Abstract: A composition and method required for providing a fracturing fluid pumped down a well bore and into a subterranean formation under conditions of pressure that will fracture the subterranean formation is described. More specifically, the composition increases the recovery of hydrocarbons from a geological formation penetrated by a well bore, wherein the composition includes a fracturing fluid that is liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) with proppant to aid transport of the proppant in suspension, and thereby create a fracture using a fracturing fluid which is the thickened composition containing fumed silica.

Abstract: Fluids comprising elongated nanoparticles and methods of using the fluids in treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore are disclosed.

Abstract: A smooth bore toe valve includes a first sub defining a through bore and a fluid flow path through a wall thereof; a second sub; a housing mechanically engaged with the first and second subs to define a valve cavity axially between the first and second subs and to define a chamber radially between the first and second subs and the housing, the housing further defining a plurality of openings in a wall thereof; and a sleeve disposed within the chamber between the housing and the first and second subs to close the openings and, upon application of fluid pressure horn the through bore through the fluid this path, open the openings to fluid flow from the valve cavity to the exterior of the housing. A method for using such a valve is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising preparing a wellbore servicing fluid comprising a sealant material, helical fibers and a base fluid, placing the wellbore servicing fluid in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation, and allowing the wellbore servicing fluid to set therein.

Abstract: A variety of methods and compositions are disclosed, including, in one embodiment, a method of cementing in a subterranean formation, comprising: providing a set-delayed cement composition comprising water, pumice, hydrated lime, and a set retarder; activating the set-delayed cement composition; introducing the set-delayed cement composition into a subterranean formation; and allowing the set-delayed cement composition to set in the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A treatment fluid and method for simultaneously swelling an oil-swellable elastomer and breaking a filtercake in a well. The treatment fluid includes an emulsion comprising: (i) a continuous oil phase, wherein the oil phase comprises: (a) an oil; and (b) an emulsifier; and (ii) an internal aqueous phase, wherein the aqueous phase comprises: (a) water; and (b) a water-soluble hydrolyzable ester of a carboxylic acid; wherein the emulsion is stable to hydrolysis of the water-soluble hydrolyzable ester of the carboxylic acid. A method of treating a well includes the steps of: (A) forming the treatment fluid; and (B) introducing the treatment fluid into the portion of the wellbore, wherein: (i) a filtercake has been previously formed in the portion of the wellbore, wherein the filtercake comprises an acid-soluble or an acid-degradable material; and (ii) an oil-swellable elastomer has been previously deposited or positioned in the portion of the wellbore.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a punching tool for providing a hole or a dimple in a metal casing in a borehole. The punching tool comprises a tool body having an axial extension, and a punching unit connected with the tool body comprising: a fluid inlet, a punch movable between a retracted and a projected position and extending substantially radially in relation to the axial extension, and at least one hydraulic punch cylinder moving the punch between the retracted and the projected position. The present invention further relates to a method for providing a hole or a dimple in a metal casing downhole and to a method for installing a plug in an existing hole in the casing downhole.

Abstract: A method for heating a production fluid in a wellbore. The method can include heating, using a packer fluid, a working fluid flowing through a first medium disposed in a first section of the wellbore, where the first medium transfers heat from the packer fluid to the working fluid. The method can also include circulating the working fluid into a second section of the wellbore through a second medium, where the second medium transfers heat from the working fluid to the production fluid. The method can further include returning the working fluid to the first section of the wellbore through the first medium.

Abstract: A solid chemical delivery system for delivering chemicals to an underground formation. The solid chemical is formed by dehydrating a silicate to form anhydrous silicate. Well chemicals are then introduced to the silica and form a tablet or pelletized chemical. The pelletized solid chemical is then delivered to the underground formation through the well bore with a proppant and fracturing fluid. This allows the well treatment chemicals to be released over time.

Abstract: A process for treating oilfield waste water includes combining oilfield waste water and a biocide comprising hydrogen peroxide, the biocide being present in an amount effective to decrease a number density of bacteria in the oilfield waste water. A process for treating oilfield waste water includes measuring an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of oilfield waste water; combining the oilfield waste water and an oxidizer in an amount to adjust the ORP of the oilfield waste water to be greater than or equal to a first ORP value; and adding a biocide comprising hydrogen peroxide to the oilfield waste water to adjust the ORP of the oilfield waste water to be greater than or equal to a second ORP value, to treat the oilfield waste water, the second ORP value being greater than the first ORP value.

Abstract: A method for reducing sulfide in oilfield waste water includes contacting oilfield waste water with an oxidizer in the presence of an iron catalyst. The oilfield waste water includes sulfide that is oxidized to sulfate while avoiding formation of a colloidal or bulk sulfur precipitate. A method for recycling oilfield waste water includes contacting oilfield waste water with an oxidizer in the presence of an iron catalyst, the oilfield waste water comprising sulfide; oxidizing the sulfide to sulfate; avoiding formation of a colloidal sulfur precipitate, a bulk sulfur precipitate, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; clarifying the oilfield waste water by contacting the oilfield waste water with a flocculant to form an aggregate precipitate; separating the aggregate precipitate from the oilfield waste water to form a recycled water; combining an additive with the recycled water; and disposing the recycled water in a downhole environment.

Abstract: Process for the removal of CO2 from a gas comprising CO2, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting the gas in an absorber (102) with an aqueous solution of one or more carbonate compounds in the presence of an accelerator, thereby reacting at least part of the CO2 to form a bicarbonate compound, under conditions such that at least a part of the bicarbonate compound formed precipitates, forming a bicarbonate slurry; (b) subjecting at least part of the bicarbonate slurry to a concentration step (105) to obtain the aqueous solution and a concentrated bicarbonate slurry, wherein the concentrated bicarbonate slurry comprises in the range of from 10 to 60 wt % of bicarbonate compounds; (c) returning at least part of the aqueous solution to the absorber; (d) transferring a first part of the concentrated bicarbonate slurry to a first heat exchanger (110a), wherein the first part of the slurry is being heated against a hot lean solvent of a regenerator (112); (e) transferring a second part of the concentrated bicarbona

Abstract: In general, the current disclosure relates to multicomponent fibers that have accelerated degradation in water in low temperature conditions, and their various industrial, medical and consumer product uses. Such materials are especially useful for uses in subterranean wells in oil and gas production. In some embodiments, the compositions of materials have accelerated degradation even at Ultra Low Temperature (“ULT”) (?60° C.) in subterranean formations.

Abstract: When used outside the pH range at which metal ion complexation normally occurs, aminopolycarboxylic acids can moderate the reaction rate of acids with carbonate minerals. Methods for treating a subterranean formation can comprise: providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous carrier fluid, an acid, and a chelating agent comprising an aminopolycarboxylic acid, the treatment fluid having a pH below that at which the carboxylic acid groups of the chelating agent are substantially protonated and the chelating agent is ineffective for complexing a metal ion; introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation comprising a carbonate mineral; reacting the acid with the carbonate mineral, such that the acid at least partially spends and the pH of the treatment fluid rises; and once the pH of the treatment fluid rises above a pKa value for one or more of the carboxylic acid groups, complexing a metal ion with the chelating agent.

Abstract: A method of hydraulically fracturing a subterranean formation is provided. The method comprises generating a primary fracture using a fracturing fluid. The method further comprises extending the primary fracture and/or creating micro fractures about the primary fracture by initiating a chemical reaction such as an exothermic reaction at about the primary fracture. In one embodiment, the fracturing fluid is used to convey one of the reactive components participating in the chemical reaction.

Abstract: Methods and systems for enhanced carbon dioxide capture in a combined cycle plant are described. A method includes compressing a recycle exhaust gas from a gas turbine system, thereby producing a compressed recycle exhaust gas stream. A purge stream is extracted from the compressed recycle exhaust gas stream. Carbon dioxide is removed from the extracted purge stream using a solid sorbent.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reducing lost circulation in drilling wells, employing composite materials containing an engineering thermoplastic polymer and mineral fibers. Optionally the composites may also include other components such as calcium carbonate and blending agents.

Abstract: A downhole tool for removing debris from a wellbore comprises a mandrel and a shroud disposed around a portion of the mandrel. The mandrel includes at least one mandrel port in fluid communication with a mandrel bore. The shroud includes a cavity and a shroud port. Debris laden fluid is pulled into the shroud cavity by flowing fluid through the mandrel bore, out the mandrel port, into the shroud cavity, and through the shroud port. The debris-laden fluid is pulled into the shroud cavity due to a pressure differential created by the flow of the fluid through the mandrel port and out of the shroud port. As the debris laden fluid flows into the shroud cavity, the debris is captured within the tool.

Abstract: A fluid composition for cleanout of wellbores and pipe systems includes an effective amount of an amphiphilic chemical combined with an effective amount of a friction reducer in an aqueous solution of a base liquid. A remainder of the composition includes the base liquid.

Abstract: A device for bracing a subsea wellhead includes a wellhead coupling configured to be mounted to the subsea wellhead. In addition, the device includes a plurality of circumferentially-spaced anchor couplings disposed about the wellhead coupling. Each anchor coupling is radially spaced from the wellhead coupling and is configured to be mounted to a subsea anchor. Further, the device includes a plurality of circumferentially-spaced rigid wellhead support members. Each wellhead support member has a radially inner end coupled to the wellhead coupling and a radially outer end coupled to one of the anchor sleeves. The wellhead support members are configured to transfer lateral loads from the wellhead coupling to the anchor coupling.

Abstract: A subsea intervention system including at least one control station, at least one programmable logic controller system in each control station, at least one supervisory control and data acquisition system, at least one safety system capable of interacting with each control station, wherein the safety system is capable of controlling a process shutdown process, an emergency shutdown process, and an emergency quick-disconnect process. The system may also include subsea distribution units, safety manifold subsea control modules, system hydraulic power units, client hydraulic power units, grease skids, flushing and chemical injection units, or umbilical reelers.

Abstract: A system for tethering a subsea blowout preventer (BOP) includes a plurality of anchors disposed about the subsea BOP and secured to the sea floor. In addition, the system includes a plurality of tensioning systems. One tensioning system is coupled to an upper end of each anchor. Further, the system includes a plurality of flexible tension members. Each tension member extends from a first end coupled to the subsea BOP to a second end coupled to one of the tensioning systems. Each tensioning system is configured to apply a tensile preload to one of the tension members.

Abstract: A system for tethering a subsea wellhead including a plurality of anchors disposed about the subsea BOP and secured to the sea floor. In addition, the system includes a plurality of tensioning systems. One tensioning system is coupled to an upper end of each anchor. Further, a plurality of flexible tension members. Each tension member extends from a first end coupled to the subsea wellhead to a second end coupled to one of the tensioning systems. Each tensioning system is configured to apply a tensile preload to one of the tension members.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods for installing, maintaining and controlling a self-standing riser (SSR). SSRs are installed using wire pulleys or weights to place the SSRs over a wellhead. A flow diverter, which may be incorporated into or separate from a buoyancy chamber, allowing diversion of flow both into and out of an SSR. Non-annular buoyancy chambers configured to receive a riser of an SSR through a slot of the buoyancy chamber.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an activator for a blowout preventer of a wellsite. The blowout preventer includes rams sealingly positionable about a tubular of a wellbore at the wellsite and driven by a circuit. The activator includes a cylinder, a trigger valve operatively connectable between the cylinder and the circuit, a piston, and a timing adjuster. The trigger valve includes a trigger to selectively pilot the circuit. The piston has a piston stroke extending between a retracted position and an extended position. The timing adjuster is engagable by the piston and adjustably positionable about the cylinder to define the retracted position of the piston stroke whereby a length of the piston stroke is adjustably defined.

Abstract: A hydraulic anchor is coupled to a packer subassembly of a tool string. The hydraulic anchor, when actuated by fluid pressure, engages the surrounding wellbore, holding the tool string in place within the wellbore. A packer may then be actuated, held in position within the wellbore by the hydraulic anchor. In some embodiments, an inflatable packer may be held in the desired location by the hydraulic anchor. In some embodiments, a straddle packer assembly may be held in place by the hydraulic anchor. In some embodiments, a swellable packer may be held in place during the swelling process by the hydraulic anchor.

Abstract: A downhole valve for fluid energized packers includes a valve sub and a packer. The valve sub further includes a control tube and a rotatable ball, the control tube having at least one closable aperture fluidly coupled to the packer when open, and the rotatable ball rotatable about an axle having at least one flow path closable by a rotation of the ball. The rotatable ball rotates about an axle coupled to a shift sleeve coupled to the lower end of the control tube. The rotatable ball includes a rotation pin extending from its outer surface and a rotation pin sleeve is adapted to rotate the ball in response to a movement of the ball toward or away from the rotation pin sleeve.

Abstract: Entry guides for use on a tubing string comprise one or more dissolvable materials. A profile disposed on the entry guide facilitates aligning the tubing string in a desired orientation within a wellbore. For example, the profile can align the tubing string with a bore of a component disposed within the wellbore so that the tubing string can be inserted into a bore of the downhole component. After proper alignment has been achieved, the one or more dissolvable materials can be activated to disappear leaving behind the tubing string and the downhole component in their desired arrangement. One or more portion of the entry guides, including the profile, can be formed out of the dissolvable material.

Abstract: An improved fluid conduit union and method for hammerless attachment apparatus for hammerless coupling the ends of abutting fluid conduits, such as pipe, hoses, or attachment fitting conduits, comprising a ring-shaped conduit receptacle assembly threadedly engaged and fixed on a female fitting at one conduit end and a cylindrical ring-shaped locking assembly positioned around a male fitting at the other conduit end. The ring-shaped locking assembly has a lock ring positionable by a rotatable locking ring nut threadedly engaging the ring-shaped conduit receptacle. Rotation of the locking ring nut translates the lock ring against the male fitting and firmly seats the male fitting at one conduit end to the female fitting at the other conduit end where they are locked in place, all without rotation of either fluid conduit.

Abstract: Expandable apparatus include a triggering element comprising an at least partially corrodible composite material. Methods are used to trigger expandable apparatus using such a triggering element and to form such triggering elements for use with expandable apparatus.

Abstract: A horseshoe with a stabilizer-feature and splaying has a U shaped metallic unitary body with left-right wings and an integral compliant leaf-spring disposed proximate to or in the horseshoe toe area. The leaf-spring may be crescent-shaped or chord-shaped and resiliently deforms upwards, exerting sideways-pressure causing splaying of the left-right wings. The leaf-spring may have a groove on either side to assist preparation before horseshoe installation. The crescent-shaped leaf-spring forms a cavity with the hoof underside in use, which cavity is optionally filled with a resilient material, e.g., silicone, obviating accumulation of dirt/debris. Stabilizers comprising a plurality of rows of beads formed integrally with the horseshoe bottom form a negative camber on the horseshoe-underside. The stabilizer rows may be staggered and assist in the stability of the horse during racing, especially at track-curves. The horseshoe may be cast/forged, blanked, or welded and can be mass-produced.

Abstract: A flow control assembly for a fire sprinkler system includes a valve housing having an inlet opening and an outlet opening. The valve housing defines a fluid flow path that extends between the inlet opening and the outlet opening. A flow control valve is disposed within the fluid flow path. A swing check valve is disposed within the fluid flow path of the valve housing downstream from the flow control valve. The swing check valve includes a clapper that is connected to an actuator arm. An electrical switch is disposed outside of the valve housing. A mechanical linkage includes a first end that extends through the valve housing and engages with the actuator arm. The mechanical linkage also includes a second end that is coupled to the electrical switch. The first end translates with said actuator arm.

Abstract: An exemplary fire suppression sprinkler includes a housing (22) that establishes a flow path for discharging fire suppression fluid. A water seat (28) is configured to block the flow path. A polymer seal (30) is supported within the housing (22) and engages the water seat (28) for sealing an interface between the flow path and the water seat (28). A spring member (40) biases the polymer seal (30) into engagement with the water seat (28).

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for self-protection against forest fires, especially for the protection of urban communities (1) close to forest areas (2), which comprises creating a protective area (3) around the urban community (1) to be protected and assembling in said area a hydraulic water supply system (4) capable of covering at least the protective area.

Abstract: A tillage apparatus for selective primary tillage and seed bed preparation makes use of a selectively moveable primary tillage shank to provide seasonal, in-field and/or on-the-fly flexibility of tillage operation. The tillage apparatus has a cultivator frame, at least one secondary tillage tool mounted on the frame and a primary tillage shank mounted on the frame, the primary tillage shank selectively moveable between a lowered soil engaging position and a raised disengaged position. In a method of tilling or preparing a seed bed, the tillage apparatus is dragged around a field with the at least one secondary tillage tool engaged with the field when secondary tillage of the field is desired, and the selectively moveable primary tillage shank lowered to be engaged with the field when the field is in need of primary tillage or raised to be disengaged from the field when primary tillage is not desired.

Abstract: A vibratory apparatus for attachment to a container adapted to utilized pressurized air from a portable pressure source, which apparatus includes a base and a vacuum generator connectable to a pressure source, wherein the vacuum generator is attached to the base and adapted to create a vacuum between the base and a container. The apparatus further includes a vibrator attached to the base and adapted to vibrate the base and any attached container and a conduit connectable to the vibrator at a first end and a pressure source at a second, opposite end. The conduit has a passage extending therethrough and a flow restrictor is disposed between the pressure source and the vibrator to allow a predetermined, non-adjustable volume of airflow through the conduit into the vibrator in a first direction of flow.

Abstract: An impact tool includes a motor, a hammer, an anvil, and a control unit. The hammer is configured to be driven by the motor and be movable in an axial direction of the motor. The anvil is configured to be struck by the hammer. The control unit is configured to control a rotation of the motor. The impact tool further includes a restricting unit configured to restrict the movement of the hammer in the axial direction. The control unit is configured to select a driving mode of the motor between a first mode and a second mode. The control unit selects the first mode when a load of the motor is less than or equal to a prescribed value regardless of a restriction of the restricting unit, whereas the control unit selects the second mode when the load exceeds the prescribe value and the restricting unit restricts the movement of the hammer.

Abstract: A power tool has a continuously variable transmission, a condition detection device, and an operation control device. The continuously variable transmission changes a velocity of a rotational output from a drive motor and outputs the rotational output to a spindle to which a tip end tool is mounted. The condition detection device detects a condition of the power tool. The operation control device determines a target RPM of the spindle based on the condition of the power tool detected by the condition detection device, and controls an RPM of the drive motor and/or a transmission gear ratio of the continuously variable transmission based on the target RPM.

Abstract: A pressure resistant housing for an electric component is provided. The pressure resistant housing is adapted for the use in a subsea application. A ceramic housing body houses the electric component. The ceramic housing body has a first opening and a second opening that are closed by a first metal lid and a second metal lid, respectively.

Abstract: A utility box assembly includes a housing structure having an open upper end, a first peripheral channel around the open upper end, and a second peripheral channel disposed below the first peripheral channel and inwardly therefrom. A first sealing element is seated in the first peripheral channel, and a second sealing element is seated in the second peripheral channel. A cover is configured to cover the open upper end. The cover has an outer peripheral portion configured to engage the first sealing element, and a downward-depending flange configured to engage the second sealing element. A liquid-tight seal is provided by the compression of the first and second sealing elements within their channels when the cover is secured to the open upper end of the housing.

Abstract: It is an object of the exemplary embodiments to obtain a long electric-wire protection pipe having a flat outer shape, using a simple press working process, while reducing or even preventing warping problems. An electric-wire protection pipe is a metal pipe that surrounds an electric wire, and has a reinforced section (11) and a flat pipe section. The reinforced section is a section that is located at a part in the circumferential direction of the electric-wire protection pipe while extending along the entire length in the longitudinal direction of the electric-wire protection pipe, and that is thicker than other sections. The flat pipe section is a section that constitutes at least a part in the longitudinal direction of the electric-wire protection pipe, and is flattened by press working.

Abstract: A coaxial electric wire is provided with an inner conductor, an inner insulating layer covering a periphery of the inner conductor, an outer conductor covering a periphery of the inner insulating layer, and an outer insulating layer covering a periphery of the outer conductor. The inner insulating layer is made of a first insulating tube having an elongated cylindrical shape and an insulation performance. The outer insulating layer is made of a second insulating tube having an elongated cylindrical shape and an insulation performance. The outer conductor is made of a conductive tube having an elongated cylindrical shape and conductivity. The coaxial electric wire is manufactured by inserting the inner conductor into the first insulating tube, inserting the first insulating tube into the conductive tube, and inserting the conductive tube into the second insulating tube.

Abstract: A trace is disclosed formed of superconductive material. The trace is formed in an elongate, non-linear trace pattern characterized by (i) a trace pattern thickness, (ii) a trace pattern width greater than the trace pattern thickness, (iii) a trace pattern length greater than the trace pattern width, and (iv) a trace pattern axis extending along the trace length and defining an instantaneous alignment tangential to the trace pattern axis. The trace pattern is further characterized by (i) a envelope within which the trace pattern lies and (ii) an envelope axis defining an alignment of the envelope. The trace comprises at least two electrically connected sections, where each section includes (i) a first turn in which the trace pattern instantaneous alignment rotates about 180 degrees in a first direction around a first turn focus, and (ii) a second turn in which the trace pattern instantaneous alignment rotates about 180 degrees in a second direction, opposite the first direction, about a second turn focus.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrical steel sheet is provided. The method for manufacturing an electrical steel sheet includes forming a groove having first and second side surfaces and a bottom surface by melting a surface of a steel sheet by laser irradiation, and forming an opening by removing melted byproducts of the steel sheet formed on the first and second side surfaces and the bottom surface through air blowing or suctioning to expose at least one surface of the first side surface, the second side surface, and the bottom surface in the forming of the groove.

Abstract: The invention relates to a conductive connection assembly (5), a method for manufacturing the same and a kit for a body (23) comprising carbon fibre-reinforced material, e.g. for a vehicle comprising a carbon fibre-reinforced body (23), with an electrical structural network for conducting electric discharges. In order to improve durability of the body (23) with the electrical structural network, the invention provides that the conductive connection assembly (5) comprises a conductive interconnection element (1) with a conductive braid material (B). Furthermore, in order to simplify installing the electrical structural network to the body (23), a kit is provided, the kit comprising at least two conductive connection assemblies (5) that are provided with differently shaped interconnection elements (1). Finally, a method that comprises the step of reshaping longitudinal ends (3, 4) of a braid material (B) is provided according to the invention.

Abstract: In a booster cable holding structure, a resin terminal supporting portion includes a tooth-edge surrounding wall on a pressed surface thereof to be pressed by a plurality of teeth arranged in a width direction of a pressing surface of a clip in a state the clip clamps a clamping connection portion, a wall inner surface of the tooth-edge surrounding wall closely surrounds each edge of at least two of the teeth of the clip or closely surrounds the edges of the at least two teeth together.

Abstract: Any one of the fan-out leads includes a first metal strip portion having a predetermined number, located on a glass substrate, disposed along an extension direction of the fan-out lead and is spaced apart; an insulation layer covering each of the first metal strip portion, and disposed with a first through bole and a second through hole; and a second metal strip portion located on the insulation layer and being contacted with each of the first metal strip portion by the first through hole and the second through hole. Wherein, the lengths of the first metal strip portions of the fan-out leads are gradually increased along the direction which is from the center to the edge of the fan shape such that impedances of the fan-out leads are consistent.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a conductive trace structure includes the steps: forming a first metal layer on a non-conductive substrate; removing a part of the first metal layer to expose the non-conductive substrate so as to form the first metal layer into a plating region and a non-plating region, the plating region being divided into at least two trace-forming portions and at least one bridge portion; forming a second metal layer on the plating region by electroplating the plating region using one of the trace-forming portions and the bridge portion as an electrode; and removing the bridge portion and the second metal layer formed on the bridge portion.

Abstract: A metal-clad laminate according to the present embodiment includes an insulating layer, and a metal layer present on at least one surface side of the insulating layer. The insulating layer is a laminate of at least three layers of a center layer, a first resin layer present on one surface side of the center layer, and a second resin layer present on the other surface side of the center layer. The center layer, the first resin layer and the second resin layer each contain a cured product of a resin composition. Coefficients of thermal expansion of the cured products of the resin compositions contained in the first resin layer and the second resin layer are smaller than a coefficient of thermal expansion of the cured product of the resin composition contained in the center layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a dry film which can obtain a solder resist having an excellent resolution while maintaining various characteristics including PCT resistance, a laminated structure such as a printed writing board, and a method of producing the laminated structure. A dry film comprising: a film; and a photosensitive resin layer formed on the film, wherein the absorption coefficient (?) of the photosensitive resin layer at a wavelength of 365 nm has an increase gradient or a decrease gradient from a surface of the photosensitive resin layer toward a surface of the film.