Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a positioning method, including: determining, by a positioning server, positioning signal configuration information; sending, by the positioning server, the positioning signal configuration information to a positioning signal sending entity; obtaining, by the positioning server, a measurement estimation result of a shortest transmission path between a positioning signal measurement entity and the positioning signal sending entity; and positioning, by the positioning server, a terminal by using the measurement estimation result of the shortest transmission path, where the terminal is one of the positioning signal measurement entity and the positioning signal sending entity. The embodiments of the present invention can resist an NLOS path deviation and a positioning signal strength loss and an SINR loss, so as to improve the positioning accuracy.

Abstract: A homodyne radar system includes a mixer that outputs a signal having a mixer output frequency that is a frequency difference between two input signals. When the frequency difference is small, low frequency noise may mask the actual signal. A variable phase shifter is added to one of the mixer inputs to change the phase at a predetermined rate of change. The phase shifter shifts the frequency of the input signal so that the mixer output frequency is offset by the predetermined rate. The low frequencies are mapped to frequencies that are above the noise frequencies. The phase shift may be achieved by adding a constant phase at predetermined time intervals. The sampling frequency for the resulting signal may need to be increased to accommodate the higher frequencies.

Abstract: A system is provided that includes a Doppler radar unit that transmits a first electromagnetic wave having a first frequency, which a test system converts to a first electrical signal having the first frequency. The test system generates a second electrical signal having a second frequency, and mixes the first and second electrical signals to produce a third electrical signal having a third, sum or difference frequency. The third frequency represents a Doppler-shifted frequency caused by reflection of the first electromagnetic wave by a target at a distance from the Doppler radar unit. The test system converts the third electrical signal to a second electromagnetic wave having the third frequency, and transmits the second electromagnetic wave back to the Doppler radar unit for calculation of a speed representing that of the target as a function of the first and third frequencies, from which the Doppler radar unit may be calculated/certified.

Abstract: A circuitry for and a method of generating a frequency modulated radar transmitter signal are provided. The circuitry comprises a modulation signal generator for generating a modulation signal having a waveform describing a required frequency modulation of the frequency modulated radar transmitter signal and comprises a PLL circuitry for generating the frequency modulated radar transmitter signal in dependence of the modulation signal. In the PLL circuitry a controllable frequency divider controls the output frequency of the PLL circuitry in dependence of the modulation signal. The PLL circuitry further comprises a phase detector, a controllable oscillator and possibly a low pass filter. The PLL circuitry further comprises a calibration circuitry being configured to control a parameter of at least one of the phase detector and the controllable oscillator to maintain a loop gain of PLL circuitry.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. In the apparatus, a demultiplexer is configured to receive an input signal, and each of a plurality of sample buffers are coupled to the demultiplexer. A first multiplexer is coupled to each of the sample buffers. A filter is coupled to the first multiplexer. A bypass delay circuit is coupled to the first multiplexer, and a second multiplexer is coupled to the filter and the bypass delay circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for determining distance between two or more mobile devices utilizing a sound emitted from each device such as a chirp. Each device may determine or receive an indication of a time reference for each instance the device emits or detects a chirp. Utilizing the time reference data, the distance between the two or more devices may be determined assuming the sound travels at a constant speed of 340.29 m/s. Techniques for disambiguating orientation of the devices relative to one another rare also disclosed.

Abstract: On a radar apparatus, a direction derivation part derives a peak angle related to an angle of a target based on reception signals received by a plurality of reception antennas. Then, a detection information derivation part derives, based on the peak angle, target data that are internal data about the target, and stores the derived target data into a memory. A reliability determination part determines a reliability of an object peak angle upon which the target data about the target was derived, the reliability of the object peak angle being determined based on a different peak angle derived concurrently with the object peak angle by the direction derivation part. Then, a data erasure part deletes, based on the reliability of the object peak angle determined by the reliability determination part, the target data relevant to the object peak angle from the memory to exclude the target data from further processing.

Abstract: Methods and systems to provide location and navigation information to a user within a building. In an embodiment, low power radars may be used to locate and track a user. Moreover, the systems and methods described herein may take advantage of the known layout of a building, or may ascertain the layout using the radar devices. This information may be used to direct a user from a current location to a desired destination. In some contexts, such as stores, radio frequency ID (RFID) tags may be used to identify a particular destination, such as a particular product in a particular aisle in a store. Multiple persons may be tracked as they move about the building, so that the more frequently used paths may be identified for moving from point to point. These identified paths may then be used in constructing a path for a user who needs directions.

Abstract: A system for generating video data comprising a mobile radar system operating on a processor and configured to generate vertically tilted radar frame data for a plurality of vehicles. A mobile video system operating on a processor and configured to generate video data of the plurality of vehicles. A dynamic plane rotation system operating on a processor and coupled to the mobile radar system and configured to map the vertically tilted radar frame data onto a flat plane parallel to a roadway to generate mapped data.

Abstract: A radar antenna is provided. The radar antenna includes a radar case having a front side and a rear side, a signal processor provided inside the radar case and configured to perform signal processing on a reception signal that is received by an EM radiator configured to transceive an electromagnetic wave, and a wireless LAN antenna fixed inside the radar case, having a horizontal directivity, and configured to transmit the reception signal processed by the signal processor to an external terminal device, the wireless LAN antenna being oriented such that a direction of the horizontal directivity of the wireless LAN antenna is in parallel to the front-and-rear directions of the radar case.

Abstract: Provided is a parking assistance device that can obtain information regarding the height from a parking road surface of an object without acquiring height information of an object in advance. The parking assistance device includes: an emission unit configured to emit ultrasonic waves in at least an outward lateral direction of a vehicle; a reception unit configured to receive reflection waves from an object reflecting the emitted ultrasonic waves; and an object determination unit configured to receive the reflection waves from an object existing on a far side of a target parking region as the vehicle enters the target parking region, and determine a feature relating to the height of the object based on a change in a detection state of the object, which was specified based on the obtained reflection wave data.

Abstract: A collision determination device includes a radar detection unit that detects an object in front of a vehicle by a radar wave, an image detection unit that images in front of the vehicle and detects the object by the imaged image, and a collision determination unit that determines a collision between the vehicle and the object based on a combined target generated using a detection result of the radar detection unit and a detection result of the image detection unit. The collision determination unit performs collision determination with a speed of the object in the traveling direction of the vehicle as zero when the vehicle decelerates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of classifying one or several watercraft using the sound waves (2) emitted or transmitted by these vehicles. The sound waves (2) are thereby received using an array of underwater sound sensors of a sonar receiving system (4) and processed into received signals (6). At least one amplitude spectrum (24) is generated from these received signals (6) consisting of one or more sets of frequency lines and any individual lines, from which the characteristic vehicle parameters (28) are automatically determined in a frequency line pattern detection module (26) or determined manually. Subsequently, the vehicle characteristic parameters (28) are compared with the database parameters, where this comparison is evaluated with a matching factor (34). Considering the matching factor (34), one or several watercraft are determined as the result of the classification. In addition, the invention relates to a corresponding device for carrying out the process.

Abstract: An optoelectronic sensor (10) is provided for detecting objects in a monitored zone (18), in particular a laser scanner, which has a light transmitter (20) for transmitting a transmitted light beam (24), a base unit (14) and a sampling unit (12) rotatable with respect to the base unit (18) for the periodic sampling of the monitored zone (12) by the transmitted light beam (14) and having a first circuit board (34), a light receiver (32) for generating a received signal from the light (28) remitted by objects in the monitored zone (18) and an evaluation unit (34, 42, 50, 52) for detecting information on objects in the monitored zone (18) with reference to the received signal. In this respect, the base unit (14) has a bearing (40) in which the first circuit board (34) is rotatably supported at its outer periphery with respect to the base unit (14).

Abstract: A LiDAR sensor having particular application for use on a vehicle. The LiDAR sensor includes a plurality of spaced apart VCSEL arrays each including a single lens, where the lens for each VCSEL array directs the beam of the particular laser in the array that is illuminated in a desired direction so that turning on and off of the lasers in each array creates a scanning effect. The number and the size of the VCSEL arrays are selected to provide the desired FOV for the sensor, where the VCSEL arrays can be positioned on a curved platform to provide that FOV. The sensor also includes one or more detectors for detecting reflections of the laser beams emitted by the lasers. Control electronics are provided to scan the laser beams and generate a three-dimensional point cloud of return image points.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and associated fiber-laser architectures for high-power pulsed operation and pumping wavelength-conversion devices. Some embodiments generate blue laser light by frequency quadrupling infrared (IR) light from Tm-doped gain fiber using non-linear wavelength conversion. Some embodiments use a fiber MOPA configuration to amplify a seed signal from a semiconductor laser or ring fiber laser. Some embodiments use the frequency-quadrupled blue light for underwater communications, imaging, and/or object and anomaly detection. Some embodiments amplitude modulate the IR seed signal to encode communication data sent to or from a submarine once the modulated light has its wavelength quartered.

Abstract: Systems and methods to monitor for false alarms from ionosphere gradient monitors are provided. In one embodiment, a method for mitigating false gradient alarms in a satellite navigation Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) ground station comprising a plurality of satellite navigation system reference receivers comprises: generating an alarm signal with an ionosphere gradient monitor (IGM) at the GBAS ground station; determining whether the alarm signal is a false alarm based on data derived from carrier phase measurements received from the plurality of satellite navigation system reference receivers; and blocking the alarm signal for at least a first duration of time based on the determining.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a global navigation satellite system antenna, a global navigation satellite system receiver, a camera, and a processor. The mobile global navigation satellite system receiver produces a set of carrier-phase measurements from a global navigation satellite system. The camera produces an image. The processor determines an absolute position and an absolute attitude of the apparatus solely from three or more sets of data and a rough estimate of the absolute position of the apparatus without any prior association of visual features with known coordinates. Each set of data includes the image and the set of carrier-phase measurements. In addition, the processor uses either a precise orbit and clock data for the global navigation satellite system or another set of carrier-phase measurements from another global navigation satellite system antenna at a known location in each set of data.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide a cross coupled position engine architecture for sensor integration in a Global Navigation Satellite System. In one embodiment, a data processing engine for processing inertial sensor data within a positioning system receiver is disclosed. The data processing engine includes a first input for receiving the sensor data, and a second input for receiving a positioning data. The data processing system also includes a memory and a processor. The processor of the data processing system is coupled to the memory and to the first and second input. The processor of the data processing system is configured to calculate a net acceleration profile data from the inertial sensor data and from the positioning data. The net acceleration profile data calculated by the processor of the data processing system is used for the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to subsequently calculate a position and a velocity data.

Abstract: A method of determining a position of a GNSS receiver includes: receiving, at the GNSS receiver, information from at least two GNSS satellites and an estimated location area from a non-GNSS positioning application, determining candidate pseudoranges corresponding to candidate correlation peaks determined based on the information received from the at least two GNSS satellites; determining possible positions of the GNSS receiver using the candidate pseudoranges and the estimated location area; determining a best possible position of the GNSS receiver from the possible positions; and setting the best possible position as the position of the GNSS receiver; wherein when multiple candidate correlation peaks corresponding to one of the at least two GNSS satellites are determined, the estimated location area is usable to reduce the number of candidate correlation peaks prior to candidate pseudoranges being determined.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a scintillator radiation detector system includes a scintillator, and a processing device for processing pulse traces corresponding to light pulses from the scintillator, where the processing device is configured to: process each pulse trace over at least two temporal windows and to use pulse digitization to improve energy resolution of the system. According to another embodiment, a scintillator radiation detector system includes a processing device configured to: fit digitized scintillation waveforms to an algorithm, perform a direct integration of fit parameters, process multiple integration windows for each digitized scintillation waveform to determine a correction factor, and apply the correction factor to each digitized scintillation waveform.

Abstract: A scintillator crystal array that is configured to receive rays emitted by an object to be imaged and to emit light energy responsive to the received rays includes plural crystals. At least one of the crystals includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and plural sides. The upper surface may be configured to receive the rays from the object to be imaged. The lower surface is disposed opposite the upper surface. The plural sides extend between the upper surface and the lower surface. At least one side includes a roughened side surface and at least one other side includes a polished side surface.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an image sensor configured to convert an incident electromagnetic wave into current; a current/voltage conversion circuit that is configured to convert the current input from the image sensor into voltage and includes an operational amplifier configured to output voltage corresponding to the current input from the image sensor; and a sampling circuit that is configured to sample output of the operation amplifier and is provided between input/output terminals of the operational amplifier.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector, comprising: a HPGe single crystal having an intrinsic region exposed surface; a first electrode and a second electrode connected to a first contact electrode and a second contact electrode of the HPGe single crystal respectively; and a conductive guard ring arranged in the intrinsic region exposed surface around the first electrode to separate the intrinsic region exposed surface into an inner region and an outer region. A leakage current derived from the intrinsic region exposed surface of the HPGe detector can be separated from the current of the HPGe detector by the conductive guard ring provided in the surface, thereby suppressing the interference of the surface leakage current.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention relates to the use of the spectral composition of X-ray radiation in addition to the intensity thereof in order to determine the attenuation caused by an object. Another aspect of an embodiment of the invention is a device, particularly a radiation monitor for an X-ray or CT system, which is suitable for performing the aforementioned procedure according to an embodiment of the invention.

Abstract: An imaging system exposes an object within a region to a beam of penetrating radiation. The beam of penetrating radiation is sensed on a side opposite the region from a source of the beam. An attenuation of the beam caused by passing the beam through the object is determined, the attenuation is compared to a threshold attenuation. If the attenuation exceeds the threshold attenuation, a parameter of the imaging system is adjusted based on the determined attenuation.

Abstract: This disclosure is related to hydrophones, for example hydrophones that may be used in marine seismic surveying, permanent reservoir monitoring, downhole acoustic monitoring in a wellbore, and/or various other applications. Some embodiments of a hydrophone according to this disclosure are constructed such that a longitudinal stiffness of the hydrophone is greater than a circumferential stiffness of the hydrophone. In some embodiments, however, the longitudinal stiffness may be somewhat less than the circumferential stiffness. For example, the longitudinal stiffness may be greater than one half the circumferential stiffness in some cases.

Abstract: A seismic-detection sensor device includes two accelerometers having different sensitivities. The seismic-detection sensor device provides excellent precision and operability monitoring.

Abstract: Method for obtaining an adapted sequence of M shot predictions (tn) from a raw sequence of M shot predictions (s), including: for a constraint type, determining one or several fixed constraints and several free constraints; for the constraint type, selecting only a part of the free constraints, based on the fixed constraint(s), N free constraint(s) being selected; transforming each fixed constraint into a first equality constraint and each selected free constraint into a second equality constraint; at least for a given constraint pattern (including the first equality constraint(s) and some or all of the second equality constraint(s)): minimizing, under the given constraint pattern, a function having as argument a part or all of a sequence of M residuals (xn), with xndef tn?sn; and verifying the equality constraints of the given constraint pattern are enforced with the result of the minimizing step; obtaining the adapted sequence from the result and the raw sequence.

Abstract: Seismic interpretation includes obtaining a seismic volume of a subterranean formation of a field. Through the seismic volume based on a similarity criterion of seismic values in the set of seismic traces, an estimated horizon is generated based on a selected seed while maintaining tracking data tracking the generating of the estimated horizon. A first selection of a selected point in the estimated horizon is received, and, from the tracking data, an ancestral path from the selected point to the selected seed is extracted. A subset of the set of seismic traces is selected based on the subset comprising points along the ancestral path, and displayed, within a graphic window on a physical display, the subset of the set of seismic traces.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for characterizing a barrier installed in a borehole traversing a formation including locating an acoustic tool with a receiver and a transmitter at a location in the borehole, activating the acoustic tool to form acoustic waveforms, wherein the receiver records the acoustic waveforms, and processing the waveforms to identify barrier parameters as a function of azimuth and depth along the borehole, wherein the waveforms comprise at least two of sonic signals, ultrasonic pulse-echo signals, and ultrasonic pitch-catch signals.

Abstract: A method for detecting a target in a soil using a metal detector, including: generating a transmit magnetic field for transmission into the soil based on a transmit signal; receiving a receive magnetic field; providing a receive signal induced by the receive magnetic field; determining, based on the receive signal, a model of at least two independent components of the receive signal which are due to signals from the soil; processing the receive signal to produce a set of data which is with effects of the signals from the soil reduced therein or removed therefrom by fitting the model to the receive signal, then subtracting the fitted model from the receive signal; and producing, based on the set of data, an indicator output signal for indicating a presence and/or identity of the target.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for characterizing hydrocarbons in a subterranean formation including sending and measuring NMR signals; analyzing the signals to form a distribution; and estimating a property of a formation from the distribution, wherein the sending comprises pulse sequences configured for a formation pore size, and wherein the computing comprises porosity. Apparatus and methods for characterizing hydrocarbons in a subterranean formation including sending and measuring NMR signals; analyzing the signals to form a distribution; and estimating a property of a formation from the distribution, wherein the formation comprises a distribution of pore sizes of about 10 nm or more, and wherein the computing comprises natural gas composition.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for active magnetic ranging. A ranging tool includes one or more current-injection electrodes, one or more field-measuring sensors, and one or more expandable isolation packers positioned above and/or below the electrodes and between the electrodes and sensors. The isolation packers stabilize the ranging tool and isolate and insulate the electrodes from the sensors. The electrodes are ideally carried on an expandable electrode packer, which insulates the electrodes, urges them into intimate contact with the earthen formation, and displaces any fluids between the electrodes and the earth.

Abstract: A system enables a borehole casing to be used to connection with establishing electromagnetic fields within the earth at the depth of formations of interest over a significant surface area. A particular advantage is that a borehole casing can be used as an essential part of the system, without needing to open the borehole.

Abstract: The present invention consists of a method and a scanning system for the nonintrusive inspection of vehicles, container trucks and train carriages. The inspection can be realized without direct human intervention upon the inspected object, thus eliminating time wasting activities like physical control, unsealing, etc. The proposed method for nonintrusive inspection of vehicles and containers has a high inspection capacity (up to 200 vehicles per hour), by achieving a complete vehicle radiography (except the driver's cabin), while driving through the scanning portal and building a system that implements this method, said system being geometrically optimized so that it can be transported rapidly in ISO standardized containers using conventional transport systems (airplane, ship, train, or terrestrial on public roads) in areas where a high level of security is mandatory.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for the contactless inspection of containers, particularly ISO containers, within a loading and unloading plant, in which system a container is inspected in at least one screening device arranged in an inspection station. The container to be inspected is transported to the inspection station and away from the inspection station by a driverless transport vehicle. In order to create a safe system, the container can be set down in the inspection station for the inspection process by the transport vehicle, the container can be inspected at least by the one screening device that can be moved along the container, and the container can be picked up in the inspection station by the transport vehicle.

Abstract: An improved gamma controller assembly to facilitate reliable downhole measurement of naturally occurring radiation is disclosed. The gamma controller assembly includes multiple gamma sensors, a micro-controller, memory, and input/output ports among other components. The multiple gamma sensors detect radiation and output pulses that are received by the microcontroller. The sensor data can be checked, selected, and averaged by the microcontroller, and sent uphole to another microcontroller or computer that can then further process, communicate, and display the data. The sensor data can be averaged and stored to memory or stored as independent values to memory. The gamma controller assembly can be configured to run algorithms that detect if one gamma controller appears to be malfunctioning and, if an apparent malfunction has occurred, adjust the sensor data that is being sent uphole.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of processing gravity gradient data indicative of an output generated by an airborne gravity gradiometer that is moving along a flight path over a terrain. The method comprises the step of providing the gravity gradient data. The gravity gradient data comprising gravity gradient data elements that are associated with respective flight path segments of the airborne gravity gradiometer. Further, the method comprises providing terrain data indicative of a topography and a density or a density distribution of the terrain above a datum that is below the surface of the terrain over which the airborne gravity gradiometer is moved. The method also comprises providing information concerning the flight path of the airborne gravity gradiometer in three dimensions. In addition, the method comprises calculating the gravity gradient response of the terrain using the provided terrain data and the provided information concerning the flight path.

Abstract: A full petrophysical rock characterization of a rock sample in a single workflow uses a separator containing two immiscible fluids. The fluids form a fluid interface. A video camera monitors the height of the fluid interface. Current electrodes and potential electrodes are electrically connected to the rock sample. An impedance meter makes measurements across the current electrodes and the potential electrodes. A tubing is attached to one end of the rock sample and to one end of the separator and transports one of the immiscible fluids therebetween. Another tubing is attached to the other end of the rock sample and to the separator and transports the other immiscible fluid therebetween. Yet another tubing transports an immiscible mixture of the immiscible fluids from the rock sample to the separator. Pressure gauges measures the pressures in the tubings. Pumps are disposed inline with the certain tubings.

Abstract: The invention relates to a seismic node (100), comprising at least one seismic sensor with associated electronics, a primary oscillator (106) for timing sensor signals, a reference oscillator (104), a memory, a power source, a switch (102) for turning the reference oscillator on and off, and a processor (112) for digitizing sensor signals and storing them in the memory, calibrating a frequency of the primary oscillator (106) based on the frequency of the reference oscillator (104), and turning the reference oscillator on and off.

Abstract: A method of calculating the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of subterranean rock having a borehole formed or being formed therein comprises the steps of: (a) establishing or accessing a set of input variables pertaining to characteristics of the rock and the geographical region in which the rock exists; (b) allocating to each of a plurality of mnemonic types each representing a respective UCS calculation expression and contained within a database of UCS calculation curves up to one said input variable in the form of a data element or up to one series of said input variables in the form of a data curve the allocation taking place on the basis of identity of each said input variable or data curve, as applicable, to which a said UCS calculation curve is allocated to a variable of a said UCS calculation curve (herein “curve variables”); (c) dividing the set of allocated UCS calculation curves according to one or more respective zones of the rock to which they pertain and calculating a resultant curve; (d

Abstract: A detailed listing of all claims that are, or were, in the present application, irrespective of whether the claim(s) remain(s) under examination in the application is presented below. The claims are presented in ascending order and each includes one status identifier. Those claims not cancelled or withdrawn but amended by the current amendment utilize the following notations for amendment: 1. deleted matter is shown by strikethrough for six or more characters and double brackets for five or fewer characters; and 2. added matter is shown by underlining.

Abstract: A method of simulating a hydrocarbon reservoir is disclosed. A process-based model is generated that mimics a depositional process of the reservoir. The process-based model is analyzed to extract statistics of geometries of a body that forms part of the reservoir, and depositional rules of the body. An object-based modeling method is applied to construct multiple unconditional geologic models of the body using the statistics and the depositional rules. Training images are constructed using the multiple unconditional geologic models. Well data and gross thickness data are assigned into a simulation grid. A single multiple-point geostatistical simulation is performed using the training images. A three-dimensional (3D) reservoir model is constructed using results of the multiple-point geostatistical simulation.

Abstract: This invention relates to a photo-alignment copolymer which enables the formation of an optical anisotropic film that exhibits superior optical anisotropy, an optical anisotropic film using the photo-alignment copolymer and a method of manufacturing the optical anisotropic film. The photo-alignment copolymer includes both of a photo-alignment repeating unit having a photo-reactive functional group such as a cinnamate-based functional group, a chalcone-based functional group, an azo-based functional group or a coumarin-based functional group, and a repeating unit having a specific structure able to increase optical anisotropy.

Abstract: Silicone hydrogel contact lenses are provided which have reduced modulus and contact angle properties, and which have acceptable wettabilities for use in daily wear and extended or continuous wear applications.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a composition for a gel useful in fiber optic cable which has the normal consistency of a grease but which, if desired, will become a rubbery coherent gel upon heating; a method of making the heat-fusible gel, and a method of making a spliceable fiber optic cable, and a fiber optic cable. In the broadest sense, a heat-fusible oil gel composition for fiber optic cable is disclosed, comprising: from 50 to 80 wt. % of a grease-like gel based on a hydrocarbon oil containing from 2 to 10 wt. % of an S-EB or S-EP diblock polymer, or a mixture of these diblock copolymers, and from 20 to 50 wt. % of a grease-like gel based on a polar oil containing from 5 to 25 wt. % of an S-EB-S or S-EP-S triblock copolymer, or a mixture of these triblock copolymers.

Abstract: Provided is a polarizing film that is excellent in external appearance and can contribute to improving the display characteristics of an image display apparatus. A polarizing film of the present invention includes a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film containing iodine. At least one surface side of the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film includes a low-iodine layer.

Abstract: An antireflection film including a transparent thin film layer, and a transparent fine uneven layer whose main component is an alumina hydrate, which layers are formed in this order on a surface of a transparent substrate, is provided. The transparent thin film layer has an intermediate refractive index between the refractive index of the transparent substrate and the refractive index of the fine uneven layer, and the transparent thin film layer includes at least a nitride layer or an oxynitride layer.

Abstract: An antireflection film including a transparent thin film layer, and a transparent fine uneven layer whose main component is an alumina hydrate, which layers are formed in this order on a surface of a transparent substrate, is provided. The transparent thin film layer includes, in order from the transparent substrate side: an alumina layer; a water barrier layer which has a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the alumina layer and protects the alumina layer from water; and a flat layer whose main component is an alumina hydrate and whose refractive index is lower than the refractive index of the water barrier layer, and the water barrier layer has a thickness of 70 nm or less.