Abstract: A generator rotor system having various features is disclosed. The generator rotor system has at least one main stage generator rotor with winding-pole sets spaced annularly about the rotor. The tendency of the windings to distort and or displace under the centrifugal force of the spinning rotor is ameliorated by a winding retention member disposed axially outboard of the winding-pole sets. The winding retention member may also have a one or more cooling oil routing hole to enhance the flow of cooling oil among the windings.

Abstract: An electric device includes: a first set of magnets arranged in an annular array about a central axis of the device; a second set of magnets arranged in an annular array about the central axis of the device; a first carrier supporting the first set of magnets, the first carrier rotatable about the central axis; a second carrier supporting the second set of magnets axially spaced along the central axis from the first set of magnets, the first and second carriers dimensioned to allow the first and second set of magnets to move past each other when the first carrier rotates. A method of moving magnets with respect to each other may also be provided.

Abstract: A drive unit, especially an actuator unit in a vehicle, comprises an electric drive motor the motor shaft of which is rotatably mounted in bearings. A clamping ring is arranged in a housing and axially supports a bearing of the motor shaft.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the invention, an electric machine is provided. The machine includes a support structure, a stator secured to the support structure, and a rotor rotatably secured to the support structure. The machine also includes a circuit board positioned at least partially within the support structure. The circuit board is adapted for controlling an electromagnetic field produced by the stator. The machine also includes a potting material in contact with a first surface of the circuit board and a harrier for at least partially containing the potting material.

Abstract: This present disclosure relates to a motor arrangement for controlling pilot valves having at least three motors, having at least one stator each and at least one rotor each, wherein the motors are provided at a common rotating shaft, with each motor being coupled to the rotating shaft via at least one respective mechanical coupling.

Abstract: A rotor capable of fixing a balancer weight by an easier method. The rotor includes a shaft; a core having a core hole penetrating the core in an axial direction; a rod configured to be inserted into the core hole so as to protrude from one end surface of the core in the axial direction to the one side in the axial direction; a balancer weight having a weight hole and placed on the end surface with the rod inserted into the weight hole; and a fixing member having a fixing hole and coming into contact with the balancer weight from the one side in the axial direction with the rod inserted into the fixing hole to fix the balancer weight by sandwiching the balancer weight with the end surface.

Abstract: The presence invention is an electromagnetic platform motor on track wheels that convert reciprocating motion into rotation motion that produces torque force and speed that rotates the shaft of electric generator producing electricity. The invention uses an electromagnetic aluminum tube magnetic force field to repel and attract super strong permanent magnets attached on opposite side of a platform with wheels to move forward and backward, in and out of the electromagnetic aluminum tube with force. A mechanical advantage ratchet mechanism connected to the platform converts the reciprocating motion, forward movement and backward movement to rotational motion that produces torque force and speed that rotates the shaft of the electric generator producing electricity.

Abstract: A spindle motor includes a stator including a sleeve, and a rotor forming a bearing clearance with the sleeve, the bearing clearance being filled with a lubricating fluid. The rotor includes a stopper member forming a sealing part with the sleeve, in which a liquid-vapor interface is formed, and at least one of the stopper member and a surface of the sleeve disposed to face the stopper member is provided with an impact alleviating part formed therein to alleviate external impacts.

Abstract: A motor assembly is provided that utilizes a single piece drive gear and bearing enclosure configured so that the end wall of the enclosure also serves as one of the motor's end caps, thereby helping to minimize coaxial misalignment between the input drive shaft of the primary drive gear and the motor's rotor shaft. To further minimize misalignment, three coaxial bearing assemblies are used, where the first and second bearing assemblies support the rotor shaft and the second and third bearing assemblies support the input drive shaft.

Abstract: Provided is an electric motor having improved overall cooling efficiency by enabling a coolant to flow around a stator and around and through a rotor in parallel for the stator and the rotor to allow the stator and the rotor to be cooled in parallel. In the electric motor, after an automatic transmission fluid flowing into a first coolant inflow port (10) passes through a shaft internal flow path and rotor internal flow paths (27), the automatic transmission fluid passes through a coolant exhaust port (20) to flow out of a housing (18). After the automatic transmission fluid flowing into a second coolant inflow port (11) passes through a clearance (31) between the housing (18) and a stator (17) and around coil ends (29) of stator coils (16), the automatic transmission fluid passes through the coolant exhaust port (20) to flow out of the housing (18).

Abstract: A brushless motor includes a first motor unit and a second motor unit having a common rotary shaft and coupled to each other in an axial direction in which the rotary shaft extends, and two resolvers configured to respectively detect a rotation angle of the first motor unit and a rotation angle of the second motor unit. The two resolvers are arranged in the first motor unit.

Abstract: Methods for forming a motor core having separately processed stator and rotor laminations are disclosed. The stator and rotor laminations may be formed from a single electrical steel source, such as a sheet or coil. The methods may include forming and heat treating a first portion of the steel source to form stator laminations having a first microstructure (e.g., mean grain size) and magnetic and mechanical properties (e.g., core loss). They may further include forming and heat treating a second portion of the steel source to form rotor laminations having a second microstructure that is different from the first and magnetic and mechanical properties that are different from the stator laminations. The stator laminations may have improved core loss and permeability performance and the rotor laminations may have improved mechanical properties. By separating the processing, each core may have properties tailored to conditions that they will experience in operation.

Abstract: A synchronous electric machine includes a stator having a plurality of teeth with first and second active surfaces; a first and second stator windings having respective series of first and second coils wound on said teeth; first and second rotors having respective series of first and second permanent magnets with alternate polarities and facing said respective first and second active surfaces; wherein the first coils and the second coils of each stator winding are arranged in pairs, with two coils of each pair offset from each other by a predetermined angle; and wherein, during operation as a motor, two first coils of each pair produce concordant torque contributions on the first rotor and discordant torque contributions on the second rotor and two second coils of each pair produce concordant torque contributions on the second rotor and discordant torque contributions on the first rotor.

Abstract: A power system is disclosure. The power system includes a processor, a power supply device, and a power-managing module. The power supply device includes a converter and a controller, the converter has a main power output for outputting a main voltage and a standby power output for outputting a standby voltage, and the controller is electrically connected to the converter. The power-managing module is communicating with the electronic device and the power supply device and includes a switch and a power manager, the switch is electrically connected to the main power output and the electronic device, and the power manager is electrically connected to the electronic device, the switch, and the controller. When the electronic device is in a standby operation mode, the power manager makes the switch turn off to prevent to main voltage from conducting to the electronic device.

Abstract: A differential dynamic charge pump circuit comprising; a first charging stage in series with a second charging stage; the first charging stage comprising a first circuit input for receiving an alternating clock signal; a second circuit input for receiving an inverted version of the alternating clock signal; a first output inverter arrangement configured to receive output voltages from upper and lower charge pump arrangements and having a first output and a second output for providing a dynamic differential output; the second charging stage comprising a first input and a second input configured to receive the output signal from the first stage; a second output inverter arrangement configured to receive output voltages from upper and lower charge pump arrangements and having a first output and a second output for providing a dynamic differential output of the circuit.

Abstract: A system includes an LLC converter to convert an input DC voltage to an output DC voltage. A burst generator generates a switching signal having a burst time and a sleep time to operate the LLC converter when output load current of the LLC converter is below a predetermined threshold. A burst power calculator adjusts the sleep time for the switching signal such that output power of the LLC converter during the burst time is held substantially constant with respect to changes in the output load current.

Abstract: A buck-boost converter includes: a converting circuit; a ripple injector; a hysteresis comparator; and a switching controller. The converting circuit is configured to generate an output voltage by adjusting an input voltage in a buck mode, a boost mode, and a buck-boost mode. The ripple injector is configured to generate a ripple based on switching signals corresponding to switching operations of the converting circuit. The hysteresis comparator outputs at least one switching control signal by comparing an output control voltage with a feedback voltage generated by adding the ripple to a divided voltage generated by performing a voltage division on the output voltage. The switching controller is configured to change a current flow path of the converting circuit based on the at least one switching control signal.

Abstract: In a converter, the source of a first FET and the drain of a second FET are connected to one end of an inductor while the source of a third FET and the drain of a fourth FET are connected to the other end of the inductor. The sources of the first FET and the second FET are connected to each other. The cathode and the anode of a diode are connected respectively to the drain and the source of the third FET. Then, the first FET, the second FET, the third FET and the fourth FET are turned ON/OFF individually so that a voltage applied by a battery is converted. When voltage conversion is to be terminated, OFF-state of the third FET is maintained. Then, during the time that the OFF-state of the third FET is maintained, an electric current is reduced that flows from the drain of the third FET through a storage battery to the source of the fourth FET.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling power supply includes a first switch situated between a first power supply and a first node coupled to a circuit block, a second switch situated between a second power supply having a voltage value different than the first power supply and a second node coupled to a back gate of a transistor of the circuit block, a third switch situated between the first node and the second node, and a control unit configured to place the second switch in an “on” state and the third switch in an “off” state during an “on” state of the first switch, and to place the second switch in an “off” state and the third switch in an “on” state during an “off” state of the first switch.

Abstract: A power supply circuit, suitable for use in an integrated circuit, the circuit configured to detect whether an output voltage has been specified using an external resistance network. The power supply circuit is configured to determine the appropriate output voltage to be generated based on a voltage measured at a single input pin of the power supply circuit, where the single input pin provides a feedback voltage used in the control loop of the power supply circuit. Based on the feedback voltage at the input pin, the power supply circuit is configured to detect the presence of a resistance network external to the single input pin. If an external resistance network is detected, the power supply is configured to generate the output voltage specified at the input pin. If no external resistance network is detected, the power supply is configured to generate a default output voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a voltage regulator in which an output current can be controlled stably and accurately to an overcurrent protection set value without the need of providing a phase compensation circuit including an element having a large area. The voltage regulator includes a constant voltage control circuit including: a first differential amplifier circuit for comparing a first reference voltage and a feedback voltage to each other; and an output transistor to be controlled by an output voltage of the first differential amplifier circuit, and an overcurrent protective circuit including: a resistor for measuring the output current; a second differential amplifier circuit for measuring a difference between voltages at both terminals of the resistor; a comparator for comparing an output voltage of the second differential amplifier circuit and a second reference voltage to each other; and a switch to be controlled by a detection signal of the comparator.

Abstract: To provide a voltage regulator capable of using as a capacitor of a phase compensation circuit, a capacitor large in capacitance value per unit area and thin in oxidation film thickness. A voltage limitation circuit that limits so that a voltage applied across a capacitor of a phase compensation circuit does not reach a predetermined value or greater is provided in parallel with the capacitor.

Abstract: In a method of operating a dual mode DC-DC converter having first and second bridge converters connected via a transformer, a capacitor in series with each winding of the transformer, and an inductance, wherein each bridge converter includes a number of switches operating under the control of a controller, in a first mode of operation, the switching of the number of switches is controlled in a manner to transfer DC electrical power from the first bridge converter to the second bridge converter, or vice versa. In a second mode of operation, one switch of each bridge converter is maintained in a closed state and one switch of each bridge converter is maintained in an open state while the switching of the other of the number of switches of the first and second bridge converters is controlled in a manner to transfer DC electrical power from the first bridge converter to the second bridge converter, or vice versa.

Abstract: A control scheme and architecture for a power conversion circuit employs two bidirectional switches and a zero voltage switching (ZVS) scheme for the high-side switch. Methods of incorporating the control scheme into multiple power conversion circuit topologies are disclosed. Methods of device integration including co-packaging and monolithic fabrication are also disclosed.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus and an over power protection method thereof are provided. A number of times a detection voltage being greater than a first reference voltage and a number of times the detection voltage being greater than a second reference voltage are counted, so as to obtain a first count value and a second count value, in which the detection voltage is a voltage on a resistor in response to a current flowing through a power switch. Stop switching the power switch when the first count value is greater than or equal to a first threshold value or when the second count value is greater than or equal to a second threshold value.

Abstract: A switching power supply apparatus includes: an DC/AC converter unit for converting a DC voltage to an AC voltage based on switching operation of switching devices; a transformer for converting the AC voltage to an AC voltage having a voltage value; a resonance circuit provided between the DC/AC converter unit and the transformer; an AC/DC converter circuit for converting an AC voltage from the transformer to a DC; an output detector unit for detecting an output voltage or an output current of the apparatus; a duty ratio controller unit for controlling a duty ratio of switching of the apparatus such that a detected output voltage or current becomes a target value; an energy detector unit for detecting an energy accumulated in the resonance circuit; and a controller unit for controlling a switching frequency such that a detected energy becomes a threshold value.

Abstract: A gate-power-supply device is provided with an inverter circuit, a transformer, and rectifier circuits. The device includes secondary-side parallel capacitors, connected in parallel to secondary-side coils of the transformer, for cancelling inductance components of the secondary-side coils at the drive frequency of the inverter circuit. The device includes a primary-side series capacitor, connected in series to a primary-side coil of the transformer, for cancelling the imaginary term (inductance component) of the combined impedance of the gate drivers, the rectifier circuits, the secondary-side parallel capacitors, the secondary-side coils, transformer cores and the primary-side coil, which are a load viewed from the inverter circuit.

Abstract: A power transfer system includes DC-DC power conversion circuitry that has a first switch and a second switch on either side of a transformer with a first capacitor and a second capacitor cross-connected across the transformer. A direction of power transfer is determined, and primary and secondary sides of the DC-DC power conversion circuitry are aligned based on the direction of power transfer. A quantity of power transfer through the DC-DC power conversion circuitry is determined based on power and voltage characteristics of electrical components. A duty cycle and a switching frequency for the first switch or second switch is determined based on the quantity of power to be transferred. The primary and secondary switches are controlled using switching.

Abstract: A high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system is provided. The high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system includes: a first power transceiving part consuming power generated by a power generation part, storing the generated power, and outputting the generated power or stored power to a second power transceiving part; a second power transceiving part consuming power generated by a power generation part, storing the generated power and outputting the generated power or stored power to the first power transceiving part; and a control part controlling the power transmission and reception of the first power transceiving part and the second power transceiving part.

Abstract: A power flow controller with a fractionally rated back-to-back (BTB) converter is provided. The power flow controller provide dynamic control of both active and reactive power of a power system. The power flow controller inserts a voltage with controllable magnitude and phase between two AC sources at the same frequency; thereby effecting control of active and reactive power flows between the two AC sources. A transformer may be augmented with a fractionally rated bi-directional Back to Back (B TB) converter. The fractionally rated BTB converter comprises a transformer side converter (TSC), a direct-current (DC) link, and a line side converter (LSC). By controlling the switches of the BTB converter, the effective phase angle between the two AC source voltages may be regulated, and the amplitude of the voltage inserted by the power flow controller may be adjusted with respect to the AC source voltages.

Abstract: A three-level converter and a method for controlling a three-level converter, wherein the third (S31, S32, S33), the fourth (S41, S42, S43) and the fifth (S51, S52, S53) controllable semiconductor switch of a switching branch having, out of all the switching branches, the most positive voltage in its alternating current pole (AC1, AC2, AC3) is controlled to be non-conductive for the whole period of time when the switching branch in question has the most positive voltage in its alternating current pole, and the first (S11, S12, S13), the second (S21, S22, S23) and the sixth (S61, S62, S63) controllable semiconductor switch of a switching branch having, out of all the switching branches, the most negative voltage in its alternating current pole is controlled to be non-conductive for the whole period of time when the switching branch in question has the most negative voltage in its alternating current pole. (FIG.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus includes a semiconductor module that includes a main body containing at least one semiconductor element, power terminals projecting from the main body to be connected to a high-voltage DC power supply and high-voltage signal terminals projecting from the main body, and is configured to convert a DC power supplied from the high-voltage DC power supply to an AC power by switching operation of the semiconductor element. The power conversion apparatus further includes a low-voltage component connected to a low-voltage DC power supply and a control circuit board on which a control circuit for controlling the switching operation of the semiconductor element is formed. The control circuit board is connected with low-voltage signal terminals extending from the low-voltage component and the high-voltage signal terminals. The low-voltage and high-voltage signal terminals are solder-connected to the control circuit board.

Abstract: A non-isolated capacitive AC-DC conversion power supply includes a current limiting input module that receives AC input power and has an output capacitor that supplies DC power. Charge storage stages have charge storage capacitors, a rectifier supplying rectified current from the input module to charge the charge storage capacitors and the output capacitor during a first part-cycle of the AC input power. The charge storage stages also include current amplifiers and unidirectional elements that conduct discharge current from the charge storage capacitors to charge the output capacitor during a second part-cycle of the AC input power. Ground of the DC output can be connected to the live AC input.

Abstract: A power supply that includes a first current generator circuit that is coupled to a first transformer and generates a first waveform and a second current generator circuit that is coupled to a second transformer, and generates a second waveform that is out of phase with the first waveform. The first and second waveforms are rectified and combined into a DC output signal. The power supply includes a first coupling circuit that couples the first current generator circuit to the first transformer and a second coupling circuit that couples the second current generator circuit to the second transformer.

Abstract: A rectifier 107 includes a rectifying MOSFET 101 that performs synchronous rectification, a control circuit 106 that inputs a voltage across a pair of a positive-side main terminal TK and a negative-side main terminal TA of the rectifying MOSFET 101 to determine an ON or OFF state of the rectifying MOSFET 101 based on the inputted voltage, and a capacitor 104 that supplies power to the control circuit 106. The control circuit 106 includes a blocking circuit 105 that inputs the voltage across the pair of main terminals of the rectifying MOSFET 101, to block power supply to the control circuit 106 when the inputted voltage across the pair of main terminals is higher than or equal to a first voltage, and to unblock power supply to the control circuit 106 when the inputted voltage across the pair of main terminals is lower than the first voltage.

Abstract: An output power adjusting method is applied on an inverter. The inverter includes a capacitor to store direct current (DC) electricity provided by a photovoltaic (PV) module. At least the DC electricity provided by the PV module is converted into alternating current (AC) electricity. Determine whether a power value of the AC electricity exceeds a power threshold. When the AC electricity exceeds the power threshold, the inverter works in a continuous mode. When the AC electricity does not exceed the power threshold, the inverter works in a discontinuous mode where the PV module charges the capacitor. In the discontinuous mode, determine whether a voltage on the capacitor exceeds a reference voltage, and when the voltage on the capacitor exceeds the reference voltage, the DC electricity provided by the PV module and DC electricity in pulses provided by the capacitor are converted to the AC electricity.

Abstract: An AC-to-DC converter includes a multi-resonant switching circuit including an AC-AC stage soft-switched LC network that converts a low-frequency low-amplitude alternating input voltage into a higher-frequency higher-amplitude alternating voltage and an AC-DC stage rectifying the higher-frequency higher-amplitude alternating voltage into a DC output voltage via a soft-switched diode. An AC-to-DC converter system includes at least two multi-resonant switching circuits that include at least two AC-AC stages and an AC-DC stage. A control system for the AC-to-DC converter includes at least two resonant gate drivers that each includes: one MOSFET gate configured to transmit a gate voltage signal to an AC-to-DC converter; an on/off logic module electrically coupled to the MOSFET gate; a resonant tank LC circuit electrically coupled to the on/off logic module; and a voltage bias module electrically coupled to the resonant tank LC circuit.

Abstract: A method generates space vector modulation signals for a multi-level power inverter using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). A reference voltage and a triangle region for the reference voltage are determined. Vertices for a space vector that is closest to the reference voltage is outputted. Then, the vertices are adjusted so that the space vector is in a valid region of the triangle region. Lastly, the space vector modulation signals a, b, and c corresponding to the space vector in the valid region are outputed.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method and a circuit for the improved use of a capacitance in an intermediate circuit. According to the disclosure, a change in a voltage in an intermediate circuit is detected and electrical energy is actively provided depending on the change in the electrical variable in order to compensate the change. According to the disclosure, a capacitance used in the intermediate circuit can end up significantly smaller if the electrical energy fed in is used, in that the voltage of the capacitance is supported by a current fed into the capacitance on the earth side.

Abstract: An illustrative electrostatic machine includes a shaft that is configured to rotate about an axis, a rotor electrode, and a stator electrode. The rotor electrode and the stator electrode are separated by a gap and form a capacitor. The rotor electrode is fixed to the shaft. The electrostatic machine can also include a housing that is configured to enclose the rotor electrode, the stator electrode, and at least a portion of the shaft. The stator electrode is fixed to the housing. A dielectric fluid fills a void defined by the housing, the rotor electrode, and the stator electrode.

Abstract: A motor control apparatus includes a PWM rectifier which converts AC power on a three-phase AC input power supply side into DC power or which converts DC power on a DC output side into AC power, a smoothing capacitor which is connected to a DC link on the DC output side of the PWM rectifier, a DC voltage detection unit which detects a DC voltage of the smoothing capacitor, an LCL filter which is connected to the AC input power supply side of the PWM rectifier, a power disconnection unit which is connected to an AC power supply side of the LCL filter, and a control unit which applies, when power is disconnected by the power disconnection unit, electric current to the LCL filter by controlling the PWM rectifier, and lowers the DC voltage to a desired value by discharging energy stored in the smoothing capacitor.

Abstract: A hybrid electric vehicle includes a traction battery, traction motor and power inverter therebetween. The power inverter converts the DC power of the traction battery to AC power to drive each phase of the traction motor. The power inverter includes Insulated Gate Bipolar junction Transistors (IGBTs) to modulate the power to the traction motor. The speed at which the IGBTs are modulated impacts the system performance including power loss, voltage overshoot and current overshoot. Using a dual emitter IGBT to provide a current mirror of the drive current, circuitry may be used with the gate drive circuitry such that the gate drive speed may be dynamically adjusted based on characteristics including temperature and traction motor rotational speed.

Abstract: Apparatus features a microcontroller configured to: receive signaling containing information about a measured change of a magnetic field created by a magnetic circuit driving a motor; and determine corresponding signaling containing information about the speed of rotation of the motor, based upon the signaling received. The microcontroller provides control signaling containing information to control the operation of the motor, including where the motor control is used to control the flow of fluids from a pump. A Hall Effect Sensor is used to sense the magnetic flux and provide the signaling in the form of a feedback signal for implementing motor control. The motor housing has a slot, the Hall Effect sensor is mounted external the motor housing over the slot, and a ferromagnetic bridge is arranged over the Hall Effect sensor to close the magnetic circuit and cause more flux to go through the Hall Effect sensor.

Abstract: A sensorless control method and system for a motor are provided. The includes a back EMF observer that is configured to estimate a back EMF of the motor and an angle error calculator that is configured to calculate an electrical angle error considering iron loss of the motor based on the back EMF estimated by the back EMF observer. An angle error compensator is configured to compensate the electrical angle error calculated by the angle error calculator. An electrical angle for compensating the calculated electrical angle error is obtained through simulation or experiment for the motor. In addition, a PLL controller is configured to receive the compensated electrical angle to estimate an actual angle by reducing the electrical angle error due to the iron loss, and to operate the motor based on the estimated actual angle.

Abstract: A motor control circuit system is arranged to control the activation of a motor when a rotating voltage of the motor equals to a predetermined threshold so as to save the power consumption of the motor, wherein no current is allowed to pass to the motor before the rotating voltage of the motor reaches again the predetermined threshold. Therefore, the motor is electrified in an interval manner, such that the driven mechanism runs with its inertia even though the motor is idle, i.e. no current passing to the motor, so as to save the energy output of the motor.

Abstract: A method and a device for operating a closed-loop or open-loop speed-controlled electric motor of a fan drive, which motor is connected to an on-board system voltage of a motor vehicle and the motor speed of which is set to a defined first desired speed, wherein, if the on-board system voltage fluctuates, the motor speed is set to a desired speed that is lower compared with the first desired speed.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for determining leakage inductances of a double fed induction generator, DFIG, (10) wherein, in response to the stator current of the DFIG being equal to or below a first predetermined threshold, values of a stator voltage, a rotor voltage and a rotor current of the DFIG are determined, and a rotor leakage inductance of the DFIG is calculated on the basis the determined values, and, in response to the rotor current of the DFIG being equal to or below a second predetermined threshold, values of the stator voltage, the rotor voltage and the stator current of the DFIG are determined, and a stator leakage inductance of the DFIG is calculated on the basis of the determined values.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments or implementations are disclosed of methods, apparatus, and systems for operating motors in variable speed situations. In an exemplary implementation, a method of controlling a variable-speed motor includes defining a control duration as a predetermined number of cycles of a multiple-phase power supply. Each speed in a range of speeds is defined by a corresponding number of the cycles of the control duration. Power is provided to the motor from the power supply at a selected one of the speeds, by enabling input from the power supply for the number of the cycles of the control duration corresponding to the selected speed.

Abstract: An electric motor system having substantially independent hardware-based and software-based pathways for detecting and initiating responses to fault conditions, such as over-current conditions, in an electric motor which is powered by a power inverter which is controlled by a power module and a microprocessor. Each pathway involves comparing a voltage, which is representative of an electric current flowing to the motor, to a predetermined maximum voltage, and if the former exceeds the latter using hardware or software to initiate shutting off the motor, such as by shutting off the power inverter. When one pathway detects a fault condition it may notify the other pathway, and the notified pathway may also initiate shutting off the motor.

Abstract: A solar panel system comprises a monocoque forming an enlarged self-supporting solar-facing generally-convex support surface when in an installed position supports solar cells attached (or formed directly on it) at optimal angles for capturing solar energy. The monocoque provides a stressed-skin or stiff-sheet support reducing weight while maintaining strength and minimizing cost. A post engages and supports adjacent edges of a pair of adjacent monocoques. An electrical circuit connects the solar cells for electrical flow and power management, and preferably includes a controller for controlling power from the solar cells, including combining them in series or parallel as optimal for a given systems configuration. The illustrated monocoque includes a roll formed sheet or a number of sheets, stacked vertically together and anchored to spaced posts using connectors in a “fence-like” pattern.