Abstract: A system and methods for dynamic routing under extreme cognitive jamming environments are presented. Jammer signals emitted by a network protocol-aware cognitive jammer are scanned for at a router node in an ad-hoc wireless network, and jammer behaviors are detected based on signal characteristics of the jammer signals. A network dynamic pattern caused by the network protocol-aware cognitive jammer is classified based on the detected jammer behaviors observed over a period of time, and dynamic routing strategies of the first router node are adapted to achieve robust data delivery based on the network behavioral pattern. Data packets sent by the router node are routed to avoid nodes and routes that are affected by the jammer signals.

Abstract: An AIS management table 14 is storing entries having, as fields, an input port connected to a section, a section endpoint serving as an input destination, a path over which an AIS frame is to be output, and an output port connected to a section. When a failure is detected in a section, an AIS processing unit 19 searches an AIS management table 14 using, as a key, an input port or section endpoint involved in the location of the failure, inserts retrieved path information into an AIS frame for failure detection, and determines that a retrieved output port is the output destination of the AIS frame. A frame transfer unit 12 receives the AIS frame and information about the output port from the AIS processing unit 19 and transmits the AIS frame from the output port to an adjacent section.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein provide redundant connectivity between an Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching (EAPS) access network and a Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) network. A first VPLS node is provided to function as an EAPS controller node. A second VPLS node is provided to function as an EAPS partner node. The first and second VPLS nodes are linked by a pseudowire and an EAPS shared-link. Additional EAPS nodes are also provided. The additional EAPS nodes are linked to each other and one of the additional EAPS nodes is designated as a master node. Links are also established between the VPLS nodes and the EAPS nodes such that one or more EAPS rings are formed. Each EAPS ring includes the shared-link between the first and second VPLS nodes. The EAPS rings are monitored to detect link failures.

Abstract: There is provided an improved redundancy method for a communication network. The invention is based on the insight that a hitless failover can be performed by at the receiving node using a single common indexed play-out buffer in which a selective reconstruction of the transported data stream utilizing individual pieces, i.e. frames or packages, of a data stream received over multiple links is performed.

Abstract: A communication device includes a communication unit that has a plurality of ports and relays data in accordance with a setting status of a plurality of VLANs; a status information management unit that manages, for each of the ports, status information that indicates whether or not the port is currently used by each of the VLANs; and an SNMP processing unit that receives a request, on a port-by-port basis, for the status information in accordance with an SNMP, obtains the status information, on a port-by-port basis, from the status information management unit, and sends the obtained status information to another device in accordance with the SNMP.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatus and computer program products for throttling unattended applications at user devices (e.g., in an effort to limit transmission resource consumption by a user equipment (UE)). According to an aspect, the UE may receive an indication to restrict (throttle down) flow for traffic that appears to be unattended by a user. The UE may determine if a particular application is subject to flow restriction; and restrict flow of uplink traffic generated by the application, if the application is subject to flow restriction. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bandwidth managing unit (200) configured to manage unidirectional data transfers of data to mobile user entities (100) in a mobile communications network (300), the bandwidth managing unit comprising:—a data transfer detecting unit configured to receive data transfer requests of the mobile user entities (100) in the mobile communications network, each data transfer request requesting a unidirectional transfer of data from a content provider,—a network condition determining unit (220) configured to determine data transfer conditions in the mobile communications network (300) for the different data transfers to the corresponding mobile user entities (100),—a data transfer scheduler (270) configured to determine, for each detected data transfer request, a point in time when the requested data transfer should be initiated, taking into account the data transfer conditions in the mobile communications network (300) for the data transfer to the corresponding mobile user entity (100

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for setting up a session at a high speed in a WLAN system or a LAN LTE system. A method for a station (STA) setting up a link at a high speed in a wireless communication system, according to one embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of: transmitting a request frame comprising information related to bandwidth requested by the STA to an access point (AP); and receiving from the AP a response frame, which is decided on the basis of the information related to the bandwidth that is requested, comprising information indicating whether to accommodate the request.

Abstract: A radio communication apparatus is disclosed that increases the speed of arrival-guaranteed data communication with another radio communication apparatus. The radio communication apparatus includes a MAC layer section and a protocol adaptation layer (PAL) section located higher than the MAC layer. The protocol adaptation layer section indicates, to the other radio communication apparatus, a virtual value greater than an actual size of a receiving buffer memory shared with the MAC layer, before starting reception of data. The protocol adaptation layer section writes the data received from the other radio communication apparatus and stored, to a data storage section from the receiving buffer memory. The protocol adaptation layer section generates a PAL acknowledgment and transmits the acknowledgment to the other radio communication apparatus when a total size of the written data reaches the virtual value.

Abstract: A wireless communication device and a method for adjusting a maximum number of accesses thereby are provided. The wireless communication device comprises a network speed providing module and a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access number control module, wherein the network speed providing module is configured to provide a speed at a network side to a WLAN side; and the WLAN access number control module is configured to adjust a maximum number of accesses of a WLAN according to the speed at the network side provided by the network speed providing module. Through the disclosure, communication quality is ensured for an Internet user by adjusting a maximum number of user accesses of Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi); and when the network gets worse, the access of an excess user is not allowed or some users are removed according to a user rule.

Abstract: A network gateway comprises a buffer and a transmission module that is configured to transmit packets of a data stream from a source device to a user device via a network medium. The packets of the data stream are received from the source device by an uplink connection between the source device and the gateway, the packets are temporarily stored in the buffer and the packets are transmitted from the buffer to the user device by a downlink connection between the user device and the gateway, such that the downlink connection depends on the uplink connection. Furthermore, the network gateway comprises a protection module that is configured to provide a protection of the uplink connection, wherein access to the network medium is reserved for the packets of the data stream of the uplink connection.

Abstract: A system for a mobile wireless device to receive and display a video stream while preventing overflow or starvation of a receive buffer of the mobile wireless device by requesting changes to video streaming or encoding rates of a video streaming device and by controlling a video playback frame rate is provided. A current receive buffer level of the mobile wireless device is used to make comparisons with several thresholds, the results of which are used to trigger actions.

Abstract: A communication device configured to perform a load balancing procedure in response to a mobility management entity being overloaded and/or shut down. The base station can be configured to generate a radio resource control (RRC) Connection Reject message including a load balancing clause. The communication device can be configured to initiate a load balancing procedure based on the RRC Connection Reject message. The communication device can also be considered to initiate a load balancing procedure after a predetermined wait time has expired and/or after a predetermined number of received RRC Connection Reject messages.

Abstract: A method is provided for transfer of content-related data of an Over-the-top (OTT) provider to a telecommunications device using a telecommunications network. The method includes: receiving, by the OTT provider, a request for content-related data; transmitting the content-related data of the OTT provider to a content delivery interface device of the telecommunications network; and transmitting the content-related data of the OTT provider to a content delivery functionality of the telecommunications network and transmitting the content-related data of the OTT provider from the content delivery functionality of the telecommunications network to the telecommunications device at a predetermined time or in a predetermined time interval. The telecommunications network includes a radio interface and a further radio interface for transmission of the content-related data of the OTT.

Abstract: A multi-antenna base station (16) is configured to transmit a plurality of common pilot channels. The base station (16) obtains information that indicates when the base station (16) is to gate the transmission of a subset of the common pilot channels. The base station (16) also receives from a wireless device (12) a channel state information (CSI) report for a current reporting period. This CSI report was generated by the wireless device (12) based on one or more measurements of one or more of the common pilot channels. The base station (16) notably also determines based on the obtained information and for each of the measurements, whether the base station (16) gated the transmission of the subset when that measurement was performed. Then, depending on that determination, the base station (16) selectively performs data transmission scheduling at the base station (16) based on one or more CSI reports received from the wireless device (12) for one or more previous reporting periods.

Abstract: A method for providing resilient load balancing in a system comprising a first processing unit, a second processing unit, a first active load balancer and a second active load balancer is disclosed. A first set of packet flows may be mapped to the first active load balancer and a second set of packet flows may be mapped to the second active load balancer. The first set of packet flows may include a first packet flow.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for load balancing across member ports for traffic egressing out of a port channel are provided herein. An example method according to one implementation may include: assigning a quantized value based on current load to each of the network ports in the port channel; receiving a data packet addressed to egress through the port channel; identifying a traffic flow with which the received data packet is associated; determining whether the identified traffic flow is a new traffic flow; and selecting one of the network ports in the port channel as an egress port. Selection of the egress port may be weighted according to the quantized value of each of the network ports in the port channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing a lookup in a switching device of a packet switched network where the lookup includes a plurality of distinct operations each of which returns a result that includes a pointer to a next operation in a sequence of operations for the lookup. The method includes determining a first lookup operation to be executed, executing the first lookup operation including returning a result and determining if the result includes a pointer to another lookup operation in the sequence of operations. If the result includes a pointer to another lookup operation, the lookup operation indicated by the result is executed. Else, the lookup is terminated.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for providing on-demand quality of service guarantees in a wireless network environment. The system determines an on-demand quality of service for a segment of a communication path between a user equipment communicating with a radio access network connected to a core network and an external network connected to the core network. The system then determines if the on-demand quality of service for the segment meets a quality of service requirement. If the on-demand quality of service for the segment does not meet the quality of service requirement, the system identifies an alternate communication path between the user equipment and the external network, wherein the alternate communication path differs from the communication path. The system can then setup the alternate communication path for traffic between the user equipment and the external network.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interface system having at least one input port configured for receiving frames and a logic system comprising at least one logic device. The logic system may be configured to perform the following functions: determining a source address and a destination address of a frame received at an ingress port; calculating a flow hash based at least upon the source address and the destination address; forming a congestion management (“CM”) tag that includes the flow hash; inserting the CM tag in the frame; and forwarding the frame to the destination address.

Abstract: The ensuring of predictable and quantifiable networking performance. Embodiments of the invention combine a congestion free network core with a hypervisor based (i.e., edge-based) throttling design to help insure quantitative and invariable subscription bandwidth rates. A lightweight shim layer in a hypervisor can adaptively throttle the rate of VM-to-VM traffic flow. A receiving hypervisor can detect congestion and communicate back to sending hypervisors that rates are to be regulated. In response, sending hypervisors can reduce transmission rate to mitigate congestion at the receiving hypervisor. In some embodiments, the principles are extended to any message processors communicating over a congestion free network.

Abstract: A bandwidth management system includes a plurality of queues respectively corresponding to a plurality of zones. An enqueuing module receives network traffic from one or more incoming network interfaces, determines a belonging zone to which the network traffic belongs, and enqueues the network traffic on a queue corresponding to the belonging zone. A dequeuing module selectively dequeues data from the queues and passes the data to one or more outgoing network interfaces. When dequeuing data from the queues the dequeuing module dequeues an amount of data from a selected queue, and the amount of data dequeued from the selected queue is determined according to user load of a zone to which the selected queue corresponds.

Abstract: A network system includes: a plurality of node devices including a first node device and a second node device; and a verification node device that has a higher processing capacity than the plurality of node devices. The verification node device transmits a first packet including an identifier indicating the verification node device. The first node device receives a second packet from another node device out of the plurality of node devices, and determines, based on a destination of the second packet, reception of a packet from the second node device, and reception of the first packet, a transmission destination of a third packet that corresponds to reception of the second packet, from among the second node device and the verification node device. And, the verification node device verifies the third packet in a case of receiving the third packet.

Abstract: Provided is a method of performing communication by using a plurality of network interfaces mounted on a communication terminal apparatus. The method includes allocating different Internet protocol (IP) addresses corresponding to the plurality of network interfaces to a plurality of applications of the communication terminal apparatus, relaying data transmitted or received between the plurality of applications and the plurality of network interfaces based on the allocated IP addresses, and simultaneously performing communication with an external network by the plurality of network interfaces through the relaying of the data.

Abstract: A method in a router for participating in computation of a constraint-based label switched path (LSP) that spans a plurality of areas to reach a destination is described. The method comprises computing a path segment that meets a set of one or more constraints to at least one border router of the first area, transmitting a path computation request message to a path computation element in a second one of the plurality of areas, receiving a path computation reply message from the path computation element, and stitching at least one of the set of computed path segments that are specified in the path computation reply message with the path segment computed by the router to form at least part of the constraint-based LSP.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method including the steps of: establishing at least one policy in a centralized policy management framework (PMF), wherein the policy includes at least one policy condition; monitoring data traffic; determining if the data traffic at least substantially meets one of the policy conditions; sending a trigger to the PMF, if at least one of the policy conditions is at least substantially met; generating an enforcement decision at the PMF, wherein the enforcement decision includes at least one enforcement action; sending the enforcement decision to an enforcement function; and enforcing the enforcement decision. A system for realizing this method is also provided.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a non-transitory computer readable medium for configuring a noise floor of a network device based on the detection of a non-Wi-Fi signal is described. One embodiment of the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises instructions that detect a non-Wi-Fi signal, determine a noise floor based on at least one attribute of the non-Wi-Fi signal and configure the noise floor of the network device such that the network device receives signals with a signal strength above the noise floor value.

Abstract: A wireless communication system comprises: a setting notifying means for notifying, to a radio terminal, setting information related to at least one of the radio terminal's collection of measurement information and the radio terminal's reporting of the measurement information to a radio network; a status notifying means for notifying, to the radio network, a status related to at least one of the radio terminal's collection of the measurement information and the radio terminal's reporting of the measurement information; and a re-establishing means for receiving the status and determining whether to re-establish the setting information.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for determining a VXLAN data path failure are provided. In an embodiment, a first data packet comprising an echo request is generated at an originating tunnel end point device in a network. The echo request includes a VXLAN network identifier (VNI) associated with a selected VXLAN segment. A second data packet is generated comprising a header having a format associated with a VXLAN technology, the header comprising a network identifier portion including the VXLAN network identifier (VNI). The first data packet is encapsulated in the second data packet, and the second data packet is transmitted via the selected VXLAN segment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preserving packet ordering in a multi-path network having a plurality of network elements interconnected by network links wherein for each data packet arriving at an egress port of the multi-path network, a delivery acknowledgement is issued by the egress port and is transmitted across the network following in reverse the path taken by the data packet being acknowledged, and wherein the state of each link in the path taken by the data packet being acknowledged is updated by the acknowledgement.

Abstract: One or more devices may receive information that identifies a format of an identifier of a network device. The format of the identifier may indicate a portion of the identifier that identifies a type of the network device. The one or more devices may receive the identifier of the network device based on a user device connecting with the network device to communicate via the network device; determine the type of the network device connected to the user device based on the portion of the identifier and a format of the identifier that identifies the type of network device; and execute a processing instruction based on the type of network device connected to the user device.

Abstract: A method in a communication terminal for measuring one or more measurement quantities, wherein the measurement quantities correspond to a measurement identity, the method comprising: determining whether measurement of the measurement quantities can be performed in a first measurement occasion corresponding to the measurement identity; and if measurement of the measurement quantities cannot be performed in the first measurement occasion, measuring the measurement quantities using one or more other measurement occasions, wherein the one or more of the other measurement occasions correspond to at least one other measurement identity.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods of improving call performance by enabling/continuing uplink transmissions during poor downlink radio conditions. The apparatus and methods further include monitoring, by a user equipment (UE), downlink (DL) signal conditions associated with a serving Node B. Moreover, the apparatus and methods include triggering an out-of-sync state upon a determination that the DL signal conditions have degraded beyond a DL signal quality threshold. Additionally, the apparatus and methods include delaying turning off of a power amplifier (PA) associated with transmission of uplink (UL) messages for a call performance improvement threshold time duration.

Abstract: It is provided a user equipment, including mode switching means adapted to switch, autonomously or based on a command from a base station of a communication system to which the user equipment belongs, the user equipment into a low data rate mode; measuring means adapted to measure a downlink reference signal received on a downlink from the base station; feedback preparing means adapted to prepare a feedback based on the measurement by the measuring means; encoding means adapted to encode the feedback, thus obtaining encoded data; modulating means adapted to modulate the encoded data; and providing means adapted to provide the modulated encoded data for being sent on the uplink at a predetermined time after the downlink reference signal was received, if the user equipment is in the low data rate mode.

Abstract: A small cell communication system and an operating method thereof are provided. The small cell communication system comprises a base station and a mobile device. The base station is configured to determine a reference signal pattern from a plurality of reference signal patterns, determine a physical resource block (PRB) bundling size corresponding to the reference signal pattern and transmit a signal with the PRB bundling size and the reference signal pattern. The mobile device is configured to receive the signal and perform channel estimation according to the PRB bundling size and the reference signal pattern. The operating method is applied to the small cell communication system to implement the aforesaid operations.

Abstract: A device and a method of collecting information about access points in a wireless telecommunication system, for example RSS fingerprints in a Wi-Fi network, are disclosed. Information can be collected automatically along a user's path, using a mobile terminal. The mobile terminal is provided with display means for displaying the zone in which the mobile terminal moves around. The mobile terminal also includes pointing means to point at a location on a map. When the user is positioned at the location pointed at by the pointing means, the user can validates the user's position using validation means. Information collected along the path and coordinates of each validated position are time-stamped using a clock in the mobile terminal.

Abstract: A radio base station capable of communication in a first radio system and a second radio system includes an estimation unit arranged to measure information transmitted from a mobile station and estimate a propagation condition between the mobile station and the radio base station when transition from the second radio system to the first radio system is requested; and a determination unit arranged to determine whether measurement of a radio wave is needed upon transition by the mobile station from the second radio system to the first radio system based on the propagation condition estimated by the estimation unit.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for allowing a terminal to measure at least one or more transmission points among a first transmission point and a second transmission point, which are neighboring cells, in a wireless communication system, and the measurement method comprises the steps of: measuring a reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) in a predetermined resource of a subframe; and measuring reference signal received quality (RSRQ) from said RSSI and reference signal received power (RSRP), wherein said predetermined resource is associated with the setting of an almost blank subframe (ABS) of said first transmission point for said subframe.

Abstract: A mobile station device that communicates with a base station device. The mobile communication receives, from the base station device, a control signal for permitting the mobile station device to perform monitoring neighboring cell. The mobile station device also generates a gap based on one length of plural lengths, the gap being used in the monitoring, the one length corresponding to a measurement type of a neighboring cell according to a predetermined rule, the plural lengths being common with the base station, and the predetermine rule being common with the base station.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a MIMO mode configuration method and a communication device, which relate to the field of communications, and are capable of reducing mutual channel interference when users in neighboring cells and on the same channel perform transmission by using configured MIMO mode, thereby improving system performance. The method includes: calculating, under each predetermined MIMO mode combination in a cluster, throughput or an amount of interference of the cluster; and setting, in a predetermined MIMO mode combination corresponding to maximum throughput or a minimum amount of interference of the cluster, a predetermined MIMO mode of each user in the cluster to an actual MIMO mode of the user. The embodiments of the present invention are applied to MIMO mode configuration for a user in a cell.

Abstract: A wireless communication device includes, in part, an analog interference cancellation circuit and a controller. The analog cancellation circuit includes a multitude of delay paths each including a delay element and a variable attenuator. The controller dynamically varies the attenuation level of each of the variable attenuators in accordance with the frequency response characteristic of that attenuator to remove a portion of a self-interference signal present in a signal received by the device. The device measures the frequency response characteristic of the communication channel, used in determining the attenuation levels, via one or more preamble symbols. A second portion of the self-interference signal is removed by the device using a multitude of samples of a transmitted signal and a multitude of samples of a signal to be transmitted.

Abstract: Techniques for estimating and reporting channel quality indicator (CQI) are disclosed. Neighboring base stations may cause strong interference to one another and may be allocated different resources, e.g., different subframes. A UE may observe different levels of interference on different resources. In an aspect, the UE may determine a CQI for resources allocated to a base station and having reduced or no interference from at least one interfering base station. In another aspect, the UE may determine multiple CQI for resources of different types and associated with different interference levels. For example, the UE may determine a first CQI based on at least one first subframe allocated to the base station and having reduced or no interference from the interfering base station(s). The UE may determine a second CQI based on at least one second subframe allocated to the interfering base station(s).

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate managing interaction between paging and discontinuous reception (DRX) cycles for users operating in a communication system. As described herein, a connected mode user having an associated DRX cycle can modify its schedule for paging reception to minimize unnecessary periods of activity. For example, a user can initially schedule monitoring of paging occasions that coincide with periods of activity associated with the DRX cycle of the user. If such paging occasions are not sufficient to reach a minimum required number of monitored paging occasions, additional paging occasions can be monitored as needed by scheduling additional periods of activity and/or extending periods of activity specified in the DRX cycle. Additionally or alternatively, a network can synchronize a connected mode DRX cycle associated with a user with an idle mode paging cycle for the user, thereby providing power and performance benefits with low complexity.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for Internet Protocol (IP) transit is described. Embodiments include a platform for routing IP traffic in real time from at least one network user to a plurality of internet links. Embodiments further include assigning different ranks to different internet links based on network monitoring.In one embodiment, a system for routing internet traffic includes an internet route optimizer to generate routing instructions for incoming data packets using financial costs of routing data packets on the internet links, the traffic condition information corresponding to the internet links, and the types of data of the incoming data packets. In another embodiment, a method to generate a routing instruction to route an internet data packet uses financial costs of routing data packets on the internet links serving the end destination, traffic condition information of the internet links serving the end destination, and the type of data of the incoming data packet.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a layer-3 forwarding device. The layer-3 forwarding device includes a processor and a computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium stores instructions which when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform a method. The method comprises determining whether the layer-3 forwarding device is a leaf layer-3 forwarding device of a multicast distribution tree of a multicast group in a routed network based on a multicast topology discovery message from a root layer-3 forwarding device of the multicast distribution tree. If the layer-3 forwarding device is the leaf layer-3 forwarding device, the method comprises constructing a multicast topology report message. This multicast topology report message includes topology information of the multicast group in the routed network associated with the layer-3 forwarding device.

Abstract: In this invention, we disclose methods directed toward integrating an ad hoc cellular network into a fixed cellular network. The methods disclosed herein automate the creation and integration of these networks. In additional embodiments, we disclose methods for establishing a stand-alone, ad hoc cellular network. In either of these implementations, we integrate or establish an ad hoc cellular network using mobile ad hoc cellular base stations configured to transmit and receive over a variety of frequencies, protocols, and duplexing schemes. The methods flexibly and dynamically choose an access or backhaul configuration and radio characteristics to optimize network performance. Additional embodiments provide for enhancing an existing network's coverage as needed, establishing a local network in the event of a loss of backhaul coverage to the core network, and providing local wireless access service within the ad hoc cellular network.

Abstract: In this invention, we disclose methods directed toward integrating an ad hoc cellular network into a fixed cellular network. The methods disclosed herein automate the creation and integration of these networks. In additional embodiments, we disclose methods for establishing a stand-alone, ad hoc cellular network. In either of these implementations, we integrate or establish an ad hoc cellular network using mobile ad hoc cellular base stations configured to transmit and receive over a variety of frequencies, protocols, and duplexing schemes. The methods flexibly and dynamically choose an access or backhaul configuration and radio characteristics to optimize network performance. Additional embodiments provide for enhancing an existing network's coverage as needed, establishing a local network in the event of a loss of backhaul coverage to the core network, and providing local wireless access service within the ad hoc cellular network.

Abstract: A system and method of infrastructure service discovery is disclosed. In a particular embodiment, a method includes generating a service query message at a mobile station. The method also includes sending the service query message to an advertisement server via an uncontrolled port.

Abstract: A relay station 200 constructs an infrastructure wireless network 200L. A printing device 100 requests new participation in the wireless network 200L. When preset conditions are satisfied, for example, when the user has pressed a push button 201 provided on the relay station 200, the relay station 200 establishes temporary wireless communication with the printing device 100 and changes an SSID of the printing device 100 to an SSID of the relay station 200. In this manner, this arrangement readily changes the configuration information of the printing device 100.

Abstract: A first provider edge (PE) device is configured to: receive a Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) MAC Flush message from a PE device via an input port; flush a routing table in response to the LDP MAC Flush message; determine whether the LDP MAC Flush message comprises a PE identifier corresponding to the PE device; generate a Topology Change Notification (TCN) message based on the LDP MAC Flush message when the LDP MAC Flush message comprises the PE identifier corresponding to the PE device; and output the TCN message.