforcing fibers.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for burning oil from an oil release in a body of water. A mixture of oil and water is collected from the surface of the body of water and separated into an oil-enriched portion and a water-enriched portion. The oil-enriched portion is passed to a burner where the oil-enriched portion is combusted with an oxygen-containing gas having an oxygen concentration of at least 25 volume % oxygen.

Abstract: A bracket for use with an agriculture planter including a trailing arm frame defining a pivot point thereon may include an arm bracket assembly with first, second, third, and fourth arms. Each arm may extend from a middle portion of the bracket. First and second fertilizer furrow opening discs may be rotatably mounted on mounting ends of two of the arms. First and second furrow closing wheels may be rotatably mounted on a mounting end of the other two arms. The middle portion of the bracket may be pivotally coupled to the trailing arm frame at the pivot point. The arms joined to the fertilizer furrow opening discs may be arranged at opposing ends of the middle portion to enable the furrow opening discs to open two fertilizer furrows on opposing sides of a seed furrow.

Abstract: An apparatus for thread-stitching a book block includes a thread tensioning device configured to store and tension a binding thread. A single actuator, including a servo drive, drives the thread tensioning device. The method includes storing a length of binding thread; in a separate step, tensioning the binding thread; and thread-stitching the book block.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to systems and methods of utilizing a custom embroidery system. A custom embroidery frame is comprised of a custom receiving cavity sized and shaped to receive a composite piece for embroidery. The size and the shape of the custom receiving cavity correspond with a size and a shape of the portion of the composite piece onto which an embroidery device will embroider. Additionally, a gasket with a size and a shape adapted to be inserted into the receiving cavity and around the portion of the composite piece may optionally be utilized.

Abstract: A remotely operated underwater vehicle for cleaning surfaces submerged in water, the underwater vehicle having a first side, a second side, a propulsion means, a plurality of trimming means, a first buoyancy means attached to the first side and a second buoyancy means attached to the second side. Elements of the plurality of trimming means are arranged on opposite sides of the centre of gravity of the vehicle and at least one of the plurality of trimming means has a movable mass and a displacement region into which the movable mass can move. The centre of gravity of the vehicle is automatically shifted when the vehicle is accelerating or changes orientation, in which the first buoyancy means provides more buoyancy than the second buoyancy means such that the centre of buoyancy is located above the centre of gravity of the vehicle irrespective of the orientation of the vehicle.

Abstract: A crystal production method according to the present invention includes a film formation and crystallization step of spraying a raw material powder containing a raw material component to form a film containing the raw material component on a seed substrate containing a single crystal at a predetermined single crystallization temperature at which single crystallization of the raw material component occurs, and crystallizing the film containing the raw material while maintaining the single crystallization temperature. In the film formation and crystallization step, preferably, the single crystallization temperature is 900° C. or higher. Furthermore, in the film formation and crystallization step, preferably, the raw material powder and the seed substrate are each a nitride or an oxide.

Abstract: In a Czochralski process for growing single crystal silicon ingots, a system is provided for adding solid material to the liquid silicon during crystal growth for the purpose of directly controlling the latent heat of fusion with respect to a crystal melt interface. In contrast to the standard method for controlling power to the crucible heaters, the present system has been found to be much more effective for controlling melt temperature in the crucible, especially in heavily insulated systems. The system provides the advantages of reducing the electric power required to operate a Czochralski grower, while increasing the speed with which the melt temperature can be raised or lowered in a controlled manner.

Abstract: The distance between the heat shield and the melt level of the melt can be regulated in a high precision. The real image includes at least the circular opening of the heat shield provided in such a way that the heat shield covers a part of the melt level of the silicon melt. The mirror image is a reflected image of the heat shield on the surface of the silicon melt. Based on the distance between the obtained real image and the mirror image, the melt level position of the silicon melt is computed, and the distance between the heat shield and the melt level position is regulated.

Abstract: Provided is an inexpensive seed material for liquid phase epitaxial growth of silicon carbide. A seed material 12 for liquid phase epitaxial growth of a monocrystalline silicon carbide includes a surface layer containing a polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph. Upon Raman spectroscopic analysis of the surface layer with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm, a peak other than a TO peak and an LO peak is observed as a peak derived from the polycrystalline silicon carbide with a 3C crystal polymorph.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for growing crystals in a reactor vessel, wherein the reactor vessel uses carbon fiber containing materials as a structural element to contain the materials for growing the crystals as a solid, liquid or gas within the reactor vessel, such that the reactor vessel can withstand pressures or temperatures necessary for the growth of the crystals. The carbon fiber containing materials encapsulate at least one component of the reactor vessel, wherein stresses from the encapsulated component are transferred to the carbon fiber containing materials. The carbon fiber containing materials may be wrapped around the encapsulated component one or more times sufficient to maintain a desired pressure differential between an exterior and interior of the encapsulated component.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor processing device includes providing a susceptor including a substantially cylindrical body portion having opposing upper and lower surfaces. The body portion has a diameter larger than a wafer diameter. The method also includes providing a set of holes circumferentially disposed at a first susceptor diameter, the set of holes being evenly spaced with respect to adjacent holes and extending through the upper and lower surfaces in an area. The first susceptor diameter is larger than the wafer diameter, and holes are omitted along the first diameter in a set of predetermined orientations.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for manufacturing a silicon substrate including a crucible part, a molding part extended from an outlet of the crucible part, the molding part comprising a molding space where a silicon substrate is formed, and a dummy bar inserted in the molding space from a predetermined portion of the molding part, wherein the dummy bar is formed of a single-crystalline material.

Abstract: A flow regulating member of a hot dip coating tank which can suppress stir-up of bottom dross, characterized by being provided with horizontal plates which are respectively arranged horizontally from below two side end parts of a sink roll, which is arranged inside of a coating tank in a rotatable manner, toward outside directions of the sink roll and louvers which are arranged above from the end parts of the respective horizontal plates at positions separated from the two ends of the sink roll and which have flow direction changing members which are slanted so that their heights become gradually higher toward the wall surface sides of the coating tank.

Abstract: A susceptor for supporting a semiconductor wafer during an epitaxial chemical vapor deposition process, the susceptor defining a wafer diameter, the susceptor includes a substantially cylindrical body portion having opposing upper and lower surfaces. The body portion has a diameter larger than the wafer diameter. The susceptor includes a set of holes circumferentially disposed at a first susceptor diameter, the set of holes is evenly spaced with respect to adjacent holes and extending through the upper and lower surfaces in an area. The first susceptor diameter is larger than the wafer diameter, and holes are omitted along the first diameter in a predetermined orientation.

Abstract: A method is specified for the production of a flexible circuit configuration, which allows the manufacturing of such flexible circuits on a carrier film cost-effectively and with high precision. For this purpose, the carrier film is fastened at the beginning of the method on a rigid frame, which encloses an inner area, and spans the inner area using an inner surface. After finishing of a layer structure and optionally additional method steps, structures for flexible circuit configurations which are created over the inner surface may be cut out easily by cutting the flexible circuit configurations out of the inner surface as a cutout. Through the fastening of the carrier film on the frame, it is ensured during the various method steps of the production of the flexible circuit configuration that the carrier film, which is flexible per se, always forms a level foundation for the various method measures, in particular the photolithographic structuring of layers of a layer structure.

Abstract: A seasoning apparatus and method for evenly and consistently seasoning french fries or other food. The seasoning apparatus may include a hollow hopper for holding and selectively dispensing seasoning therefrom and a plurality of actuatable dispensing elements each translatably attached to the hopper and each having a holding compartment formed therein. The actuatable dispensing elements may receive seasoning in the holding compartment from the hopper. When translated to a dispensing position, the dispensing elements may dispense seasoning from the holding compartment. The seasoning apparatus may also include a seasoning spreader for spreading seasoning dispensed from the actuatable dispensing elements and a food-holding container fixed a distance below the hopper and seasoning spreader. The food-holding container may have a weighing device coupled with a controller for determining an amount of seasoning to dispense from the hopper and actuating the actuatable dispensing elements accordingly.

Abstract: Device for processing a substrate are described herein. An apparatus for controlling deposition on a substrate can include a chamber comprising a shadow frame support, a substrate support comprising a substrate supporting surface, a shadow frame with a shadow frame body including a first support surface, a second support surface opposite the first surface, and a detachable lip connected with the shadow frame body. The detachable lip can include a support connection, a first lip surface facing the substrate, a second lip surface opposite the first lip surface, a first edge positioned over the first support surface, and a second edge opposite the first edge to contact the substrate.

Abstract: Various reactors for growing thin films on a substrate by subjecting the substrate to alternately repeated surface reactions of vapor-phase reactants are disclosed. The reactor according to the present invention includes a reaction chamber, a substrate holder, a showerhead plate, a first reactant source, a remote radical generator, a second reactant source, and an exhaust outlet. The showerhead plate is configured to define a reaction space between the showerhead plate and the substrate holder. The showerhead plate includes a plurality of passages leading into the reaction space. The substrate is disposed within the reaction space. A first non-radical reactant is supplied through the showerhead plate to the reaction space. The remote radical generator produces the radicals of a second reactant supplied from the second reactant source. The radicals are supplied directly to the reaction space without passing through the showerhead plate.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to an improved process for making glass articles having optical coating and easy-to clean coating thereon, an apparatus for the process and a product made using the process. In particular, the disclosure is directed to a process in which the application of the optical coating and the easy-to-clean coating can be sequentially applied using a single apparatus. Using the combination of the coating apparatus and the substrate carrier described herein results in a glass article having both optical and easy-to-clean coating that have improved scratch resistance durability and optical performance, and in addition the resulting articles are “shadow free.

Abstract: A crucible is used for allowing a seed crystal to grow via the source of materials. The crucible includes a growth chamber, a holder, a reflecting device, and a plurality of gas guiding devices. The holder is located on the top of the crystal growth chamber for holding the seed. The reflecting device is located around the holder. The plurality of gas guiding devices is located on the bottom of the growth chamber, for containing the material source and guiding the gasification or vaporization of the material source.

Abstract: A composting apparatus and method utilizing a vessel for receiving organic material which is rotatably supported. In a preferred embodiment, the vessel has a two corrugated conduits of different diameters and the one of smaller diameter is axially aligned inside the larger conduit to move and agitate the material in two different lateral directions. The worm vermicompositing takes place in the inside of the smaller diameter conduit, dropped into the outlet larger conduit where it is dried and collected. In another embodiment, the vessel is fabricated from secured end-to-end at their top ends. The vessel is rotated by an electric motor with a gear reduction drive sprocket engaging a peripheral track on the exterior of the larger diameter conduit. Water can be added during the vermicompositing to make and collect worm tea.

Abstract: A control and monitoring system includes an interactive display that displays output information relating to the current status of operations in animal treatment stalls arrangement and operator input channels. The system displays a representation of the stall arrangement in which each stall is represented by a cell and in which the cells are displayed in a spatial layout corresponding to the layout of stalls in the stall arrangement. The system displays live video picture images of any animal present at that stall in association with corresponding represented cells in the interactive display. Video picture images may be available in connection with additional elements in an animal installation and may be displayed in combination with data associated with the element depicted in the video pictures and describing the current status of operations at the shown location.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are used at the end of a dairy animal milking process to stop milking pulsation in an off position and then applying a teat dip into a milker unit teat cup liner to improve dip coverage on the teat.

Abstract: A portable poultry waterer is provided having a manifold with a connector placed on the back surface to attach the manifold to a water storage vessel. The connector extends outward in a substantially perpendicular fashion to the manifold. Holes are placed into the manifold to accept a plurality of longitudinally spaced poultry nipples. One or more holes are placed into the manifold to accept a clean out plug(s).

Abstract: A feline litter apparatus that is attachable to the exterior of a house and accessible to a cat includes a housing having a bottom wall with outer, inner, and side walls extending upwardly from the bottom wall in a manner that defines an interior area and open top. A lid is pivotally coupled to the inner wall and movable between open and closed configurations. The inner wall includes a knockout panel surrounded by lines of weakness, whereby the at least one knockout panel is selectively removable such that the inner wall defines an entry opening. The housing may be attached to the exterior of a house such that the inner wall is in communication with an interior of the house so that a cat able to enter into the housing interior area and use a litter box situated therein.

Abstract: The fitted, absorbent towel of the present invention is sized to slip over a pet table or crate tray and absorb liquid. The towel may be washable, reusable, disposable, and/or autoclavable. The pet tables include grooming and veterinary tables. The fitted, absorbent towels may comprise single or multiple layers of fabric, including, but not limited to natural and synthetic absorbent fabric layers, water-resistant or waterproof layers, padding layers, and the like. The fitted, absorbent towel may also include pockets, tabs and/or straps.

Abstract: A method for keeping fish in a live and healthy condition, wherein the fish are placed in an endless flow fish tank, which occupies relatively little space, yet allows instinctively swimming fish to swim comfortably. Aerated water is pumped in one direction through a swim chamber, and water returns through a space between inner and outer container, through return flow piping, or through a second swim chamber which also serves as a return flow chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nucleus covered or coated with a film including one or more PHA. The invention also relates to a PHA, characterized in that it is of the type PHB-V, a film and a composition including the PHA. The invention further relates to a film or a composition including a PHA and zosteric acid or a bioactive molecule. The invention moreover relates to a surface, preferably a nucleus, covered with the film of PHA, a method for production thereof, and methods for grafting a pearl oyster and producing a pearl using this nucleus. Finally, the present invention relates to a method for reducing graft failure and/or for improving the quality of the pearl using the nucleus according to the invention.

Abstract: An automatic animal watering system has a manifold for transporting drinking water, a controlled volume dispenser in the manifold for receiving a volume of drinking water, an inlet valve, and an outlet valve. A plurality of drinking valve assemblies is provided in fluid communication with the manifold between the inlet and outlet valves. A fluid sensor, capable of responding to changes in one or both of the water volume and pressure, is provided in the manifold between the inlet and outlet valves. The volume of drinking water available to the drinking valve assemblies can be regulated as a function of time to limit maximum potential leakage. The system also includes a controller receiving signals from the fluid sensor and generating a response to changes in the monitored water volume or pressure, thereby limiting potential water leakage in the system.

Abstract: A harness for restraining an animal, particularly a dog, includes: a body loop to encircle a rear abdominal area of the animal, wherein the body loop comprises a connector to a leash to be held by a person; and at least one rear-leg loop to encircle a top area of a rear leg of the animal; wherein the body loop comprises a lasso mechanism to create a lasso effect upon an outburst of said animal.

Abstract: A high-temperature piping product is configured from a plurality of primary pipe members and a welding material. The primary pipe members are each made from an Ni-based forged alloy containing: Ni, Al, and at least one of Mo and W. The total content of the Mo and the W being 3-8 mass %. The Ni-based forged alloy exhibiting a ??-phase dissolution temperature of from 920 to 970° C., and the ?? phase being precipitated in 30 volume % or more in a temperature range of from 700 to 800° C. The welding material is made from an Ni-based cast alloy having a cast structure formed by welding. The Ni-based cast alloy containing: Ni, Al, and at least one of Mo and W, the total content of the Mo and the W being 9-15 mass %, the Ni-based cast alloy exhibiting a ??-phase dissolution temperature of from 850 to 900° C.

Abstract: An intake system for an engine includes an intake manifold having a surge tank room and branch passages, and a water-cooling type cooler having a first cooling unit and second cooling units. The surge tank room is disposed on a downstream side of a supercharger in a flow direction of intake air. Supercharged intake air flowing into the surge tank room is distributed among intake ports respectively through the branch passages. The first cooling unit is inserted in the surge tank room, and cools supercharged intake air which has flowed into the intake manifold through heat exchange between supercharged intake air and coolant flowing in the first cooling unit. The second cooling units are inserted respectively in the intake ports, and cool internal EGR gas, which has been recirculated into their corresponding intake ports, through heat exchange between internal EGR gas and coolant flowing in the second cooling units.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to various embodiments of systems and methods for cooling a combustion chamber of an engine. One method includes introducing fuel into the combustion chamber of an engine having an energy transfer device that moves through an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a power stroke, and an exhaust stroke. The method further includes monitoring a temperature of the combustion chamber. When the temperature reaches a predetermined value, the method also includes introducing coolant into the combustion chamber only during at least one of the power stroke and the exhaust stroke of the energy transfer device.

Abstract: A glow plug may include: i) a hollow plug housing that is mounted on a plug mount in an insulation status; ii) a center shaft that is fixed to one end of the plug housing in an insulation status and receives power from the outside; iii) a heating unit that is connected to the center shaft and the other end of the plug housing, and generates heat using a potential difference; and iv) a connecting unit that insulates the plug mount and the center shaft, is coupled to the plug mount, and electrically connects with center shaft with the plug housing.