Abstract: The present invention relates to stenosis therapy planning. A first volumetric data set is received by medical imaging of at least part of an artery comprising a stenosis. At least one two-dimensional image data (of the stenosis is received. A first arterial pressure drop is determined around the stenosis. A second volumetric data set is generated by registering the at least one two-dimensional image data with the first volumetric data set. A third volumetric data set is generated by simulating a geometry modification of the stenosis in the second volumetric data set and a second arterial pressure drop is estimated around the stenosis in the third volumetric data set.

Abstract: Provided is a practical biological information measuring apparatus that is compact, provides minimal inconvenience worn on the body, and has an extended battery life, the biological information measuring apparatus being capable of instantly displaying a heartbeat interval.

Abstract: A compound medical device, which accurately estimates the disease state of a subject or determines the gestational week or health status of a subject, may include an auscultation unit, receiving bodily sound, a body temperature measurement unit, measuring the body temperature of a subject, a controller unit, connected to the auscultation unit and the body temperature measurement unit and estimating the disease state or determining the gestational week or health status of the subject based on the input received from the auscultation unit and the body temperature measurement unit, and an output unit, outputting the disease state or the gestational week or health status of the subject estimated or determined by the controller unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining hemodynamic properties in a sample of a subject are provided. A system obtains one or more spectral interference signals from the sample during one or more scans, separates the spectral interference signals concerning tissue motion, cell motion, and noise within the sample by decomposing the tissue motion, the cell motion, and the noise into orthogonal basis functions. The system then determines hemodynamic properties of the sample from the separated cell motion. The system and method may be used for diagnosing, providing a prognosis, or monitoring treatment of a disorder of the sample.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for characterizing circulatory blood volume is disclosed. The method has the steps of acquiring a biological signal that emulates the arterial pulse wave from a sensor. Two derived parameters, circulatory stress, which reflects a harmonic of heart rate, and circulatory blood flow, which reflects the amplitude of the unprocessed biological signal, are extrapolated from the biological signal, and are each compared to a threshold value and assessed to determine an adequacy of circulatory blood volume. In embodiments, the assessment of circulatory blood volume is used to manage a patient's cardiovascular autoregulatory function or the adequacy of transfer of fluids to and from the circulatory system, with the ultimate goal of achieving a circulatory blood volume that adequately supplies the demands of the patient's tissues and organs.

Abstract: In order to assess coronary artery disease from medical image data, an anatomical model of a coronary artery is generated from the medical image data. A velocity of blood in the coronary artery is estimated based on a spatio-temporal representation of contrast agent propagation in the medical image data. Blood flow is simulated in the anatomical model of the coronary artery using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using the estimated velocity of the blood in the coronary artery as a boundary condition.

Abstract: Proposed is a Pulse Transit Time, PTT, measurement concept wherein a forced oscillation technique, FOT, is used to determine a pulse arrival time at alveoli of the lungs of a patient.

Abstract: Pressure-sensing intravascular devices, systems, and methods are provided. In some instances, the pressure-sensing intravascular devices include a cylindrical body having a proximal portion and a distal portion; a pressure-sensing component coupled to the distal portion of the cylindrical body, the pressure-sensing component being at least partially wrapped around a circumference of the cylindrical body; and a communication cable coupled to the pressure sensing component. The intravascular devices can be catheters and/or guidewire. Associated systems and methods are also provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring physiological parameters such as intracranial pressure (“ICP”), intracranial temperature, and subject head position are provided. In some embodiments, an implantable apparatus for measuring ICP can be implanted into a subject skull. The apparatus can comprise an implant body having a hermetically sealed chamber housing a gas at a reference pressure, and a pressure conduction catheter having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the distal end is configured to extend into the brain through a burr hole in the skull and includes a plurality of ports. A barrier can cover the ports of the distal end of the pressure conduction catheter, wherein the barrier and pressure conduction catheter are filled with a number of gas molecules so that the barrier is not in tension in a predefined range of ICPs. The ports may also be configured such that a barrier is not necessary.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measurement electrode assembly for removable fastening to a flexible carrier material in the form of a belt, a hood or similar means having a mating side and a connection side, which has an electrical contacting element, wherein an absorbent insert, in particular a felt insert, is designed protruding from the mating surface, and a fastening part which fastens the absorbent insert. According to the invention, the fastening part consists of a sintered silver-chloride material or receives such a material, wherein the absorbent insert is interchangeably screwed, pressed, latched, pushed and/or wedged into the fastening part. There is furthermore a mechanical stabilization device on the mating side, enclosing the absorbent insert, which has the design of a collar and/or appendage resembling a spider leg.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assembly for providing a long-term ECG. The assembly comprises a portable ECG device (1), which is designed and intended to record, for a defined or definable time period, an ECG of a patient who can be associated with the ECG device (1), and an application software (2) for the ECG device (1) that can be executed on a mobile device (3) or on a computer. By means of the application software (2), parameters of the ECG device (1) can be set and data recorded by the ECG device (1) can be read out and displayed. Furthermore, the application software (2) is designed to visually instruct an operating person in the electrode placement for an ECG and to detect and evaluate parameters of the ECG device (1) and/or of an ECG cable (41-43) connected to the ECG device (1).

Abstract: An interface for receiving electrical signals representative of a condition of a patient and for conveying representations of the electrical signals to a processing system. The interface includes at least one amplifier circuit configured to alter an amplitude of the electrical signal, a common-mode cancellation amplifier circuit coupled to the at least one amplifier circuit and configured to reduce common-mode signal noise in the electrical signals, and a bootstrap circuit coupled to the at least one amplifier circuit and configured to increase an effective input impedance at an input of the at least one amplifier circuit.

Abstract: A device for detecting a cardiac event is disclosed. Detection of an event is based on a test applied to a parameter whose value varies according to heart rate. Both the parameter value and heart rate (RR interval) values are filtered with an exponential average filter. The filtered parameter value and heart rate values are stored as separate datasets corresponding to particular body postures. Upper and lower boundary values and detection thresholds of the parameter are computed for each of the datasets. The test to detect the cardiac event depends on the heart rate and the difference between the parameter's value and a corresponding detection threshold.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved method, system and product to provide wireless ECG patient monitoring. Although embodiments make specific reference to monitoring electrocardiogram signal with an adherent patch, the system methods, and device herein may be applicable to any application in which physiological monitoring is used. Unlike prior art methods and devices which require a wired solution to enable patient monitoring, this solution presents a safe, intuitive means ECG measurements without the use of wires. Also, the present invention also presents a reliable means for docking the interface while minimizing signal interference and user error. In addition, a novel means for transmitting and receiving a patient's ECG measurements is introduced which includes the use of an epidermal communication network (ECN).

Abstract: An elastic garment provides an easy, quick, user-friendly way of positioning and fixing ECG electrodes. The elastic textile can offset the impact of body shape on the position of ECG electrodes. The elasticity ensures good electrode abutment and prevent electrode dislocation. The garment has labels indicating the significant bony landmarks, which help user wear the garment correctly thus ensuring the position of the electrodes. Optional features include: labels to indicate the position of electrodes; embedded wires, electrodes and connectors to external ECG device. The garment makes it possible for non-professionals to perform ECG examination including the standard 12-lead ECG. It also minimizes electrode dislocation and uncomfortable feelings of wearing ECG device, especially for those under long-term ECG monitoring. It can also help avoid the inconvenient procedure of undressing a patient during ECG examination.

Abstract: A multi sensor module especially designed for use in sleep-study applications includes a PVDF film piezoelectric transducer enclosed between an upper layer of a single-sided adhesive tape strip and a lower layer of a double-sided adhesive tape strip. Also adhesively affixed to the upper single-sided adhesive tape strip, but not overlaid by the lower double-sided adhesive tape strip are first and second conductive electrodes. The combination sensor module is adapted to be adhesively affixed to the chest area of a person and further included in an extension of the PVDF strip that is adapted to overlay the suprasternal notch of a person for producing signals responsive to respiratory activity of the person.

Abstract: Methods and systems provide a non-ionizing alternative to conventional mammography X-ray techniques, which expose patients to ionizing radiation, for breast cancer tumor detection, using a miniaturized (wafer scale) array of ultra wide band (UWB) radio frequency (RF) sensors operating at 60 GHz (non-ionizing—no X-ray type accumulative radiations) that have capability to use both linear and polarized sensors, tomography, and suppression of scattering for improved imaging. Coding techniques provide significant processing gain that is essential for the large attenuation of transmitted signals in breast tissue operating at these high frequencies. The increased bandwidth of UWB RF detection provides better depth resolution of breast and body tissue. Using polarization improves detection of abnormal tissues.

Abstract: A strap band including a flexible wire bus having electrodes and wires coupled with the electrodes is described. The strap band may be coupled with a device that includes circuitry configured to drive signals on some of the electrodes and receive signals from non-driven electrodes. The signal frequency applied to driven electrodes may be varied to increase/decrease signal penetration depth to sense different body structures positioned at different depths in the body portion. Different frequencies for different types of measurements may be selected to optimize sensing of bio-impedance, galvanic skin response, hear rate, respiration, heart rate variability, hydration, inflammation, stress, and arousal in sympathetic nervous system. A system clock frequency may be one of the frequencies used. A magnitude of the drive signal, a gain on the received signal or both, may be adjusted based on the frequency selected and/or to sense signals from the body structure(s) of interest.

Abstract: A system for estimating the position of an imaging capsule that examines the gastrointestinal tract of a user, including an imaging capsule for examining inside the user; and a recorder for communicating with the imaging capsule from outside the user. The imaging capsule includes a controller for controlling functionality of the imaging capsule, a transceiver for communication with the recorder and a coil for transmission of electromagnetic signals. The recorder includes a controller for controlling functionality of the recorder, a transceiver for communication with the imaging capsule and a coil for receiving electromagnetic signals from the coil of the imaging capsule. Wherein the recorder determines the location of the imaging capsule based on measurements of the amplitude of the electromagnetic signals transmitted by the coil in the imaging capsule.

Abstract: An volume of a patient can be mapped with a system operable to identify a plurality of locations and save a plurality of locations of a mapping instrument. The mapping instrument can include one or more electrodes that can sense a voltage that can be correlated to a three dimensional location of the electrode at the time of the sensing or measurement. Therefore, a map of a volume can be determined based upon the sensing of the plurality of points without the use of other imaging devices. An implantable medical device can then be navigated relative to the mapping data.

Abstract: A teleoperated medical device includes a sensor that senses information that represents a position of a control input out of an operator's field of view and displays the information to the operator. The displayed information may be combined with an image of a surgical site, so that the operator can locate and operate the control input while continuously viewing the image of the surgical site.

Abstract: An interactive implantable medical device system includes an implantable medical device and a network-enabled external device capable of bi-directional communication and interaction with the implantable medical device. The external device is programmed to interact with other similarly-enabled devices. The system facilitates improved patient care by eliminating unnecessary geographic limitations on implantable medical device interrogation and programming, and by allowing patients, physicians, and other users to access medical records, history, and information and to receive status and care-related alerts and messages anywhere there is access to a communications network.

Abstract: A system for measuring the flow rate of an airflow exhaled or inhaled by a person includes a measuring apparatus and a device. The device includes a tubular pipe for guiding the airflow and a structure with a plurality of ducts configured to separate the airflow. The device further includes a first groove opening into the outer face of the wall of the tubular pipe and a component for communicating fluidically with at least one peripheral duct in the structure. A second groove, distanced from the first groove, opens into the outer face of the wall of the tubular pipe and includes a component for communicating fluidically with the at least one peripheral duct.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide techniques and configurations for an orthotic device. In one instance, the device may include an orthotic device body and at least two sensors spatially disposed inside the orthotic device body. A first sensor may provide a first output responsive to pressure resulting from application of mechanical force to the orthotic device body. A second sensor may provide a second output responsive to flexing resulting from the application of mechanical force to the orthotic device body. The device may also include a control unit communicatively coupled with the sensors to receive and process the outputs provided by the sensors in response to pressure and flexing. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: A balloon catheter is used for dilating tubular members of the body such as dilating stenotic aortic valve leaflets found in the aortic root, and measuring the shape and dimensions of the annulus. The balloon has two larger diameter bulbous regions; one is positioned in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the other in the aortic sinus; a smaller diameter waist region is positioned across the aortic annulus. During inflation of the balloon, the balloon waist expands in diameter until it comes into contact with the aortic annulus. The balloon pressure and inflation volume is monitored during inflation so that an inflection point in the dP/dV curve is seen at the point of contact of the waist with the annulus. Radiopaque rings and/or marker bands in the device allow the size and orientation of the elliptical annulus to be calculated.

Abstract: A system, according to various embodiments, includes eyewear (or any other suitable wearable device) that includes one or more sensors (e.g., one or more accelerometers, magnetometers, position sensors, gyroscopes, and/or other suitable sensors) that may be used to monitor the gait of an individual (e.g., by monitoring the movement of the user's head, or other portions of the user's body, as the user ambulates). The system may further include one or more suitable computing devices for analyzing the individual's gait. This information may then be used, for example, to: (1) identify one or more medical conditions associated with the individual; (2) assess the fit of a prosthetic device worn by the individual, and/or (3) assess an individual's recovery from a particular injury or medical procedure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and garment that incorporates sensors that can be used for measuring or monitoring pressure or forces in feet, the stumps of limbs of an amputee that are fitted with prosthetic devices, or any other parts of the body that are subject to forces such as the buttock while seated or when external pressure inducing devices are employed, such as for example, pressure bandages. The invention also relates to a method to monitor or diagnose any foot or limb related activity for recreational, sporting, military or medical reasons and is particularly aimed at the treatment of neuropathic or other degenerating conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are examples of methods and systems for performing a calibration check of a personal hearing test system using a built-in calibration cavity, particularly for use by a non-expert user outside the clinical environment. The hearing test system includes a one or more earpieces. The hearing test system further includes a portable test unit having an acoustic calibration cavity for accommodating the earpiece at least partially therein. The acoustic calibration cavity may include an opening along an exterior surface of the portable test unit. The acoustic calibration cavity receives an acoustic calibration stimuli and the microphone provided within the acoustic calibration cavity produces a calibration signal input for measuring and performing a calibration check, or an automatic self-calibration.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a noninvasive optical sensor or probe including disposable and reusable components. The assembly of the disposable and reusable components is straightforward, along with the disassembly thereof. During application to a measurement site, the assembled sensor is advantageously secured together while the componentry is advantageously properly positioned.

Abstract: A total hemoglobin index system derives total hemoglobin (tHb) index value utilizing a depopulated emitter with an index set of LEDs. A patient fails a tHb index test if tHb measurements are trending down and/or tHb values fall below a predefined index threshold. If a patient fails the tHb index test, a high resolution sensor derives a specific tHb measurement utilizing a high resolution set of LEDs. The number of high resolution set LEDs is greater than the number of index set LEDs.

Abstract: A body-mountable device may be formed of a polymeric material. A molding form can define a cavity and polymeric material can be formed using the mold to create a device shaped in accordance with the cavity. Electronics disposed on a substrate can be encapsulated within the polymeric material by forming a first layer of polymeric material, positioning the substrate on the first layer, and then forming a second layer of polymeric material over the substrate. A channel can expose a sensor disposed on the substrate. The channel may be formed while molding the second layer of polymeric material over the substrate. The molding form can include a protrusion that extends toward the sensor. A sacrificial sealant material can be applied to the sensor or the protrusion to create a seal between the protrusion and the sensor. The polymeric material forms around the sealed protrusion to create the channel.

Abstract: “Zero-click” viewing of sensor data without any user input is provided. A display with sensor data may be “always on,” and may enable discrete viewing of sensor data without significant user hassle. Also, a system may be configured to display only current data, and/or to display the most current data for only a set interval. Also, one device in a continuous analyte monitoring system may be designated as a primary device, or hub, for receiving sensor data, and may control the flow of information and/or alerts to other devices in the system. Sensor data and/or alerts may be sent to a hierarchy of devices and/or persons in a designated order.

Abstract: A biometric sensor can be disposed within a wearable finger ring. The ring device can provide a variety of different biometric and health measurements. The ring device can also be in communication with the Internet. Information from the ring device can be saved in the cloud, accessed by remote smart devices, accessed by remote computers, or otherwise accessed and saved. Various users, such as doctors and EMS personnel, can access the information provided by the ring device.

Abstract: Personal diagnostic devices including diagnostic patches (bio-patches) and interactive medical bracelets (bio-bracelets) are provided with a skin/patch interface, at least one analysis layer, a signal processing layer, and a user output interface. Embodiments of the interactive diagnostic devices may include micro-fluidic circuits with reaction chambers, analysis chambers, mixing cambers, and various pre-disposed chemistries or reagents for performing a wide verity of tests by transdermal transport of blood or perspiration. Sample collection chambers for the fluidic circuit may include minimally invasive tubules that penetrate the skin surface to acquire blood samples from capillaries near the epidermis. Alternate implementations of the personal diagnostic device may be equipped with logic processing, input/output devices, acoustic microphones, cryogenic circuits, embedded processors, electrical control circuitry, and battery current sources or photovoltaic sources of electrical power.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of assessing the metal state of an individual by: (1) providing the individual with a wearable device (e.g., eyewear) that includes one or more sensors for assessing the mental state of the individual, (2) using information from one or more of the sensors to assess the mental state of the individual; and (3) informing the individual or a third party of the individual's mental state. In various embodiments, the method further involves using the wearable device to determine one or more environmental factors that are related to the individual's mental state. For example, the method may involve determining (e.g., from one or more images taken using the wearable device) that the individual is frequently in a stressed emotional state when a particular person is present, when the individual is engaged in a particular activity, and/or when the wearer experiences a certain internal or external context.

Abstract: The invention features methods and systems to monitor changes in the magnitude of attentional disturbance and the magnitude of motor activity disturbance in a subject. The invention also features methods and systems for determining a subject's degree of concordance with individuals having an attentional disorder versus individuals not having an attentional disorder. The methods and systems of the invention can enable clinicians and consumers to ascertain both the severity of an attentional disorder as well as how much an individual changes over time, or with therapy.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to an implantable device, systems, and methods related thereto, that includes at least one sensor and/or therapeutic agent delivery depot. In one embodiment, the system and device include means for detecting general or specific biological agents in a subject's intestinal tract, and utilizing the information from the detection for determining the timing and content of any therapeutic treatment needed by the subject.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for determining viscoelastic characteristics of at least a portion of an object. The apparatus comprises a fluidly sealable housing, comprising at least one aperture and at least one fluid inlet port and at least one resilient membrane that is operatively coupled to the housing so as to sealingly engage with the at least one aperture. The apparatus further comprises at least one actuator that is operatively coupled to the at least one inlet port and adapted to actuate the at least one resilient membrane via a working fluid that is contained within the housing, so that the at least one resilient membrane is moved towards and into engagement with at least a portion of an object at a predetermined pressure. Furthermore, the apparatus comprises at least one first sensor that is operably coupled to the membrane and that is adapted to determine at least a deformation of the at least one resilient membrane during actuation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods or wide-field polarized imaging of the skin. Preferred embodiments of the invention provide quantitative characterization of collagen structures in the skin and can be used to monitor skin treatment. A preferred embodiment can comprise a handheld imaging device that generates polarized images at different depths beneath a dermal surface and a data processor to process image data.

Abstract: Concepts and technologies are disclosed herein for measuring user exertion via bone conduction. According to one aspect, a device can generate a measurement signal. The device can cause a transducer to transmit the measurement signal through a body of a user. The device can receive, via the transducer, a modified measurement signal. The modified measurement signal can include the measurement signal as modified by the body of the user. The device can compare the modified measurement signal to a modified baseline signal. The device can determine, based on a result of comparing the modified measurement signal to the modified baseline signal, a level of exertion experienced by the user while the measurement signal was transmitted through the body of the user.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer program for non-invasively monitoring a physiological parameter and providing biofeedback. The method, system, and computer program provide for the non-invasive detection of a physiological parameter by detecting changes in color channel values of a user in a live video feed and presenting biofeedback to the user indicating the relative position of the physiological parameter to an optimal range.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for gamified electromyographic neuromuscular reeducation therapy may include an EMG receiver and a mobile computing device. In some embodiments, the mobile computing device receives an EMG signal from an EMG sensor couplable to a muscle of a user. The mobile computing device converting the EMG signal to an action item of a game feature in an electronic game. In some embodiments, the electronic game includes secondary features displayed on a user interface and adapted to instigate a user to perform therapeutic movements associated with a neuromuscular reeducation therapy. In some embodiment, the mobile computing device executes the action item of the game feature and displays a result of the action item on the user interface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device and related method that uses a physical stimulus (27) to alert the user of a possible disturbance through biofeedback in response to external body temperature fluctuations outside the normal range (26) to make the user consciously aware (30) of the disturbance so the user can refocus energy and attention. The present device comprises an electric circuit (8), energy source (3), timing element, physical stimulus generator (4), programmable component which sends a physical stimulus to said user at a default or programmed time interval, and at least one thermal sensor (9) disposed to come into direct contact with the user's skin to detect abnormal changes in skin temperature and send a physical stimulus to the user.

Abstract: A computer assisted method for treating pain in a subject comprising measuring activity of one or more internal voxels of a brain of said subject associated with pain; communicating instructions to said subject which modulate activity of said voxel; and training said subject to control said internal voxel.

Abstract: A ring type heat flow measuring apparatus has a heat receiving section that comes into contact with a measurement target and receives heat and releases heat through transferring from a first heat diffusing member, a heat transfer layer, a second heat diffusing member, and a heat releasing section in this order. A first temperature sensor measures a temperature of the first heat diffusing member, a second temperature sensor measures a temperature of the second heat diffusing member, and heat flow is calculated using these temperatures. Heat diffusing effects of the first heat diffusing member and the second heat diffusing member enable highly accurate temperature measurement to be stably performed regardless of relative positions between an arterial blood vessel as a heat source and the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor.

Abstract: A system, device and method of determining a probability of dehydration of a person is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises receiving data of a heart rate of the person; receiving data of a posture of the person; determining that a first posture of the person satisfies first posture criteria for a first predetermined time period; determining that the posture of the person satisfies a similarity threshold with a posture envelope; determining a first heart rate for the person while in a first posture; determining a second heart rate for the person while in the second posture; determining a change in heart rate as a difference between the second heart rate and the first heart rate; determining a first probability of dehydration based at least in part on the change in heart rate; and outputting the first probability of dehydration.

Abstract: A strap band including a flexible wire bus having electrodes and wires coupled with the electrodes is described. The wire bus may be encapsulated in the strap band by a molding process. The wire bus may determine electrode positions relative to each other and other structure coupled with the strap band. The strap band may be coupled with a device that includes circuitry that drives signals on to some of the electrodes and receives signals from non-driven electrodes. The electrode spacing and strap band dimensions may be selected to form a strap band that may accommodate a wide range of user body sizes for a target region the electrodes are positioned in contact with.

Abstract: A wrist-worn apparatus for measuring a user's heart activity includes an optical heart activity sensor configured to measure the user's heart activity by optical heart rate measurement; and a wrist strap adapted to physically couple the optical heart rate activity sensor against the user's skin by attaching the wrist-worn apparatus around the user's wrist. A first curved connection member is adapted to slide inside a second curved connection member, and the wrist strap includes at least one groove and a fixing claw acting as a counterpart for the at least one groove. The fixing claw is arranged to engage the at least one groove when the first connection member is slid inside the second connection member.

Abstract: The present embodiments harness a wide variety of capabilities of modern smartphones, and combine these capabilities with information from a continuous glucose monitor to provide diabetics and related people with more information than the continuous glucose monitor can provide by itself. The increased information provides the diabetic with an increased likelihood of good diabetes management for better health.

Abstract: Biometric monitoring devices, including various technologies that may be implemented in such devices, are discussed herein. Additionally, techniques, systems, and apparatuses are discussed herein for providing power-conserving techniques and systems for efficiently utilizing a GPS receiver are described. The positional fix frequency of the GPS receiver may, according to some implementations, be modified or adjusted between various levels according to data from one or more non-GPS sensors. Such non-GPS sensors may include, for example, ambient light intensity or spectrum sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, heart rate sensors, galvanic skin response sensors, infrared sensors, etc.