Abstract: A device for manufacturing a metal wheel (1) from a pre-form, with stretching rolls (3) engaging on the rim region of the pre-form, by means of which rolls a rim (1.1) is end-formed which, for forming a rim flange (1.7). Freely rotatable rolls (4) are arranged underneath the stretching rolls (3) and cooperate with them. A method for manufacturing a metal wheel (1) from a pre-form, the pre-form of the metal wheel (1) to be manufactured is placed on a clamping mandrel (2) and is caused to rotate, stretching rolls (3) engage in the upper region of a rotation-symmetrical jacket of the pre-form with the exertion of radial pressure, and move along the jacket wall of the pre-form with compression and stretching of the jacket wall to form a rim (1.1) with a main movement component parallel with the axis of rotation (2.1) of the pre-form.

Abstract: A rolling apparatus for flat-rolled metal materials including a pair of upper and lower work rolls 1 and 2 includes a pair of work roll chocks 5 and 6 configured to hold the respective work rolls 1 and 2, housings 10 configured to hold the work roll chocks, and rolling direction force measurement devices 21, 22, 23, and 24 configured to measure rolling direction forces. The rolling direction force measurement devices include a plurality of load detection devices on an entry side or an exit side of the work roll chocks in a rolling direction, and the plurality of load detection devices are provided to one of the housings, and the plurality of load detection devices are disposed in a manner that, during rolling of the flat-rolled metal materials, at least two of the load detection devices are arranged adjacent to each other in a draft direction facing a side surface of a corresponding one of the work roll chocks.

Abstract: An extrusion apparatus and process are disclosed that produce high-performance extrusion structures. The extrusion apparatus includes a shear tool that applies a rotational shear force and an axial extrusion force to the face of a billet material that plasticizes the billet material. Plasticized material is extruded through an extrusion die along the length of the inner bore of the shear tool which yields hollow and solid extrusion structures. The process refines the microstructures of the extrusion structures and extrusion materials.

Abstract: A pivot link for interconnecting a locking bar and a pivoting arm of a sheet bending brake includes an arm portion and a locking bar portion. The arm portion defines a first threaded bore, and the locking bar portion defines a second threaded bore. A threaded stud extends between and interconnects the arm portion and the locking bar portion, and is disposed in threaded engagement with both the arm portion and the locking bar portion. The threaded stud includes a first thread portion in threaded engagement with the first threaded bore, and a second thread portion in threaded engagement with the second threaded bore. The first threaded bore and the first thread portion include one of a left hand thread or a right hand thread, and the second threaded bore and the second thread portion include the other of the left hand thread or the right hand thread.

Abstract: A sheet material processing apparatus has a pressurizing part of a sheet material and a supporting part of the pressurized sheet material. The apparatus includes an end face pressing upper press die that receives a pressurizing force, an end face pressing lower press die that is arranged on the supporting part and faces the end face pressing upper press die so that an end face of the sheet material is inserted between the end face pressing upper and lower press dies, an end face pressing part that, with the end face pressing upper press die being moved toward the end face pressing lower press die, presses the end face of the sheet material, and an end face pressing width adjusting part that sets a pressing width of the end face of the sheet material.

Abstract: An extrusion die is provided with a male die through which a billet is extruded from an upstream side to a downstream side and, the male die adapted for forming an inside shape of a hollow material; and a female die for holding the male die and forming an outside shape of the hollow material. The male die is formed of a spider and a holder for holding the spider. The spider is formed of a mandrel and a plurality of bridge parts for supporting the mandrel, and enabling a distal-end outer peripheral surface to engage with a bridge-holding surface. The distal-end outer peripheral surface of each of the bridge parts and the bridge-holding surface of the holder are joined by shrink-fitting.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to calculating gyroscope bias in a vehicle. Methods, apparatus and systems are disclosed. A method can include: assuming a maximum turning rate for a vehicle based at least in part on speed of the vehicle; and determining gyroscope bias information based at least in part on the assumed maximum turning rate.

Abstract: A testing equipment for crash simulation tests is specified which has a rail arrangement, a first carriage arrangement which is arranged displaceably along a longitudinal axis of the rail arrangement, and an acceleration unit via which a force can be transferred to the first carriage arrangement in order to accelerate the carriage arrangement. With the aim of preparing parts to be tested outside the testing equipment, quickly introducing them into the testing equipment, and keeping low the overall mass composed of carriage arrangement including object to be tested, the testing equipment further has a second carriage arrangement, which can be mounted on the rail arrangement and can be displaced therealong and is designed to support a test superstructure with at least one component to be tested in the crash simulation. The first carriage arrangement further has a detachable clutch for transferring a force to the second carriage arrangement from the acceleration unit via the first carriage arrangement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a system for analyzing rare gases present in a gaseous fluid (1). According to the invention, initially, the rare gases are extracted from the gaseous fluid by trapping by means of a getterizing substrate (5), then superconcentration of the rare gases is produced before injection (8) into the measuring instruments (9). By virtue of the invention, it is possible to increase the partial pressure of the rare gases in the gases to be analyzed before their injection into the analysis instruments.

Abstract: A sensor device for sensing a gas includes a sensing region, and a readout region that is electrically and mechanically connected to the sensing region by way of a connecting web. The readout region, the sensing region, and the connecting web are formed from a substrate, and are isolated from the substrate by a clearance cutout. The sensing region has an ion-conducting region configured to provide a measuring signal dependent on the gas. The readout region (is configured to read out the measuring signal.

Abstract: A method of determining the thermal status of fuel in a fuel distribution system (10) includes pressurizing the distribution line (16) by activating a submersible pump (14) in an underground storage tank (12). Once the distribution line (16) is pressurized, the pump (14) is switched off, and the reverse flow rate out of the distribution line back into the tank (12) is monitored. The test is repeated after a period of time, and the reverse flow rates of the separate tests are compared to determine if the fuel in the distribution line (16) is in thermal stability with the surrounding environment based on flow rate changes between tests.

Abstract: Method for dewatering, pressure testing, hydrotreating, suppressing methane hydrate formation and suppressing solution freezing point in pipeline operations have been disclosed, where the solution used in the operations includes an effective amount of a metal formate salt. The metal formate salt solutions have a low viscosity, have a high density, have a low metals corrosivity, are non-volatile, have a low solubility in hydrocarbons, are readily biodegradable, have a low toxicity, are non-hazardous, have a low environmental impact, have a freezing point depression property forming water/formate eutectic point mixtures, and have a water-structuring and water activity modification property.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for determining viscosity, surface tension and/or surface tension/viscosity ratio are presented. The methods use the measurement of liquid penetration rate in a test medium to evaluate liquid properties. In particular the methods and apparatuses can be used to determine the quality of frying or cooking oils in terms of polymer or polar compounds. The point of rejection of frying oils according to recommendations and legal limits can be determined. In one embodiment the time required for the oil to penetrate a given distance in a test strip is measured. The time is related to the above liquid (oil) properties and can be correlated to the amount of polymer and/or polar compounds in the oil sample.

Abstract: An underwater detection apparatus for detecting a presence of one or more bubbles within an aquatic environment includes a first structure including a lower peripheral edge for defining an area over which the apparatus is operable to collect the one or more bubbles, a second structure for spatially concentrating the one or more bubbles received within the area defined by the lower peripheral edge into a detection region, and a detection arrangement for detecting the one or more bubbles concentrated in operation by the bubble concentrating structure passing into the detection region and generating an output signal indicative of the one or more bubbles passing through the detection region. The apparatus is optionally mounted upon an aquatic remotely operated vehicle (ROV).

Abstract: Disclosed is a pressure-measuring plug for a combustion engine. An interconnection structure in the plug body electrically couples by means of a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) an electrical sensing element at one end of the plug body to connector terminals of the plug at the other end of the plug body. An elongated support structure fixates a part of the flexible PCB in the plug body to enable the flexible PCB to withstand automotive conditions and to facilitate during assembly to put the flexible PCB through the hollow plug body.

Abstract: An apparatus and a system is provided that may be utilized to determine air flow through an air filter and/or a plurality of air filters. The present invention utilizes a demonstration apparatus to illustrate the differences in air flow and air restriction between a plurality of different air filters and filtration media. The apparatus and system utilizes a common plenum which subjects the plurality of air filters to the same differential pressure. The air flows through a first side of the air filter and is measured on the second side of the air filter by utilizing a wind meter or similar device to gauge the amount of air flow velocity of the second side of the filter. Additionally, the apparatus and system utilizes a display means to illustrate the differing air velocity through the second side of the air filter.

Abstract: A method of diagnosing a cooling subsystem of an engine system in response a parameter extracted from dynamic hydraulic pressure sensed in the cooling subsystem, and products and systems using same.

Abstract: A method of monitoring catalyst performance may comprise applying a set of parameter readings for a given sample to a support vector machine to generate a classification output, clustering the set of parameter readings to reduce a number of support vectors, computing a total fuel mass following a deceleration fuel shut-off event and an exhaust gas oxygen sensor switch and indicating catalyst degradation based on the total fuel mass.

Abstract: A tyre changer, comprising: a mounting device for receiving at least a wheel rim of a wheel/tyre assembly, the mounting device having an axis (S), a load belt apparatus being able to contact a peripheral surface of the wheel/tyre assembly and to apply a predetermined force to the peripheral surface of the wheel/tyre assembly, a control device for controlling the predetermined force applied by the load belt apparatus during a rotation of the wheel/tyre assembly about the axis (S) of the mounting device and a sensor device for measuring force variations acting between the peripheral surface of the wheel/tyre assembly and the load belt apparatus, wherein supports of the load belt apparatus and of the mounting device are designed for a relative movement of the load belt apparatus and of the mounting device towards each other to apply the predetermined force to the peripheral surface of the wheel/tyre assembly.

Abstract: A tire shape inspection method executes the following steps: first, as a teaching operation step, boundary lines of the bulge and dent marks are detected in a sample source image of a sample tire, a mask image is generated which denotes the boundary lines, regions are removed from the sample source image which correspond to the boundary lines which are denoted in the mask image, and a height offset image is generated which represents the heights of the remaining regions with one or more offset values. Next, as an inspection operation step, the height offset image is subtracted from an inspection image of the inspection tire, the boundary regions which the mask image represents are removed, and, on the basis of the obtained bulge/dent removal image, shape defects of the sidewall surfaces of the inspection tire are inspected.

Abstract: A pressure response to low frequency harmonic pressure oscillations generated in a borehole by at least one oscillation source is registered by at least one acoustic sensor. A phase shift of stationary pressure oscillations registered by the acoustic sensor relatively to the low frequency harmonic pressure oscillations of the oscillation source and a ratio between an amplitude of the stationary pressure oscillations registered by the acoustic sensor and an amplitude of the low frequency harmonic pressure oscillations of the oscillation source are determined. A thickness of a mudcake is determined and based on the results a cake piezoconductivity or a fluid mobility or both are determined.

Abstract: Advanced remote self-contained chromatographic systems and techniques for analyzing a mixture comprising components having a wide range of boiling points. The chromatographic systems and techniques can utilize components and techniques that allow staged, simultaneous, and/or sequential vaporization of an analyte to facilitate rapid analysis. The chromatographic systems and techniques can also utilize components and techniques that focus eluents from a first separation stage prior to reduce characterization time in subsequent stages.

Abstract: A system configured for measuring and displaying air pressure or air speed at a given location, the system including a sensor module and a display module that receives sensor readings from the sensor module for display in human perceptible form.

Abstract: The design and manufacture method of a silicon mass flow sensor made with silicon Micromachining MEMS, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) process for applications of gas flow measurement with highly humidified or liquid vapors is disclosed in the present invention. The said silicon mass flow sensor operates with an embedded heater and an adjacent control temperature sensor beneath the integrated calorimetric and thermal dissipative sensing thermistors. When the condensation takes place at the surface of the said silicon mass flow sensor, the embedded heater shall be turned on to elevate the temperature of the supporting membrane or substrate for the sensing thermistors. The elevated temperature shall be adjusted to above the vaporization temperature with the feedback data of the adjacent temperature sensor such that the surface condensation due to the presence of the liquid vapors in a gas flow can be effectively eliminated.

Abstract: To provide a humidity detection device by which good accuracy in measurement is achieved even under severe environmental conditions, in the humidity detection device which includes an electronic circuit board 1 and a humidity detection element 2 mounted on one surface of the electronic circuit board and detects humidity in air by exposing to air the whole of the humidity detection element and a portion of the electronic circuit board, a plurality of heating resistors 3 are mounted on the same surface as the surface on which the humidity detection element is mounted, and the heating resistors are provided around the humidity detection element.

Abstract: To detect humidity, used are a first series connection circuit connecting a thermistor and a fixed resistor via a node, a second series connection circuit connecting a resistance change type humidity sensor and the thermistor via the node, and a third series connection circuit connecting the humidity sensor and the fixed resistor via the node. A predetermined voltage is applied across the first circuit to detect a first voltage indicating temperature through the node, and secondly across the second circuit to detect a second voltage indicating a first humidity through the node, and finally across the third circuit to detect a third voltage indicating a second humidity through the node. Then, the first voltage is compared with a reference voltage and judgment is made, based on a comparison result, to determine which of the second voltage and the third voltage is relevant to use as a basis for outputting the humidity as detected.

Abstract: The dynamic balance detecting device includes a platform, a pillar, a main shaft, a vibration sensor, a rotation sensor, a dynamic measuring tester, and a controller. The pillar is connected to the platform. The main shaft is positioned on the pillar for driving a rotor. The vibration sensor is positioned adjacent to the main shaft for detecting vibration amount of the main shaft. The rotation sensor is positioned adjacent to the main shaft and spaced from the vibration sensor for detecting a rotation of the main shaft. The dynamic measuring tester is positioned on the platform for receiving vibration data obtained by the vibration sensor and rotation data obtained by the rotation sensor in real time to analyze and determine whether dynamic balance of the rotor achieving as required, and calculates a dynamic balance regulating amount for the rotor.

Abstract: A method and a wearable device to sense a motion of a user may include a motion sensor configured to sense a motion signal from a motion of a user of the wearable device, and a processor configured to calculate a motion of the wearable device based on the motion signal and position related information from a neighbor wearable device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a gyro sensor driver and a pulse translation device used thereof. The gyro sensor driver, includes: a phase shifter that delays a signal output from an output terminal of a vibrating sensor to output a phase-shifted signal; a comparator that inverts a signal output from the phase shifter to output a clock signal; a reference voltage generator that generates and outputs reference voltage; and a pulse translator that receives the reference voltage output from the reference voltage generator and the clock signal output from the comparator to generate and output a signal of a predetermined pulse, thereby generating a desired driving signal with low current.

Abstract: Methods, structures, devices and systems are disclosed for implementing optomechanical sensors in various configurations by using two optically coupled optical resonators or cavities that can be move or deform relative to each other. The optical coupling between first and second optical cavities to produce an optical resonance that varies with a spacing between the first and second optical cavities and provide the basis for the optomechanical sensing. Compact and integrated optomechanical sensors can be constructed to provide sensitive measurements for a range of applications, including motion sensing and other sensing applications.

Abstract: A detection element has: first and second fixed parts; first and second vertical beams each connected at first and second ends to the first and second fixed parts, respectively; a horizontal beam connected at first and second ends to centers of the first and second vertical beams, respectively; and four arms each connected at a first end to the horizontal beam and having a weight formed on a second end. The first vertical beam has a first slit formed nearer the first fixed part with respect to its center, a second slit formed nearer the second fixed part with respect to its center, and a coupling portion between these slits. The second vertical beam has a third slit formed nearer the first fixed part with respect to its center, a fourth slit formed nearer the second fixed part with respect to its center, and a coupling portion between these slits.

Abstract: A micromechanical element (123a) having a plurality of individual sensor elements (1?a, 2?a, 3?a, 23a), wherein a first physical measurement variable can be measured with a first individual sensor element (1?a, 2?a, 3?a, 23a) and a second physical measurement variable can be measured with a second individual sensor element (1?a, 2?a, 3?a, 23a). A component is provided having at least one control electronics unit (1?b, 2?b, 3?b) which can be connected electrically to the micromechanical element (123a); wherein the micromechanical element (123a) and the control electronics unit (1?b, 2?b, 3?b) are arranged in a common housing (123c). A method for producing the component is further described.

Abstract: A three-dimensional microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structure includes a substrate and having a height extending outwardly from the substrate and a largest lateral dimension orthogonal to the height. The largest lateral dimension is smaller than the height. A transducing element is operatively connected to the hair-like core and embedded within, formed on an outer surface of, or disposed at a root of the hair-like core. The transducing element is to receive an electrical core signal or a non-electrical core signal conveyed by the hair-like core. The transducing element is to convert the non-electrical core signal to an electrical output signal, convert the electrical core signal to an electrical output signal in a different format, convert the non-electrical core signal to a different non-electrical output signal, or convert the electrical core signal to a non-electrical output signal.

Abstract: A z-axis micro-electro-mechanical detection structure, having a substrate defining a plane and a suspended mass carried by two anchorage elements. The suspended mass includes a translating mass, suspended over the substrate, mobile in a transverse direction to the plane and arranged between the anchorage elements and two tilting masses, each of which is supported by the anchorage elements through respective elastic anchorage elements so as to be able to rotate with respect to respective oscillation axes. The oscillation axes are parallel to each other to enable a translation movement of the translating mass. Fixed electrodes face at a distance the tilting masses or the translating mass so as to be able to detect displacement of the suspended mass as a result of external forces. Elastic supporting elements are arranged between the translating mass and the tilting masses to enable relative rotation between the translating mass and the tilting masses.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor includes a weight, a supporting portion arranged so as to face the weight, beams configured to be flexible and connect the weight and the supporting portion, and piezoresistive elements disposed at the beams, wherein the weight oscillates in a pendulum motion while using center portions of the beams as fulcrums.

Abstract: The adjustable voltage regulator under control of a microcontroller applies controlled amplitude voltage in the range of 5 to 9 VDC to the sensor transmitter to adjust the output amplitude of the transmitter. The adjustable amplitude transmitter allows an occupancy sensor to have its total output energy adjusted to reduce environmental noise-induced false triggering and to conform to the area to be covered. Lowering the total ultrasonic energy in the monitored space lowers the sensitivity of the receiver to inappropriate activations. Lowering the input power to the transmitter also lowers the total internal system noise and provides an improved signal to noise ratio in the receiver.

Abstract: A device for testing a vehicle includes at least one sound recording device, which is designed for recording the sound emitted by a vehicle to be tested, and an evaluation device, which is designed for evaluating the sound recorded by the at least one sound recording device. The device may include at least one image recording device, which is designed for recording at least one image of the vehicle to be tested, and a display device which is designed for representing the source(s) of the recorded sound in at least one image of the vehicle to be tested.

Abstract: Systems and methods which determine geologic properties using acoustic analysis are shown. Acoustic signals are collected during processing (e.g., crushing, shearing, striking, compressing, etc.) of geologic media, such as rock samples, for determining geologic properties according to embodiments. The acoustic signals collected may include frequency information, amplitude information, time information, etc. which may be utilized in determining geologic properties, such as geologic media properties (e.g., mineralogy, porosity, permeability, sealing capacity, fracability, compressive strength, compressibility, Poisson's Ratio, Youngs Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Shear Modulus), geologic structure properties (e.g., lithology, seal quality, reservoir quality), geologic acoustic properties (e.g., acoustic logging effectiveness, acoustic response, natural or harmonic frequencies, etc.).

Abstract: An ultrasonic inspection device includes: a vibration generating section that irradiates laser beam onto a first member to generate ultrasonic vibration; a detecting section that detects the ultrasonic vibration propagated from the first to a second members via a welded portion; and an analyzing section that analyzes the propagated ultrasonic vibration detected by the detecting section. The analyzing section obtains at least one of frequency and wavelength of the ultrasonic vibration detected by the detecting section upon when a displacement in the second member in a thickness direction becomes maximum. The analyzing section obtains a cross sectional dimension of the welded portion from a correlated relationship of the cross sectional dimension of the welded portion obtained in advance at a position on a surface of the second member on the first member side and the at least one of the frequency and wavelength of the ultrasonic vibration.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present disclosure is a phased array system configured to ultrasonically inspect test targets complex surfaces while employing the surface profiling capability of phased-array linear and sectorial scans. Adaptive focusing is employed for inspecting the test target by using customized apertures according to the surface profiles to generate a plurality of beams that are evenly and thoroughly spaced along a scan line inside the test target.

Abstract: Ultrasonic bolt inspection apparatus and methods facilitate in situ as well as bench non-destructive evaluation (NDE) inspection of fastening bolt distal ends and their mating nuts. The apparatus is coupled to an exposed end of a fastener bolt head, its exposed thread tip or to a mating nut. The apparatus retains a phased array ultrasonic probe that generates inspection scan data and a rotational position encoder that generates rotational position data. The probe is coupled to an ultrasonic inspection system analyzer, which converts scan data into inspection data that characterizes possible defects in the inspected bolt. A system controller is coupled to the analyzer and the rotational position encoder, correlating rotation position data and inspection data, in order to identify location and characteristics of possible defects in the inspected bolt end.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting an empty crate that is transported on a transport device includes an inspection device having a pulse generator, a processor, a sensor, and an uncoupling device. Prior to inspection, the uncoupling device uncouples the empty crate from the transport device. The pulse generator then excites vibrations in the empty crate, which the sensor receives and passes to a processor for analysis.

Abstract: Provided is a measuring apparatus capable of measuring a vibration amount weighted with characteristics of vibration transmission to a human ear and capable of evaluating correctly an electronic device having a vibrator. A measuring apparatus 10 configured to evaluate an electronic device 100 that transmits vibration sound to a human ear by pressing a vibrator 102 held in a housing 101 thereto, including an ear simulator 50 that mimics a human ear, and a vibration detection unit 55 disposed on a periphery 52 of an artificial ear canal 53 formed in the ear simulator 50.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a representation of a volume acceleration of a seismic vibrator. The method includes determining a signature of the seismic vibrator based at least in part on the representation of the volume acceleration.

Abstract: A workfunction modulation-based sensor comprising a field-effect transistor (FET). The FET comprises a substrate, a gate dielectric, a metal gate, a source, a drain, and a layer of sensing material that is electrically connected to the metal gate. An electrical connection that connects to the source of the FET. An electrical connection that connects to the drain of the FET. An electrical connection that connects to the layer of sensing material. An environment that includes an adsorbate gas surrounding, at least a portion of, the layer of sensing material. Wherein the sensing material is adapted to adsorb, at least in part, the adsorbate gas. The amount of adsorbate gas adsorbed on the layer of sensing material modulates the workfunction of the FET such that the degree of adsorbate gas adsorption corresponds to one of the temperature or pressure associated with the environment of the FET.

Abstract: A threaded member has an axial direction. A thread is formed on the threaded member in the axial direction. At least one receiving recess is formed on a circumferential surface of the thread of the threaded member. At least one sensor member is disposed in the receiving recess for detecting tension applied to the threaded member in the axial direction. When a tightened article is tightened by the threaded member, an extension force/tension is applied to the threaded member in the axial direction. The sensor member is positioned in adjacency to the thread of the threaded member so that the sensor member can precisely detect the extension extent of the threaded member for precisely obtaining the tightening force applied to the threaded member.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a substrate, a semiconductor substrate, an insulating gate field-effect transistor, and a strain gauge unit. The semiconductor substrate is placed on the substrate and has first and second regions. The insulating gate field-effect transistor is provided in the first region of the semiconductor substrate. The strain gauge unit has a long metal resistor, a first insulating film and a second insulating film. The long metal resistor is provided inside of an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second region of the semiconductor substrate. The first insulating film is provided between the semiconductor substrate and the metal resistor and extends up to the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate. The second insulating film is provided above the first insulating film across the metal resistor.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the corrosion-fatigue life of a steel material includes: bringing a corrosive medium into contact with a predetermined portion of the steel material; measuring strain on the steel material while applying cyclic loads to the steel material; measuring an N-th strain index from strain amplitude at the number of initial load applications and strain amplitude at the N-th load application (N is a natural number larger than the number of initial load applications); and estimating the corrosion-fatigue life of the steel material by comparing the N-th strain index with a previously certified life strain index.

Abstract: A device, method, and system are provided for monitoring the delivery of fluids through a drip chamber. The device includes an electromagnetic radiation (EMR) source and an EMR detector. A device body is employed to position the source and detector about the drip chamber so that the source and detector define an optical path across the drip chamber. A processor device is employed to detect fluid drops from differences between detector signal values separated by a lag time. The flow rate is determined from a drip factor and the detection of multiple drops. In the context of delivering intravenous (IV) fluids, a battery powered handheld monitoring device that includes the source, detector, device body, and processor device may be affixed to a drip chamber included in an infusion set. The device includes a user interface, including buttons, a display, and an audio speaker, for the input and output of information.

Abstract: A torque measuring system is provided in a vehicle transmission including a clutch assembly having a two part, rotatable torque transmitting member, the two pans of the member being angularly movable relative to one another against the compression of at least one damper spring pack, and an actuator with a non rotatable cylinder for controlling the clutch. A device for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged to irradiate the damper spring pack in order to receive a reflected modulation signal proportional to the current resonance frequency of the damper spring pack, and where the modulation signal is arranged to be converted to a torque value by a signal processing device, which torque value corresponds to the actual torque over the clutch.