Abstract: Coolers for cooling pet food products and methods regarding same are presented. In an embodiment, the present invention provides a cooler comprising a chamber having product inlet, a product outlet and an air outlet, and at least one air duct having an exit opening so constructed and arranged for providing airflow into the product outlet.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus (1) comprising at least one receptacle (42) within which an article (44) can be placed for temperature-controlled storage. The apparatus (1) has a reservoir (10) within which fluid is contained, the reservoir (10) having a cooling region in thermal communication with the at least one receptacle (42). The reservoir (10) includes a headspace containing fluid that is, in use, higher than the at least one receptacle (42). The apparatus (1) has cooling means (30) for cooling fluid within the headspace. The or each receptacle (42) comprises a tube or pouch having an opening defined by an aperture (40) disposed in a wall of the reservoir (10) and extending inwardly into the cooling region so as to be submerged therein.

Abstract: A first heat exchanger, a desiccant block, and a second heat exchanger are arranged in series. In a dehumidifying operation, a first operation mode and a second operation mode are alternately repeated. In the first operation mode, the first heat exchanger is operated as a condensor or a radiator and the second heat exchanger is operated as an evaporator. In the second operation mode, the first heat exchanger is operated as the evaporator and the second heat exchanger is operated as the condensor or radiator. A pressure reducing amount in the first operation mode is controlled to be smaller than in the second operation mode so that a degree of superheat in the evaporator (second heat exchanger in the first operation mode, first heat exchanger in the second operation mode) in each of the first operation mode and the second operation mode is appropriately controlled to increase a dehumidifying amount.

Abstract: A method according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, controlling a climate control system of an electrified vehicle by shutting off refrigerant flow to a rear portion of a heat pump subsystem in response to a defrost request.

Abstract: A system for controlling the defrost cycle of an evaporator comprising a sensor in the coil of an evaporator or downstream of the coil, the sensor configured to determine changes in the liquid mass ratio of the refrigerant in the evaporator. The difference in liquid mass ratio relating to frost buildup on the outside of said evaporator. When the difference in liquid mass ratio reaches a predetermined amount, corresponding to an unsatisfactory frost buildup, a defrost cycle is initiated. When the liquid mass ratio returns to a value that corresponds to a defrosted evaporator, the defrost cycle is discontinued.

Abstract: A refrigerator assembly includes a cabinet having one or more compartments and a door configured to provide access to the one or more compartments. The refrigerator assembly further includes a mullion portion movably attached with respect the door and a hinge assembly attaching the mullion portion to the door such that the mullion portion is rotatably movable with respect to the door about a rotational axis between a first position and a second position. The refrigerator assembly further includes a leaf spring and a cam structure. The cam structure includes a first recess for receiving the leaf spring when the mullion portion is in the first position. The cam structure further includes a second recess for receiving the leaf spring when the mullion portion is in the second position.

Abstract: A device is described for providing a removable, disposable or reusable liner for a container. The liner may include an adhesive about the perimeter, a liner spout, and handles. The liner is particularly well suited to conform to the interior of a cooler and may seal to the inside of the cooler or overlap and seal to the outside of the container.

Abstract: A drawer assembly is provided for a refrigeration appliance. The drawer assembly comprises a unitary storage bin configured to move relative to the cooled compartment. The storage bin is defined by a front wall, a rear wall and opposed sidewalls that are arranged substantially parallel to the first and second interior walls of the cooled compartment. An uppermost portion of each of the opposed sidewalls comprises a projecting edge. The rear wall comprises a reinforced edge that inhibits deflection. A pair of linear motion elements is installed to enable movement of the storage bin in and out of the cooled compartment. A pair of support brackets couples the pair of linear motion elements.

Abstract: A storage compartment, operation display means configured to display a plurality of power saving levels each indicating a power saving index and to accept an operation input of selecting one power saving level from among the plurality of power saving levels, and control means configured to, when an operation input of selecting one power saving level from among the plurality of power saving levels displayed on the operation display means is made, calculate one or a plurality of power saving plans regarding a target temperature for the storage compartment in accordance with the selected one power saving level, are included. The operation display means displays the power saving plans calculated by the control means and accepts an operation input of executing the power saving plan.

Abstract: Exhaust gas from which impurities have been removed through pressurization and cooling by a compressor-based impurity separation mechanism is further cooled by a refrigerator-type heat exchanger. Drain produced from the cooling by the refrigerator-type heat exchanger is discharged and supplied as an alkalinity control agent to at least upstream of an aftercooler in a first impurity separator.

Abstract: Provided are a fan for use in a kiln and a method of using a fan in a kiln. The fan is connected to a motor using a hollow shaft and universal joints. An expansion joint is used to allow the hollow shaft to contract and expand during use. The bearings are sealed against corrosion caused by an environment within the kiln.

Abstract: A continuous heating furnace includes a furnace main body, a conveyance unit configured to convey a baking object W in the furnace main body, a plurality of heating sections heated by combustion, each having a first radiation surface configured to be heated by combustion and transfers heat to the baking object conveyed by the conveyance unit and arranged in the conveyance direction of the baking object in the furnace main body, and a cooling preheater having a second radiation surface configured to receive radiant heat from the baking object when being opposite to the baking object conveyed by the conveyance unit and a gas flow path configured to preheat a gas used for combustion in the heating section by the heat from the second radiation surface.

Abstract: Refractory modules and other insulating modules, which include a plurality of insulating module layers arranged with their major surfaces in a side-by-side orientation, are provided. Each insulating module layer includes a first section having a slot extending into a joint edge and a second section having a tab extending from a joint edge. The first and second sections each comprise a refractory insulation material, which typically includes fibrous refractory blanket material. The tab has an outer contour and the slot has an inner contour which substantially corresponds in shape such that when the tab is inserted in interlocking engagement into the slot, the joint edges of the first and second sections are held in juxtaposition along a section juncture.

Abstract: A holding device for a heating element and a heater with at least one such holding device. The holding device is produced from a refractory metal or from an alloy on the basis of refractory metal, has at least two holding elements which are arranged perpendicularly or at least substantially perpendicularly to each other. A first holding element is at least partially arranged in an opening of a second holding element.

Abstract: A heat pipe includes a metal tube and a sintered powder layer. An inner sidewall of the metal tube thereon defines a clearance area. The sintered powder layer is formed on the inner sidewall without covering the clearance area, such that the clearance area is exposed out without being covered by the sintered powder layer. Because of no sintered powder on the clearance area, the heat pipe can be bent at the clearance area without damaging the capillary structure formed by the sintered powder. The flow path of the working fluid is not interrupted or influenced, so the heat transfer efficiency can be maintained, which overcomes the decrement of the heat transfer efficiency of a bent heat pipe in the prior art.

Abstract: A heat pipe having enhanced heat transport capacity that can be manufactured easily is provided. The heat pipe 1 comprises a sealed container 2 and a wick structure 10. The wick structure includes a first wick 11 formed of copper fibers 11a, and a second wick formed of carbon fibers 12a. The first wick 11 is sintered to be fixed to an inner face 21a of a flat wall 21 while holding the second wick 12 therein.

Abstract: A heat pipe a flat heat pipe having enhanced heat transport capacity is provided. The flat heat pipe 1 comprises a working fluid encapsulated in a container 2, a first wick 11 that returns the working fluid from a condensing portion 4 to an evaporating portion 3 by a capillary pumping, and a second wick 12 that spreads the working fluid returned thereto over an inner face of the container by a capillary pumping. The second wick is formed only in the evaporating portion 3 to extend in a circumferential direction on the inner face of the container 2.

Abstract: A tube for use in a heat exchanger comprises a first portion spaced apart from a second portion. At least one reinforcing structure having a non-circular cross-sectional shape extends between the first portion and the second portion to divide a flow of a fluid through the tube into a first flow channel to one side of the at least one reinforcing structure and a second flow channel to a second side of the at least one reinforcing structure. A fluid communication channel provides fluid communication between the first flow channel and the second flow channel. The fluid communication channel is at least one of a) formed through the at least one reinforcing structure and b) formed between two adjacent ones of the reinforcing structures.

Abstract: A heat exchanger, including: a shell configured to have an inlet and an outlet for a first fluid; baffles disposed in the shell, wherein the baffles are configured to guide the first fluid into a helical flow pattern, and at least some of the baffles are disposed in a helical pattern with a helix angle; a tube disposed in the shell, wherein the tube extends along a longitudinal axis of the shell, the tube passes through the baffles, and the tube is configured to facilitate an exchange of thermal energy between a second fluid within the tube and the first fluid; and fins fixedly attached to an outer surface of the tube, wherein at least some of the fins are angled to match the helix angle of the at least some of the baffles.

Abstract: A heat exchanger comprises: (a) at least one plate pair comprising a first plate and a second plate and having a first end and a second end; (b) a fluid flow passage for flow of a first fluid defined between the first plate and the second plate of each of said plate pairs; (c) an inlet opening and an outlet opening provided in each of said plate pairs, wherein the fluid flow passage extends between the inlet opening and the outlet opening, and wherein the inlet opening and the outlet opening in each said plate pair are proximate to the first end; (d) an elongate flow barrier separating the fluid flow passage of each said plate pair into an inlet portion in which the inlet is located, and an outlet portion in which the outlet is located, wherein the flow barrier extends from the first end to a terminal end proximate to the second end of the plate pair, and wherein the flow barrier includes a gap through which fluid flow communication is provided between the inlet portion and the outlet portion of the fluid f

Abstract: Provided is an inexpensive scrape-off type heat exchanger that is simple in construction, eliminating the need for using a pump for forcibly feeding the process fluid. With the scrape-off type heat exchanger (1), when a suction delivery element (30) which is rotated, while making a reciprocating motion, being closely contacted with an inner wall (200) of the heat transfer tube (20), is traveled from the process fluid inlet part (21) side toward a process fluid outlet part (22), the process fluid is sucked from a process fluid inlet part (21) into the inside of the heat transfer tube (20), and at the same time, the process fluid, which has already been sucked in, passed through the suction delivery element (30), and discharged to the process fluid outlet part (22) side, through the check valves 310, 320, is forced out to the process fluid outlet part (22).

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchange laminate for use as a heat exchange member in a heat exchange unit, comprising a base layer extending substantially planar, said base layer being bilaterally coated with a contact layer. The contact layer is electrical conductive and is substantially non-metallic. At least one of the contact layers has an embossed contact surface. The invention further relates to the use of the heat exchange laminate and to a heat exchange unit and a printing system comprising such a heat exchange laminate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchange laminate for use as a heat exchange member in a heat exchange unit, comprising a base layer extending substantially planar, said base layer being bilaterally coated with an electrical conductive contact layer. The contact layer comprises a high molecular weight polyethylene and a carbon black. The invention further relates to the use of the heat exchange laminate and to a heat exchange unit and a printing system comprising such a heat exchange laminate.

Abstract: Several embodiments of toy dart launch apparatus are disclosed including two crossbows with stretchable cords, a spring driven apparatus and an apparatus with battery operated rotatable wheels. Each apparatus includes an open top drum for receiving and storing darts. The darts are tubular and formed of soft foam. The drum includes an open outer surface with spaced recesses so that loaded darts are exposed, the darts being received by a spike in each recess. The recesses also include protrusions for restraining the stored darts on the spike, and a platform is mounted in the crossbows to support each dart when the released stretched cord impacts the dart. In the case of a rotating wheel arrangement, there is no need for spikes on drum or a platform.

Abstract: A method of supervising the safe carrying of firearms establishing rules for the situations where live ammunition is allowed to be in the chamber of the firearm. A supervisor checks that a dummy round is in the chamber of the firearm before the supervised person goes on duty outside of direct supervision. The dummy round is designed so that it records occasions when it is removed from the chamber. The recording is designed to last until checked by the supervisor. In some cases the dummy round undergoes changes that make the recording. In other cases the dummy round keeps count of the number of times it is removed from the chamber. In still other cases the dummy round communicates with a device which makes the recording. In each of these cases the system of supervision insures that live ammunition is only chambered when appropriate.

Abstract: Crossbows having two trigger safety locks. Operatively connected to a trigger is a trigger lock element that in one position prevents the trigger from moving. To prevent inadvertent contact between a cocking slide and a released stretched cord of the crossbow, a slide lock element engages the trigger lock element until the slide lock element is disengaged by the cocking slide moving out of the way. To prevent an improperly configured projectile from being discharged a projectile lock element engages the trigger lock element until a properly configured projectile is loaded onto a drum causing the projectile lock element to disengage from the trigger lock element.

Abstract: Trigger groups for semi-automatic firearms have a hammer, a trigger element, a sear, a selector, and a disconnector assembly, the disconnector assembly operable when the selector is in a first position to retain the hammer in the cocked position in response to release of the trigger element to the rest position subsequent to discharge of the firearm by pulling the trigger element, and the disconnector assembly operable when the selector is in a second position to release the hammer to the striking position in response to release of the trigger element to the rest position subsequent to discharge of the firearm by pulling the trigger element, such that the firearm discharges once per cycle of the trigger element when the selector is in the first position, and fires once for each forward or rearward motion of the trigger element when the selector is in the second position.

Abstract: A firearms flash and sound suppressor formed from ring segments (16) that thread into each other and baffle washers (18) that are captured between the mating joints of the ring segments thus forming chambers out of each ring segment (16). The ring segment male thread (16a) on the end of the suppressor subassembly formed from the joined ring segments (16) has a ring adapter (14) threaded onto it to convert it to a female thread. One end of the suppressor (10) has an end cap (20) threaded into it. The other end of the suppressor (10) has a muzzle adapter (12) threaded into it. The muzzle adapter (12) contains a female threaded hole (12a) to mate with a threaded barrel on a firearm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a silencer for firearms, the silencer comprising a substantially cylindrical outer sleeve and an inner body arranged therein, which inner body at one end is provided with an attachment portion and at an opposite end is provided with a muzzle portion. The inner body is further provided with a number of separate transverse through openings around its circumference and at least a part of its length, thus providing a plurality of walls around its circumference and a solid core in the inner body, a throughgoing longitudinal bore extending through the solid core, wherein each transverse through opening and the throughgoing longitudinal bore are connected by means of at least one channel.

Abstract: A suppressor with configurable baffles has a tubular body defining a bore, a muzzle mount facility on the body, a stack of a plurality of baffles closely received in the bore, each of the baffles defining a primary aperture, each of the baffles having an asymmetric gas flow feature, the primary apertures being aligned on a common axis, each of the baffles having an alignment facility operable to mate with the alignment facility of an adjacent baffle such that a relative rotational position is established, and each alignment facility including a plurality of orientation features at selected rotational intervals about the common axis, such that each baffle is operable to engage an adjacent baffle in a plurality of different alternative orientations at which the respective asymmetric gas flow features are relatively oriented in a selectable position.

Abstract: A pole assembly includes a slide mounted reciprocally to a pole. The slide includes an upper extremity, a lower extremity, and a handle between the upper extremity and the lower extremity. First and second jaws are mounted reciprocally to the slide between gripping positions for gripping the pole therebetween and released positions for releasing the pole therebetween. The slide is disabled from moving reciprocally relative to the pole, in the gripping positions of the first and second jaws. The slide is enabled for moving reciprocally relative to the pole, in the released positions of the first and second jaws. Each of the first and second jaws reciprocates obliquely relative to the pole from the released position away from the pole and the upper extremity of the slide, and the gripping position toward the pole and the upper extremity of the slide.

Abstract: An externally mounted firearm accessory and a method of operating the accessory. The firearm accessory includes a mounting clamp and a collar offset extending from the mounting clamp on the side of the firearm on which the bolt catch/release is located, a shaft that is slidably mounted on the collar, a handle at the forward end of the shaft, and a slot at the rear end of the shaft that receives and holds the charging handle of the firearm accessory. The slot is positioned in relation to the charging handle so that, in operation, a user of the firearm accessory pulls rearward on the handle of the shaft of the firearm accessory to push the charging handle rearward and, thereby, depress and open the latch of the charging handle of the firearm. At this point, the user can then push the handle of the firearm accessory forward to pull the charging handle of the firearm into a closed and latched position. A biased spring mechanism associated with the charging handle can also act to push the charging handle forward.

Abstract: A frame is provided, and a quiver assembly is attached to the frame. The frame, preferably made from aluminum, is manufactured by using an axis of extrusion that is perpendicular to the primary axis of the quiver assembly. A top portion of the quiver assembly provides blade covers with foam inserts to store, for example, expandable broadheads. The blade covers are non-circular in shape, so that broadheads can be rotated approximately ninety degrees to a secure position. The quiver also utilizes a set screw that allows a the hunter to adjust the camming force required for loading and unloading the quiver from the bow. The quiver assembly utilizes rubber posts that allow for a quiet operation, as well as a secure means of locking the quiver assembly to a bow.

Abstract: An archery bow comprises a structural riser that comprises a plurality of cells arranged in a repeating pattern. In some embodiments, the riser comprises multiple pluralities of similarly shaped cells, wherein each plurality comprises a different shape. In some embodiments, a bow comprises one or more rotatable members. Each rotatable member can comprise a plurality of cells arranged in a repeating pattern. In some embodiments, cell shapes in the rotatable member(s) are similar to cell shapes in the riser.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bendable firearm having an off-axis shoulder rest and a sight, which enables stable aiming and firing since a shoulder rest is bent in an off-axis shape and provides a new structure having excellent stability by minimizing exposure of the body. The bendable firearm having the off-axis shoulder rest and the sight, according to the present invention, comprising a firearm body (100) having a gun barrel (110) and a trigger unit (120) for firing a bullet through the gun barrel (110); a shoulder rest (200) provided at a rear end of the firearm body (100); and a sight (300) which is coupled with the firearm body (100), wherein the shoulder rest (200) is coupled so as to be bendable from the firearm (100) by an additional shoulder rest adapter (400).

Abstract: A bracket is disclosed for coupling a weapon accessory to a weapon. The bracket includes a bracket housing that defines a space for receiving a self-contained energy storage device, such as a battery or the like, and a means to transfer electrical energy from a self-contained energy storage device in the space to a weapon accessory mounted onto the bracket housing. The weapon accessory requires electrical energy to operate, but does not have its own built-in source of electrical energy. Instead, the weapon accessory receives the electrical energy it needs to operate from one or more self-contained energy storage devices in the bracket.

Abstract: Apparatus for storing therein a firearm includes a firearm case including walls. Alignment structure extends from one of the walls positioned to abut against a rear surface of one of firearms of a given line of firearms placed in the firearm case such that a distance from the alignment structure that abuts against the firearm to a front surface of the firing pin of the firearm is equal for all the given line of firearms of the given manufacturer that have different barrel lengths. A safety rod of a fixed length is insertable into the barrel of the firearm, the fixed length being such that an end of the safety rod always reaches the front surface of the firing pin, regardless of the barrel length.

Abstract: A system for firing shell-cased projectiles including multiple barrels and a breech assembly, which includes multiple detonators each aligned to a corresponding one of the barrels. Each detonator may include a plunger coupled to a firing pin, and a solenoid for driving the plunger and firing pin toward the corresponding barrel upon firing, and an actuator-driven mechanical safety device including a slide plate switchable between first and second lateral positions. The slide plate may include multiple entrapment pins, each corresponding to one of the detonators. When the slide plate is in the first lateral position, each of the entrapment pins are positioned so as to obstruct movement of the plunger in the corresponding detonator, thereby rendering the corresponding detonator inoperable to fire eve if the corresponding solenoid is actuated. On the other hand, when the slide plate is in the second lateral position, each of the detonators is operable to fire when the corresponding solenoid is actuated.

Abstract: This invention teaches an optical method for adjusting the point of aim in telescopic gun sights. A pair of thin wedge prisms are placed in the optical path of a telescopic gun sight such that they can tilt around an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of the sight. The sight's point of aim is adjusted by tilting the prisms.

Abstract: Systems and methods for enabling an integrated multifunction scope for optical combat identification and other uses. The functionality of Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) is combined with Optical Combat Identification Systems (OCIDS) or other identification as friend or foe (IFF) systems. This can provide for improved MILES performance through the utilization of a common laser transmission system and/or the use of location information systems, such as global positioning system (GPS) coordinates. According to some embodiments, various additional features may be included for use in training and/or combat environments.

Abstract: A viewing apparatus for a rifle scope, the viewing apparatus comprising a camera unit having a camera and attachment means operable to attach the camera unit to a rifle scope such that the camera is exposed to an image visible at an eyepiece of a rifle scope, the camera being adapted to generate image data from the image to which it is exposed, the camera unit being arranged and operable to transfer the image data from the camera to a display unit, the display unit comprising display means being arranged and operable to display the image data received from the camera unit, the display unit further comprising attachment means operable to attach the display unit to a rifle scope.

Abstract: A multi-function dry fire training device to be inserted into the chamber of a firearm, which comprises an illuminator for emitting, upon receiving a command from a controller, a beam of visible or invisible illumination from the barrel of the firearm, the beam being parallel to its central axis; a controller for controlling the functionality of the device including illumination of the illuminator, in response to activation of the firearm trigger; an actuator, being electrically connected to the controller, for activating the controller whenever being struck by the firearm striker and a power source for providing DC power to the controller and illuminator.

Abstract: An armor module including a flexible, spacing structure configured to prevent detonation of an RPG striking the structure. Hard points are attached to the flexible spacing structure in a spaced relationship to each other to engage an RPG striking the structure and spaced via the flexible spacing structure from a vehicle or other target sufficiently to dud the RPG before the RPG strikes the vehicle or other target.

Abstract: A ballistic resistant article is provided along with a process to manufacture the article. The ballistic resistant articles includes at least one consolidated composite, wherein the at least one consolidated composite includes at least two layers, each layer includes a network of fibers, the fibers have a strength of at least 800 mN/tex (1100 MPa) according to ASTM D 7269-07, the fibers in each layer are impregnated with a matrix material, and each consolidated composite has a front surface and a rear surface. In the ballistic article, at least the front surface of each consolidated composite is powder coated with partly molten and solidified powder particles to form a powder coated surface.

Abstract: A device and method for countering, i.e., disrupting an attack by a dangerous assailant, particularly in a public space such as a classroom. A pressurized spray canister contains oleoresin capsicum (OC), a.k.a. pepper spray, in a gel formulation, and the canister is adapted for spraying a jet of the OC gel that is concentrated in the area of a person's head located up to 25 feet away from a user. To prevent misuse, the canister is securely stored in a box having a door with a latch for resisting non-emergency access to the canister stored in the box. A gel formulation has been selected for properties, in addition to its powerful pepper (OC) effects, that enhance defense including opaque, sticky, high density coverage, and brightly colored long lasting stains.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for neutralizing explosive devices that includes an electrical power supply that provides an electrical potential sufficient to neutralize an explosive device, a cathode emitter and an anode emitter, and a vehicle that moves the cathode and anode emitters along the earth in close proximity to the earth, wherein the cathode and anode emitters are arranged parallel and spaced apart from each other. A method for using the apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A target scoring system (300) includes a recording medium (200) configured to receive a passing projectile. The system (300) further includes an indexer (306) configured to index the recording medium (200) by a desired distance. Additionally, the system (300) includes at least one data capturing device (302, 304) configured to at least capture image of a portion of interest in the recording medium (200) after a projectile is fired. Furthermore, the system (300) includes a data processing system configured to determine a distance between, a virtual centre in the portion of interest corresponding to a centre of target, and point of impact of the projectile on the recording medium (200).

Abstract: In a target apparatus, a coil spring lies on a linear axis and has open space between its adjacent coils. A sleeve disposed externally and rotatably around the coil spring includes a guide feature that reaches radially inward into the open space of the coil spring in a condition slidable along the coils. At least one arm carries a respective target plate on the sleeve at a radial distance outward therefrom. Impact of the target plate rotates the sleeve about the axis in a respective rotational direction, which causes translation of the sleeve along the axis in a respective translational direction due to cooperation between the coil spring and the guide feature on the sleeve. Use of a screw mechanism employing a coil spring instead of threads to cause translation of the sleeve under rotation thereof reduces the risk of functionally-detrimental damage to the screw mechanism by a firearm projectile.

Abstract: An aspect of the disclosure relates to a multichannel controller for controlling a target in a target system. In one embodiment, a multichannel controller is configured to control a target system and includes a user input interface that receives a user input for the multichannel controller, wherein the user input is a command to control one or more targets in the target system and a processor that generates the command to send to the one or more targets in the target system and a command translation unit that relays the command to the one or more targets, wherein the command comprises a motion sequence.

Abstract: Modular cartridges are disclosed that can be initially assembled, disassembled, and reprocessed by hand. The cartridge case is suitable for use with a variety of projectile designs and weights and for use with a range of propellant amounts and primer types. The variety of projectiles and range of propelling forces permits the present invention to provide cartridges for all types of uses, including indoor and outdoor target shooting, training, non-lethal self-protection, and lethal uses. The cartridges include a case, a projectile, a primer, and a selectable amount of propellant (if any), and primer housing insert” and which is configured to be releasably attached to the striking end of the case and to contain the primer and the desired amount of propellant.