Abstract: A method of processing, by a processor of a computer, positron emission tomography (PET) information obtained from a PET detector, including the steps of obtaining a singles event list that includes a plurality of single event entries, each entry corresponding to a single event detected by the PET detector and including a timestamp, energy information, and crystal position information; and determining, based on the timestamp and the crystal position information of each entry and a predetermined coincidence time period, all event pairs within the plurality of single event entries, each event pair consisting of two single events whose respective timestamps differ by less than the predetermined coincidence time period, wherein the determining step determines that an event pair exists when at least two, but no more than k, single events are found within a given time window, wherein k is an integer value greater than or equal to two.

Abstract: A light detecting unit of an alpha ray observation device observes an alpha ray by measuring generated light that is generated by the alpha ray produced in a region of a to-be-measured object. The light detecting unit has a travel direction changing unit that changes the direction of travel of generated light, a light detector that detects direction-changed light, which is the generated light after the direction of travel is changed, and a shielding member that shields the light detector from radiation and has a portion that is provided on the line from the to-be-measured object to the light detector. The shielding member may also surround the perimeter of the light detector and have an opening to allow generated light to reach the travel direction changing unit.

Abstract: A radiation image acquisition device includes: a radiation source which emits radiation; a wavelength conversion member of a flat plate shape which generates scintillation light according to incidence of the radiation emitted from the radiation source and transmitted by an object; first imaging means which condenses and images the scintillation light emitted from an entrance surface for the radiation in the wavelength conversion member in a direction of a normal to the entrance surface; and second imaging means which condenses and images the scintillation light emitted from a surface opposite to the entrance surface in the wavelength conversion member in a direction of a normal to the opposite surface.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are described for transparent glass composite having nanoparticles therein that scintillate in the presence of nuclear radiation, particularly gamma rays, but also x-rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. The transparent glass composites can be prepared by a melt/cool process to produce the transparent glass composite. The wavelength of light emitted by the transparent glass composite can be tailored based on the materials used to make the glass composite. A detector that utilizes the transparent glass composite can measure nuclear radiation from numerous sources.

Abstract: A scintillator crystal array that is configured to receive rays emitted by an object to be imaged and to emit light energy responsive to the received rays includes plural crystals. At least one of the crystals includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and plural sides. The upper surface may be configured to receive the rays from the object to be imaged. The lower surface is disposed opposite the upper surface. The plural sides extend between the upper surface and the lower surface. At least one side includes a roughened side surface and at least one other side includes a polished side surface.

Abstract: A radiation imaging control apparatus, which is communicable with a radiation imaging apparatus including a radiation sensor and capable of acquiring an X-ray moving image, includes a first communication unit configured to communicate with the radiation imaging apparatus via Ethernet communication, a second communication unit configured to communicate with the radiation imaging apparatus via at least a pair of bidirectional serial optical communication lines, a first control unit configured to cause the first communication unit to transmit a first signal for setting at least one parameter to the radiation imaging apparatus, a second control unit configured to cause the second communication unit to output data of the X-ray moving image received from the radiation imaging apparatus to an image processing unit, and transmit a second signal for some settings to the radiation imaging apparatus.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a neutron detector includes a three dimensional matrix, having nanocomposite materials and a substantially transparent film material for suspending the nanocomposite materials, a detector coupled to the three dimensional matrix adapted for detecting a change in the nanocomposite materials, and an analyzer coupled to the detector adapted for analyzing the change detected by the detector. In another embodiment, a method for detecting neutrons includes receiving radiation from a source, converting neutrons in the radiation into alpha particles using converter material, converting the alpha particles into photons using quantum dot emitters, detecting the photons, and analyzing the photons to determine neutrons in the radiation.

Abstract: In one example, a land based seismic sensing device includes: a seismic sensing unit having a seismic sensor in a housing configured to be buried in the ground; a control unit including a battery in a weather resistant housing configured to be exposed above ground; and a flexible cable mechanically and electrically connecting the seismic sensing unit and the control unit. The cable includes a weather resistant jacket and an electrically conductive element inside the jacket detachably connected between electronic circuitry in the sensing unit and electronic circuitry in the control unit. In one example, the control unit housing includes a first compartment configured to stow the seismic sensing unit and a second compartment configured to stow the cable.

Abstract: The invention relates to seismic imaging where complex geologies are likely to create data that is confusing or ambiguous for a conventional matrix of acquisition source points and receiver locations. With some understanding of the geological substructure, the acquisition source points and receiver locations that optimize the imaging may be found by using a reciprocal two-way wave equation propagation method coupled with a quality geologic model. With this, the acquisition source points and receiver locations that optimize the imaging may be selected and used to better resolve the substructure and avoid the inclusion of data that obscures understanding of the substructure.

Abstract: This patent deals with methods to extract and analyze seismic signals due to resonance phenomena in an enclosed oil, gas, or water reservoir, which are passively excited by seismic background noise, locating thereby the presence of the reservoir by doing qualitative and quantitative estimates via forward modeling. Measurements are first used in a qualitative analysis in eight steps. The influence of gas bubbles is important. A quantitative method in form of a numerical simulation using one of several specific physical concepts is used for further analysis. By using successive forward modeling, together with investigation and feedback and in conjunction with the Monte Carlo method, more details are gained. It is also possible to determine the fluid type. The uniqueness of the methods is first that it is purely passive; second it is directly sensitive to the oil or gas, because the resonance effect is only present for a fluid.

Abstract: Computational systems and methods to be carried out by the computational systems for determining streamer-depth bias during exploration-seismology experiments are disclosed. An exploration-seismology vessel tows a number of streamers that form a smoothly varying data acquisition surface located beneath a fluid surface. In one aspect of this disclosure, the method determines a set of image points that represent a profile of the fluid surface above each streamer. The image points are determined based on pressure and velocity wavefields measured at dual sensors of the streamer. The method then determines an elevation parameter of the image points that minimizes DC offset in a spectral domain of the image points. The elevation parameter corresponds to the streamer-depth bias and can be used to correct for the streamer-depth bias in subsequent calculations of a fluid-surface profile.

Abstract: A technique includes estimating propagation parameters that are associated with a towed seismic survey based at least in part on seismic signal measurements and noise measurements.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating electronic records of locate operations and marking operations are described. Exemplary systems and methods include marking devices that generate, store and/or transmit electronic records of marking information, locate devices that generate, store and/or transmit electronic records of locate information, and locate devices and marking devices that communicate with each other (and optionally with other devices or systems) to share/exchange locate information and/or marking information. An exemplary method for analyzing and processing locate information and marking information includes a computer-implemented method for visually rendering (e.g., in a display field of a display device) various aspects of locate and marking operations.

Abstract: The present invention is a cargo inspection system, employing a radiation source, capable of scanning vehicles and/or cargo in a wide range of sizes, including conventional imaging areas as well as taller and bulkier enclosures at sufficiently optimal efficacy and overall throughput. In one embodiment, the present invention is a multiple pass inspection method for inspecting vehicles and their cargo, comprising a first pass scan, wherein said first pass scan includes moving a radiation source at a suitable scanning distance, rotating a radiation source at a suitable scanning angle, and moving said radiation source along an object under inspection.

Abstract: An optical module for an optical unit associated with forming a light curtain for monitoring a protective or surveillance field. The optical module includes at least one radiation emitting and/or radiation receiving element for transmitting and/or receiving a radiation beam associated with forming a light curtain. The optical module includes a module body for mounting a radiation transmitter/receiver carrier that carries the at least one transmitting and/or receiving element associated with the radiation beam. The module body has at least one alignment element for aligning the optical module within a support element that forms an outer housing of the optical unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the bending on a drill bit operating down hole in a well may comprise at least three pockets circumferentially spaced equidistantly around the drill collar of the drill string to which the drill bit is attached. Four strain gauges are equidistantly circumferentially spaced around each of the pockets so as to form first and second sets of strain gauges. The strain gauges in the first set are connected into one Wheatstone bridge while the gauges in the second set are connected in a second bridge. Each of the strain gauges that are oriented similarly within each of the pockets are connected in series within a single leg of a bridge so that the output voltage of the bridge is unaffected by bending in the drill string. The output of first bridge is used to determine the bending on the drill bit.

Abstract: A system for testing a core sample comprises a non-permeable sleeve configured to be placed over a core sample, a first pair of opposing actuators to apply opposing force to the non-permeable sleeve in a first axis normal to an axis of the core sample, a second pair of opposing actuators to apply opposing force to the non-permeable sleeve in a second axis normal to the axis of the core sample and normal to the first axis, a wellbore pressure reservoir to provide simulated wellbore pressure, and a formation pressure reservoir to provide simulated formation fluid pressure.

Abstract: According to the invention, in order to initialize the use of a multipoint geostatistical technique (MPS), the method takes information, which was collected in wells drilled in the area of the subsoil to be modeled, into account. Particularly, the method takes inter-well connectivity data into account, which indicate one or more groups of cells of a reservoir grid that are located along a plurality of wells and between which hydrodynamic communications have been observed. For each of said groups, compatible thumbnail images are searched for in a training image used in the MPS technique. Said thumbnail images have, in the training image, facies that enable the flows between the cells of the group. The thumbnail images are applied onto the reservoir grid in order to initialize MPS simulation while ensuring that the inter-well connectivity constraints will be respected.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a microstructure film comprising an area of microstructures and two edge areas, wherein the height of the highest part in the edge areas exceeds the height of the highest point in the microstructures, preferably by about 1 ?m to about 1 mm. The application also describes how such a film may be manufactured.

Abstract: Provided is a thioepoxide functional polymerizable composition comprising a reaction product of thiourea and an epoxide functional, polymerizable composition. The epoxide functional, polymerizable composition comprises a reaction product prepared from a reaction mixture comprising: (a) a monomer comprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated ester functional monomer having an epoxide functional group; and (b) a compound having two or more thiol groups. The reactants (a) and (b) are reacted via a Michael addition reaction in the presence of a base to form an epoxide functional reaction product. Also provided are methods of preparing an optical article using the polymerizable compositions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ink for an electrowetting element comprising colorant particles and a solvent, wherein the colorant particles have a specific gravity of 2 or less and an average particle diameter of 20 to 300 nm, and wherein the content of the colorant particles in the ink is 5 to 50% by mass.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a new method for polarizing an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz using a polarizer. The method comprises: a step (a) of preparing the polarizer; wherein the polarizer comprises a sapphire single crystalline layer and a CaxCoO2 crystalline layer, the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer, a surface of the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a (010) surface orientation, and the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers; and a step (b) of irradiating the polarizer with the electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz to output an output wave having only a component parallel to a c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer.

Abstract: Low emissivity panels can include a protection layer of silicon nitride on a layer of ZnO on a layer of Zn2SnOx. The low emissivity panels can also include NiNbTiOx as a barrier layer. The low emissivity panels have high light to solar gain, color neutral, together with similar observable color and light transmission before and after a heat treatment process.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an image display device includes the step of forming a cured resin layer by interposing a photo-curable resin composition between a protection member and a display-side panel including an image display unit and a frame member and then photo-curing the photo-curable resin composition, with the photo-curable resin composition being disposed across between the image display unit and the frame member. In the manufacturing method, a high-viscosity resin composition having a viscosity of 3000 mPa·s or more and 12000 mPa·s or less is used as the photo-curable resin composition. Alternatively, after a gap between the image display unit and the frame member is sealed with a sealing film, a photo-curable resin composition is interposed between the display-side panel and the protection member.

Abstract: A glass article including: at least one anti-glare surface having haze, distinctness-of-image, surface roughness, and uniformity properties, as defined herein. A method of making the article having an anti-glare surface includes, for example, forming a protective film on selected portions of at least one surface of the article; contacting the at least one surface with a liquid etchant; and removing the protective film from the surface of the article to form the anti-glare surface. A display system that incorporates the glass article, as defined herein, is also disclosed.

Abstract: An antireflective film is provided, the antireflective film including: a transparent support; and at least one low refractive index layer, wherein the low refractive index layer is formed from a composition containing at least following (A) to (C): (A) a fluorine-containing antifouling agent having at least one polymerizable unsaturated group; (B) a fluorine-containing copolymer having at least one polymerizable unsaturated group; and (C) inorganic fine particles.

Abstract: A condensing lens, compound-eye lens condenser, and compound-eye concentrating-type solar cell assembly. The condensing lens is a convex lens that can reflect mutually parallel incident lights (3) onto a receiving surface (4) on the outer side of the lens and thus form spots. If the vertical distance from the contact point of any incident lights (3) contacting the lens to a light axis (103) of the lens is x, the vertical distance between a projection point formed from the incident light (3) reflecting onto the receiving surface (4) and the center of the spot is m, the radius of the lens is a, and the radius of the spot is b, then the lens meets the following condition: x/m=a/b. The condensing lens has a high transmission rate, and the energy distribution of the spots is more even after condensing, the transmission rate is 90% to 93%, and the energy distribution curve of the spots transmitted through the condensing lens is similar to saddle-shaped.

Abstract: A selective area atomic layer deposition process and apparatus that can deposit conductive materials onto one homopolymer region in a diblock copolymer. The diblock copolymer generates a large area self assembled substrate with nanoscale homopolymer regions arrayed into predictable patterns. Combining these two technologies allows formation of plasmonic surfaces without expensive lithographic processing.

Abstract: A lens is obtained by injection molding. The lens includes a plurality of projections arranged on a surface at a pitch smaller than or equal to a predetermined value to reduce reflection of light with a wavelength equal to or greater than the pitch, and a gate mark formed on an outer periphery of the optical element in the injection molding. A peripheral portion of the surface includes a first region whose circumferential position corresponds to the gate mark, and a second region being adjacent to the first region. Axes of first projections in the first region are inclined more outward than axes of second projections in the second region.

Abstract: An optical film includes a transparent member including a surface to which light is incident, the surface including a plurality of bumps which is configured to diffusely reflect an incident light, and an adhesion member on a local region of the surface of the transparent member, where the adhesion member fills spaces between the bumps in the local region.

Abstract: A gradient optical film and an optical construction including the gradient optical film are described. The gradient optical film includes a binder, a plurality of particles, and a plurality of interconnected voids having a local volume fraction. The local volume fraction of the plurality of interconnected voids varies along a thickness direction of the gradient optical film. The refractive index of the gradient optical film can also varies along a thickness direction of the gradient optical film, as the refractive index can also depend upon the local volume fraction of the plurality of interconnected voids.

Abstract: A viewing angle extending film (a light diffusing member) includes a base material with optical transparency, a plurality of light-shielding layers dotted on one surface of the base material, and a transparent resin layer (optically transparent material layer) provided on the one surface of the base material. At least a light-shielding layer, which is part of the plurality of light-shielding layers, has a planar shape surrounded by a first figure and a second figure contained in the first figure or a planar shape surrounded by at least part of the first figure and at least part of the second figure overlaid with the first figure. Hollow portions are provided in a formation region of the light-shielding layers, each hollow portion being shaped so that a cross-sectional area obtained by cutting along a plane parallel to the one surface of the base material is large on the light-shielding layer side and is gradually decreased as being away from the light-shielding layer.

Abstract: Provided is a reel unit for a gaming machine which suppresses decrease in visibility of a reel belt due to the formation of image of light source on a reel even if light emission intensity for illuminating the reel is high. It is provided a first light diffusion sheet with translucency having a light refraction surface including a surface formed thereon for refracting light passing therethrough in various directions, the first light diffusion sheet stacked on a base sheet; and a second light diffusion sheet having the light refraction surface, the second light diffusion sheet stacked on the first light diffusion sheet.

Abstract: A broadband mirror, polarizer, or other reflector includes at least one stack of microlayers. Microlayers in the stack are arranged into optical repeat units. At a design angle of incidence such as normal incidence, the stack provides a 1st order reflection band, a 2nd order reflection band, and optionally a 3rd order reflection band. The 2nd order reflection band overlaps, or substantially overlaps, the 1st and/or 3rd order reflection bands to form a single wide reflection band. The wide reflection band may include the 2nd and 1st but not a 3rd order reflection band, or the 2nd and 3rd but not the 1st order reflection band, or it may include the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order reflection bands, as well as still higher order reflection bands. The wide reflection band may cover at least a portion of visible and infrared wavelengths.

Abstract: An exemplary light reflective film painted on a smooth reflective surface of a metal base includes a composition. The composition consists of curing agents and light reflective powders. The curing agents include acrylic monomers, acrylic urethane oligomers, polyester acrylic modified polyester oligomers and photo initiators. A method for manufacturing the light reflective film is also provided.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a color filter layer, which is applied to an integrated circuit manufacturing process, includes the following steps. Firstly, a substrate is provided, and a groove structure is formed on the substrate. The groove structure includes a plurality of positive photoresist patterns and a plurality of trenches. Then, a first group of color filter patterns is formed in the trenches. The plurality of positive photoresist patterns is removed, so that a portion of a top surface of the substrate is exposed. Then, a second group of color filter patterns is formed on the exposed top surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Provided are: a color filter substrate that can improve the uniformity of thickness of color filters, and a method of manufacturing the color filter substrate. The method of manufacturing a color filter substrate includes: forming a plurality of photoresist films in layers on a transparent substrate; exposing said plurality of photoresist films via a photomask; forming a pattern having an opening by developing the plurality of photoresist films after exposure; and discharging ink into the opening. The photosensitivities of the plurality of photoresist films differ from each other.

Abstract: An interference filter includes a first substrate, a second substrate opposed to the first substrate, a first optical film provided to the first substrate, and a second optical film provided to the second substrate and opposed to the first optical film, at least one of the first and second optical films has a metal film having a reflecting property and a transmitting property with respect to light in a desired wavelength band, a surface and an edge portion of the metal film are covered by a barrier film, and the barrier film is formed of a material having conductivity.

Abstract: The infrared shielding film has at least one unit formed by stacking a high-refractive-index layer and a low-refractive-index layer, the layers containing a high-refractive-index material and a low-refractive-index material, respectively. The high-refractive-index layer and the low-refractive-index layer each contains at least one polymer. The infrared shielding film has a mixed region containing the high-refractive-index material and the low-refractive-index material between the high-refractive-index layer and the low-refractive-index layer. The mixing ratio of the high-refractive-index material and the low-refractive-index material continuously changes in the mixed region. The infrared shielding film satisfies a following formula (1) in a visible light wavelength region and at light incident angles of 0°, 40° and 80°: 0.01 ??/?Av?0.12 (1), wherein ? represents a variation in reflectivity, and ?Av represents an amount of variation in average reflectivity.

Abstract: A security device includes a liquid crystal layer having one of a cholesteric phase, a nematic phase, and a cholesteric phase and having molecules therein aligned volumetrically in a predetermined manner to form a predetermined diffractive optical pattern or image. The molecules of the liquid crystal layer are volumetrically aligned in the predetermined manner through at least a portion of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: Provided is a retardation element, including: a transparent substrate; and a birefringent multilayer structure formed of layered structures stacked over the transparent substrate and each formed of first and second birefringent layers. In each layered structure, a relationship between average thicknesses (t1) and (t2) of the first and second birefringent layers satisfies any of formulae (1) and (2) below, and an angle (?) formed between first and second line segments representing principal axes of refractive index anisotropy of the first and second birefringent layers satisfies formula (3) below when the first and second line segments are projected on the transparent substrate such that an end A of the first line segment and an end B of the second line segment at a side of the transparent substrate coincide with each other, and condition (4) is satisfied, 0<t1/t2?1??formula (1) 0<t2/t1?1??formula (2) 90°<??180°??formula (3) t1?t2 or ??180°??condition (4).

Abstract: A display device includes a light guide plate which includes a light incident surface, a light exiting surface connected to the light incident surface, and an opposite surface facing the light exiting surface, a light source which faces the light incident surface and is configured to emit a light, a reflective sheet which faces the opposite surface and reflects the light, a first pattern which is unitary with the light guide plate and protruded from the opposite surface, a pressure sensitive adhesive which is on an upper surface of the reflective sheet and contacts the first pattern, and a display panel which is configured to receive the light exiting through the light exiting surface and display an image.

Abstract: A light guide plate including a light guide plate main body is disclosed. The light guide plate main body has a light emitting plane, a bottom plane opposite to the light emitting plane. According to a scanning mode, the light guide plate main body is divided into a plurality of subsections. Each of the opposite edges of each subsection has a borderline, and two adjacent subsections share a borderline. Furthermore, a plurality of first scattering dots disposed on the subsections of the light guide plate main body, and a plurality of second scattering dots disposed on the borderlines of the light guide plate main body.

Abstract: An illuminating device includes light emitting elements extending in a lengthwise direction and a light guide plate having a first principal surface for emitting light from the light emitting elements and a second principal surface facing the first principal surface. The light guide plate has light guide regions corresponding to the light emitting elements. The light emitting elements overlap the light guide plate on a side of the second principal surface of the light guide plate in plan view. The side of the second principal surface of the light guide plate has first sectional surfaces, on which light originated from each of the light emitting elements is incident. The side of the second principal surface of the light guide plate has second sectional surfaces, each having a reflection surface for reflecting the light originated from each light emitting element toward the first sectional surface, corresponding to the light emitting elements.

Abstract: A LGF roll-to-roll manufacturing includes the steps of: preparing a first optical layer with a first surface and a second surface; mechanically extruding a first integrated microstructure on the first surface of the first optical layer; subsequently coating a second optical layer on the first or second surface of the first optical layer; and curing the second optical layer to directly form a second microstructure on the first or second surface of the first optical layer. The first integrated microstructure and the second microstructure are separately formed at a time to provide a light guide film structure. In an embodiment, an additional optical layer is provided on the first optical layer.

Abstract: The display device contains a light guide plate, a light source unit adjacent to a light entry face of the light guide plate, a heat dissipation base carrying the light source unit, first and second frame members fixedly joined to the heat dissipation base, and first and second display panels. The first and second frame member are positioned above and below a first light emission face and a second light emission face of the light guide plate, respectively. The first and second display panels are fixedly positioned on the first frame member and beneath the second frame member, oppositely to the first and second light emission face, respectively. The display device achieves superior heat dissipation, narrow bezel, and enhanced structural strength.

Abstract: A backlight unit includes a light source unit supplying light, a light guide plate guiding and emitting the light provided from the light source unit to emit the guided light, a reflective sheet disposed below the light guide plate, a lower cover accommodating the light source unit, the light guide plate, and the reflective sheet, and a fixing unit fixing the light guide plate, the reflective sheet, and the lower cover. The fixing unit includes a fixing screw fixing the light guide plate, the reflective sheet, and the lower cover, and a fixing screw holder surrounding at least one portion of the fixing screw to absorb an impact due to movement of the fixing screw.

Abstract: A single-mode transmission optical fiber includes a central core region radially outwardly from a centerline to a radius r1 and having a positive relative refractive index ?1; a first inner cladding region extending radially outwardly from the central core to a radius r2 and having a negative relative refractive index ?2; a second inner cladding region extending radially outwardly from the first inner cladding region to a radius r3 and having a non-negative relative refractive index ?3; an intermediate cladding region extending radially outwardly from the second inner cladding region to a radius r4 having a negative relative refractive index ?4 larger in absolute value than the relative refractive index ?2; and an outer cladding region extending radially outwardly from the intermediate cladding region and having a non-negative relative refractive index ?5; wherein the relative refractive index ?2 of the first inner cladding region is ?0.1·10?3 to ?1.

Abstract: The optical device includes a waveguide on a base. The waveguide is configured to guide a light signal through a light-transmitting medium to a light sensor. The light sensor includes a sensor waveguide on the base. The sensor waveguide receives the light signal from the input waveguide. Additionally, the sensor waveguide includes a light-absorbing medium having an input side. The input side is interfaced with the light-transmitting medium such that at least a portion of the light signal received by the sensor waveguide travels through the input side of the light-absorbing medium upon being received by the sensor waveguide. The light-absorbing medium includes doped regions. One or more of the doped regions each extends from within the light-absorbing medium to the input side of the light-absorbing medium.

Abstract: An optical interconnection for a stacked integrated circuit, is provided. The optical interconnection includes: an optical transmission unit disposed in a first layer and an optical receiving unit disposed in a second layer, different from the first layer, and spaced apart from the optical transmission unit by a predetermined gap. The optical transmission unit includes a first optical antenna that outputs light; the optical receiving unit includes a second optical antenna which receives light transmitted from the optical transmission unit. At least one of the first and second optical antennas includes a plurality of nanostructures configured to transmit or receive an optical signal.