Abstract: A reverse spot-facing tool for cutting a reverse spot-face in a workpiece using a reverse spot-facing cutter configured to engage a pilot shaft having a first end and a second end is disclosed. The workpiece comprises a through hole having a central axis. The reverse spot-facing tool comprises a stop configured to be located between the first end and the second end of the pilot shaft; a biasing assembly that generates a first thrust force and an equal and opposite second thrust force when the reverse spot-facing cutter is cutting the reverse spot face; and a thrust bearing configured to be positioned between the biasing assembly and the stop. When the reverse spot-facing cutter is cutting the reverse spot-face, the thrust bearing transmits the second thrust force from the biasing assembly to the stop, and the biasing assembly transmits the first thrust force to the workpiece.

Abstract: A corner radius end mill includes a blended gash extending along a cutting edge. The blended gash is formed in a corner sector of the end mill. The corner sector has a first half-sector and a second half-sector defined on opposite sides of an imaginary bisection line of the corner sector, the first and second half-sectors subtending equal angles about the imaginary bisection line. The blended gash extends from a first extremity and blends an end gash surface and flute rake surface of the corner radius end mill. The blended gash is spaced from a radial tangent point by a predetermined distance, and extends to a second extremity which is spaced apart from the axial line and the second half-sector.

Abstract: A cutting insert includes an end cutting edge, a first major cutting edge, and a second major cutting edge. The height of the end cutting edge relative to an imaginary plane orthogonal to a central axis of a through-hole is fixed. The height of the first major cutting edge relative to the imaginary plane increases, when viewed from a side, moving away from the end cutting edge. The height of the second major cutting edge relative to the imaginary plane decreases, when viewed from a side, moving away from the first major cutting edge. When viewed from a side, the angle of inclination, relative to the imaginary plane, of an imaginary line connecting both ends of the second major cutting edge is greater than an angle of inclination, relative to the imaginary plane, of an imaginary line connecting both ends of the first major cutting edge.

Abstract: A hand-held cutting tool to remove a metal fitting ring from the outside surface of plastic tubing. The fitting removal tool comprises a first handle, a second handle, a bridge member, and a cutting blade. The first handle is pivotally connected to a first end of the bridge member by a pivot. The second handle is securely connected to a second end of the bridge member in fixed relation to the bridge member. The bridge member comprises a seat for snugly receiving the outer diameter of the metal fitting ring. The first handle comprises a hand gripping area and a cutting blade positioned between the hand gripping area and the pivot. The cutting blade is configured to make an off center cut in the metal fitting ring such that the underlying plastic tubing is not damaged in the cutting process.

Abstract: A height adjustment apparatus that can reduce a load to trim a can body is provided. The height adjustment apparatus 1 is adapted to adjust a height of a can body to a desired height by trimming one of opening ends of the can body. The height adjustment apparatus comprises: mandrels on which the can body is individually mounted and which revolve along a predetermined orbit while rotating; outer blades arranged around the revolution orbit of the mandrels; an inner blade fitted onto each mandrel to trim the opening end of the can body together with the outer blade; and a vertical reciprocator that gradually changes a level of the opening end of the can body with respect to a level at which the outer blade and the inner blade are situated from an upstream side toward a downstream side in a revolution direction of the mandrel.

Abstract: A modular table for a table saw includes extruded components that can be selectively mounted to a table frame according to the operator's or manufacturer's desire. A fixed extruded table section may be used for left and right fixed table sections or for one fixed and one sliding table section. The table frames are also extruded and can be used interchangeably on the front or back of the power tool. Likewise, front and rear rails used to mount an extension table to a fixed table section are also extruded and interchangeable. An extruded throat plate is provided that can be removably mounted to the table frame.

Abstract: A multi-link miter saw includes a base, a table supported on the base, a supporting unit connected to the table, a linkage unit connected to the supporting unit, a cantilever arm unit including a cantilever arm pivotally connected to the linkage unit and a connection member pivotally connected between the cantilever arm and the linkage unit for enabling the cantilever arm to be driven by the linkage unit and the connection member to move along a horizontal axis between the rear edge and front edge of the base, and a cutting unit pivotally connected to the cantilever arm unit. Based on the arrangement of the linkage unit and the cantilever arm unit, the cutting unit can be moved smoothly relative to the table, thus enhancing operation stability.

Abstract: Locking mechanisms are provided for locking the position of a miter gauge assembly to a sliding table of a table saw. The mechanisms are biased to a locking position and this bias can provide a sensible indication that the lock has been engaged. The locking mechanisms are configured to engage the guide bar of the miter gauge assembly at different locations along the length of the guide bar, particularly by engaging a series of spaced apart engagement notches. The locking mechanism thus allows the miter gauge assembly to be locked at several positions along the length of the sliding table, from a fully inboard position to a position in which the miter gauge assembly projects beyond the end of the sliding table. The locking mechanism is provided in different embodiments with manually actuated components that can be push/pull, pivoting, rotating or sliding.

Abstract: A hand-held tool (100) includes a handle (104), and a blade (102) pivotably coupled to the handle at a proximal end (105). The blade includes a plurality of apertures (116, 118, 120, 122). The hand-held tool further includes a locking member (438) is configured to detachably engage with one of the plurality of the apertures to retain the blade at an angular position relative to the handle. The locking member is provided on a bracket member coupled to the handle, the bracket member being configured to at least partially enclose the proximal end of the blade. The bracket member is spring biased such that the locking member engages with one of the plurality of the apertures to retain the blade at an angular position relative to the handle. Further, the bracket member is movable such that the locking member disengages from one of the plurality of the apertures to allow the blade to pivot relative to the handle.

Abstract: An exemplary modified tooth proportion gear cutter includes a gear cutter that has a plurality of cutting teeth, and each one of the cutting teeth has a pair of cutting edges configured to cut a gear in a blank orientation so as to provide the gear in a final orientation. The gear in its final orientation has an involute tooth profile including a plurality of cut teeth and a plurality of valleys therebetween. The cutting edges are configured to cut the gear in the blank orientation, such that the gear in the final orientation includes the involute tooth profile with an active profile section and an operating pitch diameter that is spaced apart from the active profile section.

Abstract: An indexable cutting insert for milling of a root between two cogs of a cog wheel includes a top surface forming a chip surface, a bottom surface, a side surface forming a clearance surface, a first and a second curved cutting edge formed at an intersection between the top surface and the side surface for milling of the root between the two cogs. The bottom surface includes a first planar abutment section and a second planar abutment section. A first groove extends in the first abutment section and a second groove extends in the second abutment section, each along an axis parallel to a virtual line connecting the apexes of the first and second cutting edges. A first and a second stop section extend across the virtual line, wherein the first stop section protrudes above the first abutment section and the second stop section protrudes above the second abutment section.

Abstract: An electric discharge machine for changing a specific resistance of a working fluid by flowing the working fluid through a circulation line including an ion-exchange device, the electric discharge machine includes a specific resistance detection unit configured to detect a specific resistance of the working fluid, a flow time measuring unit configured to measure flow time of the working fluid into the ion-exchange device, and a determination unit configured to determine that the ion-exchange device reaches a life end, when change value of the specific resistance of the working fluid is out of the predetermined range.

Abstract: A furnace comprising a container and a moveable stage. The container defining a monolithic internal volume configured to maintain a single vacuum level throughout the monolithic internal volume. The stage moveable between a first position arranged to support an assembly within a first zone of the monolithic internal volume and a second position arranged to support an assembly within a second zone of the monolithic internal volume.

Abstract: The invention described herein generally pertains to a system and method related to reducing magnetic arc blow by adjusting a current welding waveform that is used to create an arc between a workpiece and an electrode. The invention can provide a welder system that includes a component that detects an amount of magnetic field related to arc blow, wherein a controller can adjust the current welding waveform to reduce the amount of magnetic field related to arc blow. In an embodiment, the welder system can utilize the current welding waveform with a first waveform portion that delivers a first amount of energy to the workpiece and a second waveform portion that delivers a second amount of energy to the workpiece. A controller of the welder system can be configured to adjust the first waveform portion or the second waveform portion to equalize, within a tolerance, the first amount of energy and the second amount of energy.

Abstract: The subject innovation relates to starting and stopping an engine of an engine driven welder based on parameters related to the welder and parameters related to an environment in which the welder operates. In an embodiment, a method for managing a welder engine of an engine driven welder includes continuously monitoring welder parameters related to the engine driven welder, continuously monitoring environmental parameters influencing the welder engine, continuously calculating a restart value based at least in part on the engine parameters and the environmental parameters, continuously monitoring activity related to the engine to maintain an activity history, and stopping the engine based at least in part on the activity history and the restart value being outside a running range. Systems include components for accomplishing such aspects.

Abstract: Embodiments of a welding power supply include a housing and a diesel engine disposed in the housing and adapted to output a first power output curve and a second power output curve substantially higher than the first power output curve. The welding power supply also includes a controller coupled to the diesel engine and adapted to control the diesel engine to operate along the first power output curve during a low power operation and to control the diesel engine to operate along the second power output curve during a high power operation.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a central negative pressure arc welding apparatus and method. Through a pumping gas pipeline from the suction device to hollow tubular electrode, a suction device may establish a stable, high energy density and binding arc beneath hollow tubular electrode. The binding degree, energy density and voltage of arc may be adjusted by changing the value of negative pressure in the center of arc. Accordingly, welding heat input and coefficient of weld may be precisely controlled. This apparatus may further set up central pulsating negative pressure arc by turning on valve periodically to make a periodic negative pressure in the center of arc. This present disclosure both possesses good stability and adaptability of traditional Gas Tungsten Arc Welding and achieves binding arc and good penetration of Plasma Arc Welding. Furthermore, this present disclosure improves the mechanical properties of welded joints.

Abstract: A power supply, for a plasma cutter or a plasma arc welder, having a variable switching frequency and method of operating the power supply is generally disclosed. The power supply includes a switch for setting the switching frequency and a chopper control circuit for determining current output from the power supply, determining an operating frequency based on the determined current output and setting the switching frequency based on the determined operating frequency.

Abstract: A vehicle body manufacturing apparatus includes: a jig that holds one work of the vehicle body, positions the one work to the another work, and joins the works together at a joint section; a welding gun that welds a weld portion in the joint section by an electrode that is moved along a pressure axis and pressed against the weld portion; and a welding position fixing member that regulates the pressure axis, along which the electrode is moved, within a setting area, the welding position fixing member being movable in a coaxial direction to the pressure axis along which the electrode is moved, being contactable with the joint section to interpose the joint section between the jig and the welding position fixing member, and having a controllable pressure at a time of welding the weld portion by the electrode, which is moved at the time of welding.

Abstract: A spot welding method is a method of performing spot welding to obtain a spot welded joint, the method including a spot welding with two-stage welding, setting a ratio (I2/I1) of a current I2 of a second welding process to a current I1 of a first welding process to from 0.5 to 0.8, setting a time tc of a cooling process within a range of from 0.8×tmin to 2.5×tmin wherein tmin is calculated using the equation (0.2×H2) according to a sheet thickness H of the steel sheets, setting an welding time t2 of a second welding process within a range of from 0.7×tmin to 2.5×tmin, and setting a pressure from the cooling process onward to greater than a pressure until the first welding process.

Abstract: A first electrode coolant path is configured to cool a first welding electrode by liquid coolant flowing from a supply path through the first electrode coolant path to a return path. A second electrode coolant path is configured to cool a second welding electrode by liquid coolant flowing from the supply path through the second electrode coolant path to the return path. Three or more valves are configured to stop or reduce liquid coolant flow through the first or second electrode coolant path and configured to stop or reduce liquid coolant backflow from the return path when the first or second welding electrode is at least partially detached. At least one valve is coupled in the first or second electrode coolant path. A drawback apparatus generates a suction force to draw liquid coolant away from a gap formed when the first or second welding electrode is at least partially detached.

Abstract: A first electrode coolant path is configured to cool a first welding electrode by liquid coolant flowing from a supply path through the first electrode coolant path to a return path. A second electrode coolant path is configured to cool a second welding electrode by liquid coolant flowing from the supply path through the second electrode coolant path to the return path. Three or more valves are configured to stop or reduce liquid coolant flow through the first or second electrode coolant path and configured to stop or reduce liquid coolant backflow from the return path when the first or second welding electrode is at least partially detached. At least one valve is coupled in the first or second electrode coolant path. A drawback apparatus generates a suction force to draw liquid coolant away from a gap formed when the first or second welding electrode is at least partially detached.

Abstract: One example of the present disclosure relates to a method of processing first and second workpieces. The method includes constraining the second workpiece; abutting first and second workpieces together to form a joint; applying first and second selectively adjustable forces against the first workpiece to bias the first workpiece against the second workpiece; friction stir welding the first and second workpieces along the joint; maintaining the forces equal to each other while friction stir welding; and automatically varying at least one of the forces responsive to thermal size variations of the first and second workpieces. An apparatus for carrying out this method is also provided.

Abstract: A friction stir welding tool having a drivable pin, which is rotatable around an axis, a shoulder element, a first shoulder and at least one spring. The pin includes a cylindrical engagement section that has a circumferential surface that engages a workpiece. The shoulder element includes a contact surface extending transversely to the axis for engagement with the workpiece. The shoulder element includes a friction block connected in a non-rotatable manner to the pin, on which a first friction surface is formed extending around the axis. The first shoulder part includes a second friction surface connected thereto in a non-rotatable manner, extending around the axis. The first and second friction surfaces face one another. The at least one spring biases the first friction surface against the second friction surface. The contact surface is formed on the first shoulder part.

Abstract: A laser processing apparatus includes a laser beam applying unit having a processing head for applying a laser beam to a workpiece held on a chuck table, a moving unit for relatively moving the chuck table and the laser beam applying unit, a controller for controlling the laser beam applying unit and the moving unit, an input unit for inputting a desired processing result, and a three-dimensional imaging unit for imaging a processed condition of the workpiece held on the chuck table to form a three-dimensional image. The controller adjusts processing conditions so as to obtain the desired processing result input by the input unit according to the desired processing result and the three-dimensional image formed by the three-dimensional imaging unit, and then controls the laser beam applying unit and the moving unit according to the processing conditions adjusted in the processing conditions adjusting step.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus comprises a laser beam generator, a build surface spaced apart from the laser beam generator, and first and second adjacent optical elements disposed along a beam travel path between the laser beam generator and the build surface. The first optical element is continuously rotatable about a beam steering axis and the second optical element is continuously rotatable about the beam steering axis independently of the first optical element.

Abstract: Method for introducing a line of weakness through removal of material at a fibrous covering material, in particular a natural leather, in which a pulsed laser beam is guided a plurality of times over the back side in a line-shaped manner, wherein only one laser pulse is emitted for each impingement point, and the laser pulse causes an input of energy which leads to a heating of the fibrous covering material at the impingement point to a temperature above an ablation threshold and which maintains the temperature below a limit temperature in regions of the covering material adjoining the impingement point.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for ultrashort pulse laser processing of optically transparent materials are disclosed, with example applications in scribing, marking, welding, and joining. For example, ultrashort laser pulses create scribe features with one pass of the laser beam across the material, with at least one of the scribe features being formed below the surface of the material. Slightly modifying the ultrashort pulse laser processing conditions produces sub-surface marks. When properly arranged, these marks are clearly visible with correctly aligned illumination. Reflective marks may also be formed with control of laser parameters. A transparent material other than glass may be utilized. A method for welding transparent materials uses ultrashort laser pulses to create a bond through localized heating.

Abstract: A laser machining apparatus has a laser beam irradiation unit that includes: a pulsed laser oscillator that oscillates a pulsed laser beam at a given repetition frequency; first and second condensers that collect the pulsed laser beam oscillated by the pulsed laser oscillator; and a beam splitting unit arranged between the pulsed laser oscillator and the first and second condensers to split the pulsed laser beam oscillated by the pulsed laser oscillator and direct the resultant beams alternately toward the first and second condensers. The beam splitting unit includes a photoelastic modulator that has a piezo element and a synthetic quartz formed in one piece and modulates the laser beam so that a polarization plane of the laser beam is alternately at 0 and 90 degrees by applying, to the piezo element, a high frequency voltage at a frequency that matches the natural frequency of the synthetic quartz.

Abstract: Systems and methods for ablating or processing a surface using a laser beam are provided. A method includes directing a laser beam at a surface to form a contact area. The method also includes moving the contact area to form a contact curve. The method includes tuning a wavelength and a power of the laser beam to process a material and/or ablate a coating. The wavelength and the power may be further tuned to not damage the surface beneath the coating. Moving the contact area may include forming a second contact curve by superimposing, at a same time, the second contact curve on the contact curve. A system includes a laser and a directing arrangement configured to direct a laser beam from the laser at a surface to form a contact area. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having instructions stored thereon is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing a mechanical face seal, the method including a step of obtaining a cast or wrought substrate part having an inner diameter, outer diameter, and a planar surface. The method may include an exposing step to expose the planar surface to a laser. The method may further include a supply step to supply a coating material to a location at or near the laser on the planar surface in order for the coating material to form a metallurgical bond with the substrate part.

Abstract: An embodiment of a method of manufacturing a downhole fluid control apparatus includes generating, using a processor, a design for a metallic porous structure configured to be deployed with a fluid control device, the fluid control device configured to be disposed in a borehole in an earth formation and inhibit the flow of particulates between a flow conduit and at least one of the borehole and the formation. The method also includes applying an energy beam from an energy source to a granular metallic material, and additively forming the metallic porous structure based on the design as a single structure having a distribution of pores therein.

Abstract: Laser additive manufacturing systems and apparatus using laser wavelengths below 800 nm. Raman laser modules having laser pump sources in the blue wavelength range. Matching functional laser beam wavelength with maximum absorption wavelengths of starting materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing components, in particular components of turbomachines, such as aircraft engines, wherein an additive method is used at least partially for the manufacture of the component (1), wherein at least one surface region (3) of the additively manufactured portion of the component (1) is provided with a smoothing layer (2), which is deposited by vapor deposition. In addition, the invention relates to a correspondingly manufactured component of a turbomachine.

Abstract: A method for surface treatment of a roll, in which a laser is emitted on a roll surface to fabricate a pattern, includes a section allocation operation in which the roll surface is divided into multiple sections, and a pattern fabrication operation in which the roll is rotated in a circumferential direction, and a random pattern is fabricated on each of the fabrication sections, and an apparatus includes an apparatus frame, a fixing unit which is installed on the apparatus frame, supports a roll, and rotates in a circumferential direction of the roll, a laser unit which is installed on the apparatus frame, and emits a laser to the roll so that a pattern received may be formed on the roll surface through etching, and a displacement unit which is installed on the apparatus frame, and moves the laser unit along a lengthwise direction of the roll.

Abstract: A housing for a laser head, the housing including: a bottom cover; a top cover on the bottom cover; a nozzle on a side surface of at least one of the bottom cover and the top cover; and a gas flow path extending from a posterior portion of the nozzle to an inlet in at least one of the bottom cover and the top cover. Also a laser material removal apparatus including the housing, a lathe including the laser material removal apparatus, and methods of using the same.

Abstract: Provided is a wire rod for an I-type oil ring, which includes right and left rail portions and a web portion connecting the rail portions, which has an oil hole or a molten through hole formed in the web portion, and which has a circumscribing circle diameter of 10 mm or less in its transverse contour. The molten through hole has such a remolten portion formed on its exit side as encloses the exit of the molten through hole. The remolten portion exceeds such a molten portion in the transverse section along the center of the molten through hole as is formed in the molten through hole, and is formed to have 200 ?m or less from the outer circumference of the molten through hole and 100 ?m or less in the depth direction of the molten through hole.

Abstract: A welding portion inspection method includes: irradiating welding laser beam along welding trajectories set in works plural times or irradiating inspection laser beam along scanning trajectories set in a molten pool of the works which is melted by the welding laser beam plural times; receiving return light including reflected light from the molten pool of the work, evaporation luminescence generated due to evaporating of the work and thermal radiation light radiated from the molten pool of the work; extracting short wavelength component containing evaporation luminescence and long wavelength component containing thermal radiation light from the return light and inspecting the welding condition of the welding portion of the work based on a ratio between an intensity of the short wavelength component and an intensity of the long wavelength component.

Abstract: A wire (10) for use in a brazing or soldering operation has an elongated body (12) of a metallic material. The elongated body (12) has an outer surface (18). A channel (14) is formed along a length of the body. The channel (14) has an opening (A1). A flux solution (22) is deposited within the channel (14) and along the length of the body. The flux solution (22) covers a portion of the outer surface (18). A portion of the flux solution (22) is exposed through the opening (A1) in the channel (14).

Abstract: A nickel and chromium alloy having a combined wt. % of nickel and chromium of at least 97 wt. %, wherein the chromium accounts for 33 to 50 wt. % of the alloy. The alloy may be provided in strip form and has adequate ductility for the manufacture of various products, such as sheaths for flux cored welding electrodes. A method of making the alloy strip includes forming a powder charge that is 97 to 100 wt. % of nickel and chromium combined and the chromium accounts for 33 to 50 wt. % of the charge, roll compacting the powder charge to form a green strip, sintering the green strip to form a sintered strip, and cold rolling and annealing the sintered strip to form the alloy strip.

Abstract: A cart adapted to perform a welding operation on a workpiece, the cart including a moving platform; a first slide supported on the moving platform defining a first slide plane; a second slide pivotally attached to moving platform, the second slide defining a second slide plane; a second damp engagable with the second slide to hold a pivotal position of the second slide at a selected slide angle relative to the moving platform; an implement supported on the first slide and second slide, wherein operation of the first slide and the second slide move the implement to a selected position relative to the workpiece.

Abstract: A method of remanufacturing a turbine component includes electrical discharge machining a puck via the turbine component to form an electrical discharged machined puck; and brazing the electrical discharged machined puck to the turbine component.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for mounting at least one functional element (4) having a cut-out (3) for a shaft (2), in particular cams, balancing weights, gears and/or bearings, on the shaft (2), wherein the device (1) has at least one holder (5), each intended for one functional element (4), wherein a movable guide slide (6) is provided, by means of which the shaft (2) can be pushed in a first direction through the cut-out (3) in the at least one functional element (4), wherein a tailstock (7) is provided, which can be moved counter to the first direction, and the tailstock tip (8) of which can be coupled to an end face of the shaft (2), wherein a vibration generator (9) is provided, which is in particular arranged in the tailstock tip (8). Simplified and extremely precise mounting of one or more functional elements (4) on a shaft (2) can be achieved thereby.

Abstract: A press-fitting device includes: a workpiece holding portion; a one-side pressing unit configured to press either one of a press-fitting tool and a backup tool against a workpiece in a first direction while performing three dimensional position adjustment thereon; an other-side pressing unit configured to press the other one of the press-fitting tool and the backup tool which is not pressed by the one-side pressing unit, against the workpiece in a second direction opposite to the first direction, while performing three dimensional position adjustment thereon; and a press-fitting controlling portion configured to control stroke amounts of the tools in a press-fitting direction at the time of a press-fitting operation. The press-fitting controlling portion includes a stroke manipulating portion; a displacement data storing portion; and a stroke correction portion.

Abstract: A numerical control machine includes a bearing structure-frame suited to support various other parts, at least one lower surface, at least one table suited to hold a workpiece and mounted on the lower surface, and at least one head with an electric tool-holding spindle, wherein the lower surface is inclined.

Abstract: An automatic tool changer (ATC) serves as an ATC for automatically changing a tool attached to a lower tool rest of a machine tool. The ATC includes a robot arm and a movement mechanism unit moving the robot arm between inside and outside of a machining area. The robot arm has a base unit coupled to the movement mechanism unit, an arm unit pivotably coupled to the base unit, and a gripping unit provided in the arm unit and detachably gripping the tool. The arm unit is formed to extend in an arm shape from the base unit toward the gripping unit, and swings on a pivot axis as a fulcrum relative to the base unit. By such a configuration, an ATC implementing an automatic change of a tool by a simple and compact mechanism and a machine tool including such an ATC are provided.

Abstract: A drill press has variable speed drive via belts on stepped pulleys that transfer rotational force from the motor to the drill press spindle. Three stepped pulleys connected by two belts are provided in the example. A belt tension roller is bears against one of the belts to provide tension for effective power transfer from the motor to the spindle. The belt tension roller is adjustable along an arcuate slot in an anchor plate and is fastenable in position by an adjustment knob on the belt tension roller. The middle pulley is mounted to vary its position so that tension adjustments on one belt by the belt tension roller result in tension adjustments on the second belt as well.

Abstract: Provided is a workpiece conveying apparatus that is simple in structure and yet capable of simultaneously conveying two workpieces while varying the distance between the workpieces.

Abstract: An electronic grade glass substrate is provided with a recess, channel or step in one surface, and a first chamfer between the side surface of the recess, channel or step and the one surface. The side and bottom surfaces of the recess, channel or step are mirror finished, and the first chamfer is mirror finished.

Abstract: A machining center with an abrasive blasting system is disclosed. The machining center includes a bed, a headstock mounted on the bed, and a carriage having a tool post. The machining center also includes an abrasive blasting system for imparting a predefined roughness to a surface of the work piece. The abrasive blasting system includes a reservoir, a pump, a tool and a nozzle. The tool is coupled to a tool post. The tool includes a conduit extending along a length of the tool for receiving the abrasive material therethrough. The nozzle is formed on a tip surface of the tool. The nozzle is configured to communicate to the conduit. The nozzle is adapted to discharge the abrasive material on the surface of the work piece during the machining of the work piece for imparting the predefined roughness on the surface.