Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for improved estimation of environmental parameters in a dual-polarization radar system. In some embodiments, environmental parameters can be estimated using a linear combination of data received in two orthogonal polarization states. In particular, embodiments of the invention improve ground clutter and noise mitigation in dual polarization radar systems. Moreover, embodiments of the invention also provide for systems to determine the differential reflectivity and/or the magnitude of the co-polar correlation coefficient and the differential phase in a dual polarization radar system.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the heading angle of a vehicle includes first and second antennas associated with the vehicle. The first and second antennas are configured to receive signals comprising global positioning system data. A receiver front end is configured to receive the signals comprising global positioning system data. An electronic data processor is capable of receiving the global positioning system data from the receiver front end. The data processor is configured or programmed to execute a method to determine the attitude of the vehicle which may include the heading angle of the vehicle.

Abstract: This invention relates to the troposphere delay produced when the electromagnetic waves from a satellite or astronomical body pass through the troposphere, in particular, it is related to a calculation method of an estimated value of the amount of zenith troposphere delay in real time, and troposphere delay of the satellite positioning signal in the case of positioning using the estimated value of this calculated amount of zenith troposphere delay is related with a correcting method.

Abstract: A system and method for improving acquisition sensitivity and tracking performance of a GPS receiver using multiple antennas is provided. In an embodiment, the acquisition sensitivity can be improved by determining the correlation weight of each received path signal path associated with one antenna form a plurality of antennas and then combining the path signals based on their respective correlation weight. In another embodiment, carrier offset correction information of each path signal is individually determined and then summed together to be used for tracking the code phase in a code phase tracking loop. The code phase tracking loop generates an early code and a late code that are used to determine the code phase error. The system includes notch and bandpass filters to mitigate narrowband and broadband noises of a received GPS signal, wherein the digital adaptive filters are switched on periodically or by external events.

Abstract: An electronic device such as a cellular telephone may include transceiver circuitry for handling wireless communications. The transceiver circuitry may include a transceiver such as a cellular telephone transceiver or a wireless local area network receiver and may include a satellite positioning system receiver. Radio-frequency circuitry may be used to couple the transceiver circuitry to antenna structures. When operating the transceiver in different modes of operation, the radio-frequency circuitry may be adjusted to optimize performance. Adjustments to the radio-frequency circuitry may impose phase offsets on satellite positioning system signals that are received through the antenna structures and radio-frequency circuitry. These phase offsets which would otherwise cause degradation in the satellite positioning system receiver can be compensated by applying stored compensating phase offset values to the satellite positioning system receiver during operation.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for processing a navigation signal are provided. When a navigation signal is received and processed, a search range associated with signal processing may be reduced by directly computing a clock offset of a receiving terminal, and accordingly it is possible to reduce an operation amount associated with the signal processing, and an amount of a power consumed by the receiving terminal. Additionally, due to a reduction in the search range, it is also possible to reduce a time required to acquire a signal.

Abstract: In embodiments of sync feedback for time to first fix (TTFF), satellite data signals are received from which a geographic position of a positioning-system device can be determined. The satellite data signals each include a time reference and ephemeris data that indicates an orbital position of a satellite. A sync feedback is generated that includes a time-free position fix determined from a satellite data signal before bit sync and/or frame sync of the satellite data signal are obtained. The sync feedback is then utilized as a feedback input to determine the bit sync and/or the frame sync of the satellite data signal.

Abstract: A Global Positioning System (GPS) commercial receiver includes programmable logic that utilizes P-code modulated L1 and L2 GPS signals to derive estimates of in-phase and quadrature-phase components of both L1 and L2 signals, a programmable processor that calculates pseudoranges and pseudo-Doppler phases, and derives navigation solutions. A resulting complex accumulated L2 signal comprises near-ML estimates of desired L2 amplitude and pseudo-Doppler phase.

Abstract: An antenna assembly for receiving the GPS signals in a global positioning system (GPS) receiver module automatically orients the antenna to better receive the GPS signals. The antenna is oriented by a positioner (e.g., a counterweight) that automatically rotates a frame on which the antenna is mounted. The GPS receiver module may also include multiple antennas oriented in different directions to maintain good reception of the GPS signals in any position. The multiple antennas are oriented in a manner so that the poor reception range an antenna is covered by other antennas. Signals from multiple antennas may be combined or chosen for processing by a GPS processor. Also, multiple GPS receiver modules may be deployed in close proximity so that wireless communication between the GPS receiver modules may be established.

Abstract: Provided is an array signal processing device capable of, when a spatial averaging method is applied to array signal processing, reducing the number of antennas constituting an array antenna while making use of the spatial averaging method. In the array signal processing device (300), an array antenna (310) comprises four antennas (311-1 to 311-4) disposed at the four vertices of a parallelogram. Correlation calculation units (341-1, 2) calculate, based on a received signal, spatial correlation matrices for respective sub-array antenna (312-1) and sub-array antenna (312-2), the sub-array antenna (312-1) comprising the antennas (311-1, 3) disposed at the opposing two vertices and the antenna (311-2), the sub-array antenna (312-2) comprising the antennas (311-1, 3) and the antenna (311-4). An array rotation unit (342) converts a first spatial matrix of the calculated two spatial matrices to the complex conjugate thereof.

Abstract: Embodiments order observed beacons based on relative signal strength to create a correspondence between beacon sets and positions. A computing device such as a mobile device provides a positioned observation including a plurality of observed beacons and a position of the mobile device during observation. The observed beacons are ordered based on quality indicators such as signal strength relative to each other. A set of the beacons are selected based on the ordering (e.g., the beacons with the strongest signal strength are selected in order). The position of the observing mobile device is associated with the beacon set to enable location inference for other devices providing observations including the same beacon set.

Abstract: An emergency rescue system and a rescue-information judgment method are disclosed. The emergency rescue system includes a plurality of fixed nodes, a dynamic node and a back-end processing platform. Each fixed node has its own fixed node identification. The dynamic node can be a portable device with an emergency illumination module. If the dynamic node is manipulated to broadcast a mayday signal, at least one of the fixed nodes senses the mayday signal. Each fixed node which senses the mayday signal sends the fixed node identification thereof and signal strength of the sensed mayday signal to the back-end processing platform. Thereby, the back-end processing platform calculates and determines a rescue location relative to the dynamic node.

Abstract: The subject matter disclosed herein relates to providing assistance information to a mobile station for performing position estimation operations.

Abstract: An antenna structure includes a microwave substrate, a main-antenna unit, an extension grounding unit. The main antenna unit is arranged on the surface of the microwave substrate. The main antenna unit includes a main-radiation portion, a main-feeding portion, a main-grounding portion. The extension grounding unit is arranged on the surface of the microwave substrate. The extension grounding unit includes a first extension grounding portion and a second extension grounding portion. The antenna structure can adjust the radiation pattern and improve the antenna directivity. The main-antenna unit and the sub-antenna unit share the extension grounding unit in common. So, the antenna structure can reduce the antenna occupied volume and save the mass production cost.

Abstract: A printed filtering antenna is provided. This filtering antenna comprises an antenna part and a coupled line resonator. The antenna part is directly connected to a coupled line resonator and occupies an antenna area. The coupled line resonator provides a filtering mechanism together with the antenna part. The coupled line resonator comprises a short-circuited stub and an open-circuited stub. The short-circuited stub comprises an open-circuited end and a short-circuited end connected to ground. The open-circuited stub is parallel to the short-circuited stub. The open-circuited stub comprises a first end and a second end. The first end is connected to the feed point and is corresponding to the open-circuited end of the short-circuited stub such that the open-circuited stub is coupled to the short-circuited stub.

Abstract: A handheld device and a disposition method of a planar antenna are provided. The handheld device includes an appearance, a system ground plane, and the planar antenna. The appearance includes a via. The system ground plane is disposed inside the appearance. The planar antenna is disposed on the appearance and extended to an inner surface of the appearance through the via so as to be coupled to the system ground plane. Thereby, the performance of the planar antenna is improved.

Abstract: A portable computing device is disclosed. The portable computing device can take many forms such as a laptop computer, a tablet computer, and so on. The portable computing device can include a single piece housing formed from a radio opaque material with a cover formed from a radio transparent material. To implement a wireless interface, an antenna stack-up can be provided that allows an antenna to be mounted to a bottom of the cover. Methods and apparatus are provided for improving wireless performance. For instance, in one embodiment, a metal housing can be thinned to improve antenna performance. As another example, a faraday cage can be formed around speaker drivers to improve antenna performance.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a substrate and a stacked arrangement of layers thereon. The stacked arrangement of layers may include a visual display layer, and a patch antenna above the visual display layer. The patch antenna may include an optically transmissive electrically conductive mesh.

Abstract: A radiation section of an antenna includes a first connection portion and a second connection portion, and is in a loop form having a plate shape. A switch unit couples the second connection portion to the first connection portion e.g. according to a signal input from the outside. Further, the switch unit couples the second connection portion e.g. to ground formed on a reverse side of a substrate according to a signal input from the outside.

Abstract: An extremely thin embedded antenna for an armor-carrying vehicle utilizes a dipole driven element to the inside of the armor plate and a parasitically-driven dipole element on top of the armor plate, with the parasitic element providing appropriate forward gain and antenna matching characteristics such that there need be no aperturing of the armor plate in order to feed the antenna. In one embodiment, the bowtie antenna elements are elongated, extended or expanded by outboard antenna sections which are spaced from the distal ends of the corresponding bowties, with a meanderline choke bridging the gap between a bowtie element and its extended portion.

Abstract: An electronic device such as a portable electronic device may have an antenna and associated wireless communications circuitry. The antenna may be a slot antenna having a dielectric slot opening. The slot opening may have a shape such as a U shape or an L shape in which elongated regions of the slot run parallel to the edges of the portable electronic device. The portable electronic device may have a housing with conductive sidewalls. The conductive sidewalls may help define the shape of the slot. Antenna feed arrangements may be used to feed the slot antenna in a way that excites harmonic frequencies and that supports multiband operation while being shielded from proximity effects.

Abstract: An improved waveguide feed includes a ridged waveguide section and a feed section. The ridged waveguide section includes a wall structure and spaced-apart opposing ridges disposed on an internal surface of the wall structure, with the spaced-apart opposing ridges extending along a major axis of the wall structure. The feed section is coupled to the ridged waveguide section, and includes an extension of only a portion of the wall structure of the ridged waveguide section, and an extension of the spaced-apart opposing ridges disposed on an internal surface of the extended wall structure of the feed section.

Abstract: The inventive device enables to ensure its compactness, that is, a minimum thickness at a high antenna efficiency of an antenna in the frequency range 10.7-12.75 GHz. This technical effect can be achieved because the antenna comprises a main reflector (1), at least two feeds (2) and at least two sub-reflectors (3). Each sub-reflector is provided with such a shape of its external surface that ensures reflection of the feed directional pattern central beam to the edge of the main reflector and reflection of a lateral beam to the central area of the main reflector, the sub-reflector adjoining surfaces being truncated.

Abstract: A method for reducing a resistance of an antenna circuit capable of obtaining a desired property by reducing wiring resistance to a suitable value while ensuring inductance is provided. An antenna circuit is disposed to a transponder having a carrier frequency band of 13.56 MHz. The antenna circuit is formed of a prescribed base material and two antenna conductors each of which is formed of the same conductor pattern forming an antenna coil, formed on respective front and back surfaces of the base material by electrically parallel connection. Each of the two antenna conductors has a thickness of greater than equal to 5% and less than 50% of an overall thickness formed of the two antenna conductors and the base material.

Abstract: A mutually inductive resonant antenna receiving radio waves of dual frequency bands improves a conventional antenna series-connected to a uniaxial wire. The mutually inductive resonant antenna receives FM or TMC radio waves and comprises a first antenna and a second antenna. The first antenna has a first conductive core wire and a first insulating layer. The first insulating layer encloses the first conductive core wire. The second antenna has a second mesh-like conductive layer and a second insulating layer. The second mesh-like conductive layer encloses a section of the first antenna such that another section of the first antenna is exposed. The second insulating layer encloses the second mesh-like conductive layer. A section of the second mesh-like conductive layer is extended from the first antenna and electrically connected to a signal transmission line. The second mesh-like conductive layer is not in contact with the first conductive core wire.

Abstract: Provided is a small monopole antenna, which can generate a plurality of resonant frequencies, have a high antenna efficiency, and be easily installed. The antenna includes a first antenna element formed of a coaxial cable; a second antenna element sealing the first antenna element and sharing a feed point with the first antenna element; and a feeder cable for feeding electric power to the feed point. This antenna is applied as a small antenna.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes a cable assembly having at least one wire and a circuit board assembly having a ground plane and a plurality of mounting locations. The wire(s) is electrically connected to corresponding mounting locations. A plurality of antenna elements are mounted to the circuit board at corresponding mounting locations. Each antenna element has a feed finger and a ground finger, where the ground finger is electrically connected to the ground plane and the feed finger is electrically connected to the corresponding wire. Each antenna element has a first portion extending from the circuit board along a first plane and a second portion extending from the first portion along a second plane that is transverse to the first plane. Each antenna element provides hemispherical coverage and wide frequency bandwidth.

Abstract: A diversity antenna apparatus includes a feed line through which radio communication power is transmitted, antennas connected in cascade through the feed line, and a first rectifier device placed in the feed line, wherein a first one of the antennas and a second one of the antennas each include a second rectifier device having an input terminal thereof connected to the feed line, an antenna device connected to an output of the first rectifier device, and a third rectifier device having an input terminal thereof connected to a connection point between the second rectifier device and the antenna device, and having an output terminal thereof grounded, wherein the first rectifier device placed in the feed line connects between the input terminal of the second rectifier device of the first one of the antennas and the input terminal of the second rectifier device of the second one of the antennas.

Abstract: A chip carrier for contacting with a chip and an antenna is disposed on an antenna substrate. The chip carrier features a carrier substrate having a chip contact arrangement located at a distance from longitudinal ends of the carrier substrate for electrical contacting with a chip. The carrier substrate includes two antenna contact surfaces having the chip contact arrangement therebetween for electrical contacting with the antenna. The chip contact arrangement and the antenna contact surfaces are located on an application surface of the chip carrier. At least one insulation surface-is formed on the application surface between the chip contact arrangement and the antenna contact surfaces.

Abstract: A Continuous Current Rod Antenna that may be positioned in close proximity to a conductive backplane and has extremely tight lattices which stabilize the radiation impedance and allows dense T/R modules packaging. The Continuous Current Rod Antenna offers lower profile packaging, with higher gain over larger bandwidths than other collinear array techniques.

Abstract: Antenna subassemblies suitable for use in phased array antennas are disclosed, as are phased array antenna assemblies and aircraft comprising phased array antenna assemblies. In one embodiment, an antenna subarray assembly comprises a thermally conductive foam substrate, a plurality of radiating elements bonded to the foam substrate, and a radome disposed adjacent the radiating elements. The subarray assembly presents a triangular shape when viewed in plan view, and the plurality of radiating elements are arranged in a triangular array on the foam substrate. In some embodiments, a plurality of subarray assemblies may be assembled to form an antenna assembly. In further embodiments an aircraft may be fitted with one or more antenna assemblies. Other embodiments may be described.

Abstract: A thermal control film for use in spacecraft having a multi-layer interference filter adapted to exhibit high reflectivity to solar radiation, low absorptivity across the microwave spectrum and high emissivity in the far infra-red. The film is free from metal and extends over the active face of an antenna carried by the spacecraft. Such a film exhibits the desired thermo-optical properties for a thermal control radiator surface and can be used over the active face of a communications or radar antenna without disrupting the RF signal.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a display section that includes a plurality of thin display devices formed at multiple layers such that their display screens overlap with one another, wherein at least one of the display devices closest to a viewing side of the display section is configured to be transparent, and control means for controlling each display of the plurality of display devices of the display section.

Abstract: Capacitive touch sensors are integrated with a head-mounted display (HMD) device or other video eyewear devices to create a more reliable and more intuitive user interface. The sensors, which may be implemented as an array, control various aspects of a left and right channel multimedia presentation, such as interpupillary distance or stereoscopic convergence, brightness, volume, or power mode.

Abstract: An apparatus that includes a waveguide comprising a front surface, a back surface and an embedded structure between the front surface and the back surface. A reflective array is formed by at least part of the embedded structure. The reflective array includes a plurality of wedges, each wedge having a primary facet, a secondary facet, and a plateau facet wherein at least one of the plurality of primary facets is at least partially reflective. Other implementations are disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A light emission state of each of the plurality of different types of light-emitting elements is controlled in accordance with i) a color image formation period in which a color image is formed by using light emitted from the different types of light-emitting elements, ii) a synchronization period in which at least two different types of light-emitting elements are simultaneously driven to output a synchronization signal synchronized with projection timing of a left-eye image or a synchronization signal synchronized with projection timing of a right-eye image, and iii) off-state periods between which the synchronization period is interposed, and in which all the light-emitting elements are in the off-state.

Abstract: An image display device which includes a plurality of connected image display elements is provided not to cause an image due to the reflection of light beams emitted from one display surface in the other display surface. In an image display device provided with image display elements, each display surface of which is directed toward an observer to display an image, two or more display elements of them display images on the display surfaces, respectively, and one or more display elements of them have a louver film set on the display surfaces, wherein the louver film has a directionality to shield light beams from going to the direction of a display surface that is different from the display surface on which the louver film is set. Thus, the louver film suppresses an image on one display surface so that the image is not reflected in the other display surface.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for driving an AC type plasma display panel. According to this disclosure, an elapse time period between an end time point of ramp-down and a time when a first scan pulse is applied is maintained to be uniform even when a ramp-down slope is different in such a manner that a comparator of a scan electrode driving circuit compares an output voltage with a reference voltage and a logic control circuit outputs a control signal to a logic control circuit when the output voltage is equal to the reference voltage. Accordingly, the method for driving the AC type plasma display panel is capable of improving an address characteristic and a driving margin.

Abstract: An emission control driver includes a plurality of stages, each of the plurality of stages including an output terminal coupled to a corresponding one of the emission control lines; input terminals respectively coupled to two or more scan lines of the scan lines for generating a corresponding one of the emission control signals; an input circuit for controlling voltages at a first node and a second node corresponding to scan signals supplied from the two or more scan lines; and an output circuit coupled to the input circuit, the output circuit for controlling the corresponding one of the emission control signals according to the voltages at the first node and the second node.

Abstract: An exemplary pixel circuit includes an OLED, a storage capacitor, a driving transistor and first through fourth switching transistors. The driving transistor is for driving the OLED at a predetermined brightness. The first source/drain electrode of the driving transistor is coupled to a terminal of the storage capacitor, the second source/drain electrode is coupled to the OLED, and the gate electrode is coupled to receive a data voltage through the first switching transistor. Gate-on voltages of the first and second switching transistors are in opposite phases to each other, and the first and second switching transistors are controlled by the same control signal. Likewise, gate-on voltages of the third and fourth switching transistors are in opposite phases to each other, and the third and fourth switching transistors are controlled by the same control signal. A pixel driving method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A driving circuit is adapted to drive a current-driven device. The driving circuit includes a first power supply circuit and a second power supply circuit. The first power supply circuit is for supplying a first positive voltage to a first terminal of the current-driven device. The second power supply circuit is for enabling a current flowing along a first current flow direction in a first time period and thereby a second terminal of the current-driven device is given a second positive voltage. The second power supply circuit further is for enabling a current from the current-driven device flowing out of the second power supply circuit along a second current flow direction. The first current flow direction and the second current flow direction are different directions in the second power supply circuit. Moreover, a light emitting device using the above-mentioned driving circuit also is provided.

Abstract: A pixel unit for driving an organic light emitting diode (OLED) is disclosed. The pixel unit includes a driving transistor, a compensating capacitor, a selecting switch module, a power switch and a configuration switch. One terminal of the compensating capacitor is coupled to a gate of the driving transistor. The selecting switch module provides the ground voltage or the compensating voltage to the other terminal of the compensating capacitor according to a first control signal. The power switch is coupled between a power voltage and a drain of the driving transistor and is controlled by a second control signal. The configuration switch receives the first control signal for controlling a connecting configuration of the driving transistor. The pixel unit is driven according to the first and the second control signals for compensating threshold voltage shifting of the OLED and the driving transistor.

Abstract: The image display device includes: a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, each of which includes a driving transistor which converts a signal voltage which determines luminous intensity into a driving current; a luminescence element which generates photons according to the driving current flowing through it; and a threshold voltage detecting unit which detects a threshold voltage of the driving transistor while a reference voltage is applied. The pixels make up two or more driving blocks each of which includes a plurality of pixel rows. The image display device controls supply of the reference voltage and a power source voltage to all pixels in the same driving block with the same timing in a predetermined period and controls supply of the reference voltage and the power source voltage to all pixels in different blocks with different timings.

Abstract: A pixel array substrate includes: a first through fourth transistors (Ta through Td); a light-emitting element (OEL); a scanning line connected with a control terminal of the fourth transistor; a data line connected with one conducting terminal of the fourth transistor; a first control line (AZi) connected with one conducting terminal of the third transistor; a second control line (Ei) connected with a control terminal of the first transistor; and a first power source line (Ypj) connected with one conducting terminal of the first transistor. One conducting terminal of the second transistor is connected with the first power source line via the first transistor. A control terminal of the second transistor is connected with the data line via the fourth transistor and with a terminal of the light-emitting element via a capacitor (C).

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for controlling the output of an LD or LED. The apparatus includes a substantially static bias source and a variable source. The substantially static bias source provides a bias current to the LD/LED. The variable source is capacitively coupled to the LD/LED. The bias current may be provided such that it is higher than a threshold current at which, when provided to an LD, lasing occurs.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes: a display panel that includes display elements having a current-driven light-emitting portion, in which the display elements are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix in a first direction and a second direction, and that displays an image on the basis of a video signal; and a luminance correcting unit that corrects the luminance of the display elements when displaying an image on the display panel by correcting a gradation value of an input signal and outputting the corrected input signal as the video signal. The luminance correcting unit includes a reference operating time calculator, an accumulated reference operating time storage, a reference curve storage, a black-level shift amount holder, and a video signal generator.

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device in which a voltage drop due to the wiring resistance of a cathode is reduced and therefore steady image signals are transmitted such that erroneous image display, such as low contrast, is reduced or prevented. The invention also provides an electronic apparatus including such an electro-optical device. An electro-optical device includes red, green, and blue luminescent power-supply lines to apply currents to light-emitting elements arranged in an actual display region in a matrix; and a cathode line disposed between the light-emitting elements and a cathode. The cathode line has a width larger than a width of red, green, and blue luminescent power-supply lines.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display. The organic light emitting display includes a display unit, a scan driver, a data driver, a pad unit including a plurality of pads for transmitting driving power or driving signals to at least one of the display unit, the scan driver, and the data driver, and a protective circuit unit coupled between the pad unit and at least one of the display unit, the scan driver, or the data driver. The protective circuit unit includes a semiconductor layer, insulating layers on the semiconductor layer, and a conductive layer on the insulating layer. One region of the conductive layer that overlaps the semiconductor layer is physically disconnected to create two adjacent ends that are coupled to each other through the semiconductor layer. The two adjacent ends of the disconnected conductive layer have recesses and protrusions.

Abstract: A display device having pixels disposed in a matrix and a pixel row in which a first pixel, a second pixel, a third pixel, and a fourth pixel are disposed in one direction, includes: a gate signal line having a first gate signal line to which the first pixel and the third pixel are connected and a second gate signal line to which the second pixel and the fourth pixel are connected; a drain signal line supplying a video signal to two pixel columns; and a storage line including a first storage line and a second storage line disposed so as to interpose the pixel row therebetween, wherein the first storage line and the second storage line are electrically connected to each other in a region where the drain signal line is not disposed, and a pixel electrode of each of the pixels has a portion overlapping with the drain signal line and a portion overlapping with the storage line.

Abstract: An OCB (Optically Compensated Bend) liquid crystal display in which impulse driving is performed such that an impulse data voltage is applied between normal data voltages used for displaying an image. The impulse data voltage is divided into a first impulse data voltage and a second impulse data voltage having a voltage value that will not break a bent alignment of the OCB liquid crystals. Referring to the application of the first impulse data voltage between the normal data voltages as first impulse driving and the application of the second impulse data voltage between the normal data voltages as second impulse driving, the second impulse driving is performed at every two or more of the first impulse drivings, so as to not break the bent alignment of the liquid crystals and to thereby improve luminance of the LCD.