Abstract: Heat is indirectly transferred between a process fluid and ambient air in apparatus that includes an evaporative heat transfer cell operative in a wet mode or a dry mode, a dry heat transfer cell and a fan. The air may bypass the dry heat transfer cell to flow through a first air passage or may flow through a second air passage through the dry heat transfer cell and in either event, then through the evaporative heat transfer cell. The air may partially flow through and partially bypass the dry heat transfer cell, and then through the evaporative heat transfer cell. The evaporative heat transfer cell optionally may include a direct contact evaporative heat exchanger.

Abstract: A water heating system includes a burner assembly for providing a source of thermal energy to a heat exchanger. A water inlet conduit is coupled to the heat exchanger assembly for supplying fresh water to be heated, and a water exit conduit is coupled to the heat exchanger assembly for delivering the heated water to a point of use. A bypass conduit connects the water exit conduit to the water inlet conduit, and a pump disposed in the bypass conduit circulates at least a portion of the heated water from the water exit conduit to the water inlet conduit. A feed-forward sensor positioned in the water inlet conduit between the heat exchanger assembly and the bypass conduit monitors a parameter of the water entering the heat exchanger assembly, and a processor controls the operation of the of the burner assembly in response to the feed-forward sensor.

Abstract: A heat exchanger has a plurality of intermediate plates arranged one atop the other to form a stack having first and second ends. At least one first fluid channel through conducts a first fluid and at least one second fluid channel through conducts a second fluid. The intermediate plates are geometrically configured to define at least a portion of each of the first and second fluid channels. An end plate is arranged on one of the ends of the stack and a first inlet opening communicates with the first fluid channel for introducing the first fluid and a first outlet opening communicates with the first fluid channel for conducting the first fluid out of the heat exchanger. A second inlet opening communicates with the second fluid channel for introducing the second fluid and a second outlet opening communicates with the second fluid channel for conducting the second fluid away from the heat exchanger. The end plate has at least one expansion zone for reducing the stiffness thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the rotary high density heat exchangers. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to rotary high density heat exchangers that contain one or more fan blades where each fan blade contains heat exchanging surfaces on the surface thereof.

Abstract: A heat exchanger tube includes protrusions extending into the internal volume to turbulate a fluid flow for improved heat transfer. The protrusions are arranged to provide dimpled and un-dimpled regions in order to provide increased heat transfer together with decreased pressure drop. A method of transferring heat by flowing a fluid into a tube, turbulating the fluid in a dimpled first tube section, developing a thermal boundary layer in an un-dimpled second section, and turbulating the fluid in a dimpled second tube section is also presented.

Abstract: The adjustable heat exchanger provides precise control of oven temperature in a pyrolysis reaction. The heat exchanger includes two sets of hollow non-circular discs, the discs of a movable set being interleaved with the discs of a stationary set. A first working fluid circulates through a heat source oven and through the hollow stationary discs, and a second working fluid circulates through the hollow rotating discs and a pyrolysis oven. The two fluids do not mix with one another, but are always completely separate from one another. Heat transfer depends upon the relative surface area of the rotary discs interleaved between the stationary discs. Minimum heat transfer occurs when the rotary discs are rotated to a position clear of the stationary discs, and maximum heat transfer occurs when the rotary discs are completely interleaved with the stationary discs.

Abstract: A heat exchanger comprising substantially square (rectangle) conduits featuring a screw like turbulator designed for square conduits. The tubes are designed for reclaiming heat from waste fluids. The tubes are substantially parallel to the flow direction of the waste fluid, thus resulting in a simple and cost effective construction.

Abstract: A heat dissipation bracket for a battery pack assembly, comprises: a plurality of battery support brackets with an open end in a lower portion thereof; and a baffle mated with the open end, wherein the open end and the upper end of the battery support bracket and the two sides of the baffle are provided with corresponding horizontal protruding edges; the open end of one of the plurality of battery support brackets is provided with the baffle, while the rest of the battery support brackets are vertically stacked and disposed on the upper end of the battery support brackets; the battery support bracket, the baffle, and the stacked battery support brackets are connected through bolts in the corresponding horizontal protruding edges; a plurality of battery positioning slots are formed by the battery support brackets and the inner wall of the baffle; a plurality of raised bars are formed on the outer wall of the baffle along the longitudinal axial direction of the battery positioning slots, and a heat exchange cha

Abstract: A cooling structure for cooling a heat generating element allows cooling fluid to circulate around the heat generating element or a base material with the heat generating element disposed thereon. The cooling structure is provided with a vortex-flow generating portion which extends in a direction intersecting a circulation direction of the cooling fluid, and which generates a vortex flow depending on the flow rate of cooling fluid.

Abstract: An automatic or semi-automatic rifle. The rifle has a receiver and a bolt having a striking surface, the bolt enclosed within the receiver. A barrel has a bore, the barrel coupled to the receiver. An indirect gas operating system has a cylinder and a piston, the indirect gas operating system mounted with a mounting structure substantially independent of the barrel. The cylinder is in communication with the bore, and the piston is fitted to the cylinder and disposed for striking the striking surface and displacing the bolt assembly.

Abstract: A firearm pin assembly is provided. A firearm pin may have a substantially cylindrical member with a lever on one end and a track running along its side. The track may run helically for a portion of its path. The track may also have at least one dimple disposed within its path. The firearm pin assembly may have an aperture for installing a detent and detent spring. The firearm pin assembly may be used in any firearm, including but not limited to a takedown pin and pivot pin assembly in an AR-15 style rifle.

Abstract: A cover assembly for a trigger guard is described having a housing, a catch member connected to the housing, a release assembly mounted to the housing, and a biometric sensor assembly at least partially mounted to the housing. The housing has a base, a first sidewall and a second sidewall extending upwardly from the base to define a trigger guard receiving space. At least the first sidewall has an opening extending therethrough. The catch member is moveable between a locked position and an unlocked position. The release assembly is operable to cause the catch member to move from the locked position to the unlocked position. The biometric sensor assembly is configured to validate a biometric input and cause the release assembly to move the catch member from the locked position to the unlocked position based on validation of the biometric input.

Abstract: A reversible modification to the gas block of a machine gun reduces the rate of fire to the machine gun's design rate for use when a suppressor has been added to the barrel and which suppressor would, without the present modification, elevate the firing rate from the machine gun's design rate. The modification is the use of a stem inserted into the bore of the gas block nozzle to further limit the combustion gas being delivered to the machine gun's operating group. A hole formed in the stem restricts gas flow. The stem seats against the gas block nozzle and is held in place by the cap covering the gas block but may alternatively be held in place in several alternative ways described. Removal of the cap allows the stem to be removed from the gas block when the suppressor has been removed from the machine gun barrel.

Abstract: A laser training shooting device adaptable for use in varying caliber barrels of a firearm insertable in said barrels simulating firing of the firearm without actuation of a trigger or a firing pin of the firearm. The laser device consisting of: a laser module composed of a transmitting assembly and optics package; a spud adapter in communication with the laser module, said spud adapter having contact beads for frictional engagement and alignment within said firearm barrel; and, an electrical lead having a means of attachment at a first end to the laser module and a micro-switch disposed within a trigger ring or a trigger hook at a second end positioned at the trigger of said firearm. The laser device being activated by pressing the micro-switch causing the emission of a laser light from the laser module.

Abstract: A shooting bow includes pulleys, a string latch, bow riser, barrel, first limb, second limb, a first cam, and a second cam. The bow riser is enjoined with the barrel. The first and second limbs extend from the bow riser. The first and second cams are pivotally retained on the first and second limbs. A bowstring is retained by the first and second cams. A first pulley and a second pulley are retained on the barrel. Both cams have a string track and a cable track. One end of the string is coupled to the first cam and the other end is coupled to the second cam. As for both cables, one end is coupled to the first cam, the middle of the cable travels around a pulley or track, and the other end is coupled to the first limb, first cam axle or back to the cam.

Abstract: An arrow rest for supporting the shaft of an arrow includes a first support frame and a plurality of support members connected to the support frame for defining at least a portion of an opening with a central axis for receiving the shaft of an arrow. Each support member has a base portion connected to the first support frame that extends towards the shaft of an arrow, and a support portion that extends from the base portion for tangentially engaging the shaft of an arrow in a direction at least generally parallel to the central axis.

Abstract: A wrist strap for connection to a plurality of different bowstring release mechanisms via a plurality of different connecting members, includes a flexible base member adapted to fit around the wrist of a user and a mounting assembly connected to the wrist strap. The flexible base member has first and second arms that converge towards an apex area. The mounting assembly is connected to the apex area and is adapted to receive and retain the plurality of different connecting members. The mounting assembly includes a lower mounting portion having a first feature for retaining at least a first of the plurality of extension members and a second feature for retaining a second of the plurality of extension members. The upper and lower mounting portions cooperate to releasably lock one of the extension members in one of two locking positions.

Abstract: A pneumatic speargun for spearfishing and a related method of loading and firing includes a cylinder having a head and a body with a hand grip, a slide guide for a spear, a reservoir for a pressurized fluid, and a barrel connected to the reservoir. A piston is slidingly mounted in the barrel for movement from an end loading positions, in which it is retained, to an end discharge position. A trigger releases the retaining system and causes the piston to move from the selected end loading position to the end discharge position. The piston in the loading position is removably connected to the spear via a cable and a return system and the spear becomes propelled as the piston moves from the end discharge position to the selected end loading position by pulling the cable.

Abstract: A firearm handgrip assembly with laser gunsight system has a first grip body having a first attachment facility operable to connect the grip to the frame at a first frame position, a second grip body having a second attachment facility operable to connect the grip to the frame at a first frame position, a connection portion connected to the first grip body and to the second grip body, the first grip body including a beam projection element, the second grip body including a power storage facility, and the second attachment facility being operable to enable detachment and reattachment of the second grip body while the first grip body remains undisturbed, such that batteries may be replaced without disturbing the alignment of the beam projection element. The connection portion may include a conductor and be formed of a flexible material, such as an elastomer.

Abstract: An adapter for a QD socket is disclosed. The adapter has a connection post having a plurality of tabs movable relative to each other between a first configuration and a second configuration. The first configuration defines a maximum effective outer diameter of the connection post, and the second configuration defines a minimum effective outer diameter of the connection post. A method of modifying a quick disconnect attachment is also disclosed.

Abstract: In general, disclosed is a multi-use and gun-protective apparatus for secure and hands-free carrying of a long gun in close proximity (in time, distance, and procedure) to a gunman carrier's gun firing position. Basically, in one embodiment, the apparatus is a reversible, open-ended, and chest-mounted bi-fold pouch configured to fold around at least part of the receiver portions (the portions of the rifle that contains the operating parts, e.g., bolt carrying group, trigger group, or magazine port) of a long gun). In operation, a long gun may be provided to the pouch so that the gun is transversely oriented with respect to torso of the gun carrier whereby the barrel of the long gun extends out of one end of the pouch while the stock of the long gun extends out of the other end of the pouch.

Abstract: A reticle for a projectile weapon aiming apparatus including a plurality of aiming marks, the plurality of aiming marks include a first mark positioned at the center of the reticle and at least one additional mark spaced below the first mark along a vertical center axis of the reticle, wherein adjacent marks of the first mark and the at least one additional mark are spaced apart by predetermined distances. First and second horizontal stripes are provided on each side of the plurality of aiming marks respectively, the first and second horizontal stripes offset relative to the vertical center axis with a gap provided therebetween and extending towards the perimeter of the reticle, the first and second horizontal stripes spaced a predetermined distance from a bottom of the reticle measured along the vertical center axis.

Abstract: An assembly for changing the posture of a weapon coupled to a sensor system comprises a weapon mount configured to support a weapon. The assembly further comprises a movement mechanism coupled between the weapon mount and the sensor system. The movement mechanism is movable between a first configuration in which a boresight or barrel of the weapon is aligned with a first axis of a line of sight of the sensor system and a second configuration in which the barrel of the weapon is disposed along a second axis rotated with respect to the first axis such that the weapon is no longer pointed in the same direction as the sensor.

Abstract: An improved weapon mount system for night vision system includes a cage-like structure receiving the body of a night vision system, such as a night vision monocular. A mounting shoe is attached to the base and cage halves secure the body of the night vision system. The mounting shoe of the present mount provides a lower profile than an integral mounting member on the night vision system that is used to attach the night vision system to a helmet/head worn mount. In one aspect, by lowering the weapon mounting height of the night vision device, the night vision system can be mounted at an appropriate height for use in front of an optical scope. In another aspect one aspect, lowering the weapon mounting height of the night vision device allows the night vision system to be mounted at an appropriate height for use on a helmet mounting system in a binocular system having a thermal camera or other type of viewing device.

Abstract: Release of attachment assemblies. Attachment assemblies including releasing mechanism, a trigger; and cables in mechanical communication with the releasing mechanism and with the trigger for operation of each releasing mechanism having such mechanical communication.

Abstract: A ballistic armored component attaches to the existing retention straps of common combat helmets and provides protection to the otherwise exposed lower skull and upper neck region. A fabric covering contains a soft armor or hard armor insert, and is mounted by straps or other fasteners to existing straps found in conventional helmets. The armor component may be fabric of aramid fibers, or fabric of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, or may be fabricated of a rigid plate of ceramic, polymer, or metal. The armored component adds additional protection from ground-level or subterranean munitions, by placing a ballistic shape on the lower skull region (occipital region), providing significant additional ballistic coverage with minimal weight and bulk. The fabric shell may also be connected directly to the helmet shell, to allow the component to withdraw within the helmet when the wearer's neck is flexed rearwardly.

Abstract: The present invention in one aspect relates to a low-cost, nano-graphene based broadband optical limiter with limiting properties superior to current standards, carbon fullerenes (C60) solutions and carbon black suspensions. The broadband optical limiter includes a plurality of graphene nano-sheets, and a base material in which the plurality of graphene nano-sheets is distributed. The base material can be liquid or gel matrix.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for neutralizing explosive devices that includes an electrical power supply that provides an electrical potential sufficient to neutralize an explosive device, a cathode emitter and an anode emitter, and a vehicle that moves the cathode and anode emitters along the earth in close proximity to the earth, wherein the cathode and anode emitters are arranged parallel and spaced apart from each other. A method for using the apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: Devices and methods for illuminating an arrow nock or bolt end are disclosed including providing a nock having a first portion adapted to receive the bowstring in a drawn position and a second portion adapted to receive the bowstring after the bowstring is released from the drawn position; a light source assembly at least partially disposed within the nock body and activated when the bowstring is released from the drawn position; the light source assembly comprising a power source, a light source and a switch; and a least a portion of the light source assembly protruding from the end of the nock body so that releasing the bowstring causes the switch to close, thereby activating the light source and illuminating the nock or bolt end. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A directed munition has a non-fragmentation casing, and an explosive within the casing that is configured to propel fragments out an opening of the casing when the explosive is detonated. The casing may be made of a material that does not produce lethal or injurious fragments when the explosive is detonated. The explosive may include an insensitive explosive portion that creates the shape of an explosive front, and a secondary explosive containing a more energetic explosive, which is closer to the fragments than the insensitive explosive portion. There may be more of the insensitive explosive than the relatively energetic explosive. The munition may have a ring that is operatively coupled to the fragments, to aid in directing the fragments out of the casing opening in a desired direction. The ring may be made of a material that does not produce injurious fragments when the explosive is detonated.

Abstract: An ignition circuit (200) includes: an igniter (210) having first (211) and second (212) terminals; a first diode (225) electrically connected in series with the igniter at the first terminal; a second diode (230) electrically connected in series with the igniter at the second terminal. The first and second diodes each have an anode terminal (226, 231) and a cathode terminal (227, 232), wherein like terminals of the first and second diodes are electrically connected to the igniter, thereby defining proximal terminals and distal terminals. A capacitor (235) is electrically connected across the distal terminals and connectable in parallel with a series-connected energy source (215) and switch (220). The energy source and a switch are electrically connectable across the distal terminals via test lead wires.

Abstract: An inflatable borehole plug comprising an inflatable fluid tight bag with a storage container containing an inflation fluid in a compressed state located within the fluid tight bag. The storage container has a first actuator and a second actuator located at opposite ends thereof to initiate release of inflation fluid and hence effect expansion of the fluid tight bag. Choice of the vertical orientation of the first and second actuators and of which or both are activated provides differing rates of release of the inflation fluid and corresponding different rates of inflation of the fluid tight bag.

Abstract: A method of blasting rock at an underground blast site in which boreholes (11a, b, c) are drilled in a rock mass (10) from a drive defining face (12), each borehole is loaded with at least one charge of explosive material (13a-c, 14a-c, 15a-c), at least one detonator is placed in operative association with each charge, and a sequence of at least two initiation events is conducted to blast the rock mass, in each of which only some of the charges are initiated, by sending firing signals to only the detonators associated with said charges and in which each initiation event is a discrete user-controlled initiation event. In one of the at least two initiation events a stranded portion of the rock mass such as a pillar is created that has already been drilled and charged, and the stranded portion of the rock mass is blasted in a subsequent one or more of the at least two initiation events without personnel accessing said stranded portion.

Abstract: A thread gauge inspection apparatus includes a receiving member to hold a reference thread gauge and a motor to bi-directionally rotate the reference thread gauge. A counter counts a number of turns the reference thread gauge is rotated by the motor, and a torque monitoring device monitors the torque produced by the motor as the reference thread gauge is rotated. A controller, when the monitored torque exceeds a predetermined value, causes the motor to stop rotating the reference thread gauge and causes the counter to stop counting the number of turns the reference thread gauge is rotated. The controller compares the count produced by the counter with an inputted specific turn count and indicates the thread quality of threaded hole or a threaded stud passed inspection when the count produced by the counter is equal to the inputted specific turn count.

Abstract: A thickness gage including a transparent measurement tube configured to receive and be slidingly engaged over a tubular shaft of a retrograde reamer. The tubular shaft has linear graduation marks on its surface for identifying linear measures for use in measuring a thickness of a bridge bone gap. The linear graduation marks are located on the tubular shaft surface such that at least some of the linear graduation marks can be observed through the transparent measurement tube. Each linear graduation mark, when aligned with a proximal end of the measurement tube, provides a linear measure of the distance between a distal end of the measurement tube and a cutting member of the retrograde reamer positioned so that its central axis is disposed at a non-zero angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the tubular shaft. Such a distance corresponds to the thickness of the bridge bone gap.

Abstract: An improved rheometer and rotatable sensing shaft sub-assembly therefor with flexural pivot support at two ends of the shaft, and means for allowing limited axial movement of the shaft while maintaining rigid radial support, with transducer means for extracting and signaling rotational position of the shaft based on shear stress of a fluent material contacting a spindle, cone/plate or other extension of the shaft and/or a related motor-driven member such as a cylinder.

Abstract: A system and method for carrying out non-destructive testing and inspection of test objects to inspect for anomaly using eddy current instruments, the instrument has an on-board calibration module configured to provide probe-specific conductivity or thickness correction data over a plurality of testing points of a standard block having known conductivity and thicknesses using the same physical probe as is used for the inspection measurements. When the same probe induces eddy current into a test object, the instrument having a processor or computing unit, computes a conductivity or thickness value, corrected by the above said correction data pertaining to the specific probe.

Abstract: An inductive detection type rotary encoder comprises: a stator; and a rotor that is engaged with a rotation shaft to rotate along with the rotation shaft and faces the stator in an axial direction. The stator comprises at least two transmission windings and reception windings that are disposed from an inner peripheral side to an outer peripheral side, and the rotor comprises at least two magnetic flux coupling bodies that are respectively magnetic flux coupled with these at least two transmission windings and reception windings to configure angle detection tracks. Furthermore, inner peripheral side reception windings and outer peripheral side reception windings are connected in series, and are led out by lead-out wirings commonly used in the inner peripheral side reception windings and the outer peripheral side reception windings.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomography system utilizes an optical swept source that frequency scans at least two different sweep rates. In this way, the system can perform large depth scans of the sample and then the same system can perform shorter depth high precision scans, in one specific example. In order to optimally use the analog to digital converter that samples the interference signal, the system further samples the interference signals at different optical frequency sampling intervals depending upon the selected sweep rates of the optical swept source. This allows the system to adapt to different sweep rates in an optimal fashion.

Abstract: One or more non-zero diffraction orders are selected, and these selected one or more zero or non-zero diffraction orders are selected for eliminating or obtaining corresponding zero or non-zero diffraction order terms or interference term from measurements from a periodic target using an optical metrology tool. The periodic target has a pitch, and the measurements contain a zero diffraction order and one or more non-zero diffraction order terms. Using the optical metrology tool, an incident beam is directed to positions on the target, and the measurements are obtained from the target in response to the incident beam. The measurements are processed to eliminate or obtain each zero or non-zero diffraction order term or interference term associated with each selected zero or non-zero diffraction order, resulting in a processed metrology signal.

Abstract: A lateral-distortion corrected optical coherence tomography system. The system can include an optical coherence tomography sensor, a light source, a fiber-optic system arranged to provide a reference beam and an observation beam, an optical detection system arranged to receive combined light from the reference beam and the observation beam and to provide detection signals, and a data processing system arranged to communicate with the optical detection system and receive the detection signals. The data processing system can be configured to assemble an image corresponding to a scanning path by constructing a plurality of A-scans from the detection signals, determining displacement information from the plurality of A-scans, and arranging the plurality of A-scans according to the displacement information.

Abstract: A method for imaging a sample. The method includes, during a single acquisition event, receiving depth-encoded electromagnetic (EM) fields from points on a sample that includes a first depth-encoded EM field for a first point and a second depth-encoded EM field for a second point, and redirecting the first depth-encoded EM field along a first predetermined direction to a first location on a dispersing re-imager and the second depthencoded EM field along a second pre-determined direction to a second location on the dispersing re-imager. The method further includes spectrally dispersing the first depthencoded EM field to obtain a first spectrum, re-imaging the first spectrum onto a first location on a detector, spectrally dispersing the second depth-encoded EM field to obtain a second spectrum, re-imaging the second spectrum onto a second location on the detector, and detecting the first re-imaged spectrum and the second re-imaged spectrum.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a device for optical coherence tomography (OCT) includes a signal detection device and a computer arrangement. The signal detection device is designed to detect an interference signal (G(?)) for an object to be imaged in an optical frequency range (?). The computer arrangement is designed to determine intermediate signals (G1(k), G2(k)) in a spatial frequency range (k) from the intermediate interference signal (G(?)), whereby each of the intermediate signals (G1(k), G2(k)) is dispersion-compensated for a different depth (z1, z2) of the object. A locally resolved image signal (FFT1, FFT2) is determined for each of the intermediate signals (G1(k), G2(k)) by applying a Fourier transformation to the particular intermediate signal (G1(k), G2(k)). A tomography signal (G(z)) is determined from the image signals (FFT1, FFT2).

Abstract: A system may include computing equipment and a handheld video overlay accessory. A video overlay accessory may include one or more light sources, an image sensor, and processing circuitry. The video overlay accessory may include an image projector that projects images onto external objects. The video overlay accessory may include a partially transparent beam splitter and a display that projects display content onto the partially transparent beam splitter. A user that views a scene through the partially transparent beam splitter may view the display content apparently overlaid onto the scene. Light sources in the video overlay accessory may be laser diodes or other light-emitting diodes that project tracking spots such as infrared tracking spots on to external objects. The image sensor may be used to capture images of the tracking spots. The processing circuitry may determine distance and position information based on the captured images.

Abstract: An apparatus is used for determining at least one parameter relating to an elongate member disposed within a vessel. The apparatus includes at least one measurement unit having a light emitting component and a corresponding light receiving component. The light receiving component is positioned apart from the light emitting component such that the elongate member is positionable between the light emitting component and the light receiving component. Additionally, the light emitting component is adapted to emit light towards the light receiving component, and the light receiving component is adapted to generate a signal corresponding to the light received from the light emitting component. A method for determining at least one parameter relating to the elongate member disposed within the vessel is also provided.

Abstract: A particle analytical device comprises a light receiving part that receives the scattered light emitted from the particle group and that outputs an electric current signal, a data processing part that processes data based on time series data of a number of pulses obtained by the electric current signal, and a control part that halts a movement of the light receiving part in case that the overcurrent is detected based on the electric current signal and that restarts the movement of the light receiving part after a predetermined time passes and is characterized by that the data processing part holds the time series data until the light receiving part is halted and processes the data after the movement of the light receiving part is restarted by the use of the held time series data and the time series data obtained after the restart.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of measuring the inside diameter of a hollow body. According to the invention: the hollow body is illuminated from one side by a diffuse light source presenting two light boundaries that are spaced apart along the measurement axis so as to create two light transitions in an image, which transitions are spaced apart from each other and diametrically opposite; from the side of the hollow body that is opposite from its illuminated side, the light rays that are reflected and refracted by the hollow body are recovered to form at least one image in which there appear at least the two light transitions; and the image is processed in order to determine the distance between the two light transitions in order to determine a measurement for the inside diameter of the hollow body.

Abstract: A pressure application technique is provided that enables two objects to be pressurized (e.g., objects to be bonded) to be positioned with greater accuracy before having pressure applied thereto. The objects to be pressurized are moved relative to each other in a Z direction such that the objects are brought into contact with each other (step S13). Then, a horizontal positional shift ?D between the objects to be pressurized is measured in the contact state of the objects to be pressurized (step S14). Thereafter, positioning of the objects to be pressurized is again performed by moving the objects to be pressurized relative to each other in the horizontal direction, as a result of which the positional shift ?D is corrected (step S17).

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a remote displacement sensor, such as an optical strain gauge, which uses an optical amplifier implemented by patterns, such as, moiré patterns, to calculate changes in position. In a strain gauge with moiré patterns, two foil layers are provided, a lower foil layer with a reference or static moiré pattern generated by the overlaying of a first pattern with parallel lines at a first fundamental frequency and a second pattern with parallel lines at a second fundamental frequency. The lower foil layer further includes a first section with a first pattern with parallel lines at the first fundamental frequency while the upper layer provides a second section with a second pattern with parallel lines at the second fundamental frequency. The overlaying of the foils causes an overlying of the first and second sections thereby causing a moiré pattern of the same wavelength as the reference pattern.

Abstract: A measurement system for measuring the position of a work piece (28) includes a stage grating (234) and an encoder head (236). A first measurement beam (38A) is directed at the stage grating (234) at a first angle, the first measurement beam (38A) being at a first wavelength. A second measurement beam (38B) is directed at the stage grating (234) at a second angle that is different than the first angle, the second measurement beam (38B) being at a second wavelength that is different than the first wavelength. At least a portion of the first measurement beam (38A) and at least a portion of the second measurement beam (38B) are interfered with one another to create a measurement signal along a signal axis.