Abstract: A system includes a test signal generator generating a test signal having a carrier and at least two sidebands, and provides the test signal to a device under test (DUT). A plurality of couplers sense an incident signal, a reflected signal, and a transmitted signal for the DUT at corresponding test ports of the test system when the test signal is supplied to the DUT. A signal processing apparatus: detects S-parameters for the DUT from the carrier present in each of the incident signal, reflected signal, and transmitted signal for the device under test; measures a dispersion for the DUT at each of the test ports from the two sidebands present in the incident signal, reflected signal, and transmitted signal for the device under test using the two frequencies; and combines the detected S-parameters and the measured dispersions to output enhanced measurements of the S-parameters and the dispersions.

Abstract: Some embodiments include an apparatus for determining statistics of the current in various wiring systems exposed to diffuse electromagnetic fields. Other embodiments of related apparatuses and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: An EMC test bench, includes an item of equipment under test to be loaded on board an aircraft, the item of equipment being subjected to EMC tests and delivering ARINC electrical interfaces as inputs and as output; an electrical interfaces device representative of an item of anti-lightning equipment and including an ARINC signals acquisition and/or generation card connected to the ARINC inputs and outputs of the item of equipment under test; a command and control rack for analyzing control signals originating from the electrical interfaces device including the ARINC signals acquisition and/or generation card, and a signals conversion system for protecting the command and control rack connected between the command and control rack and the electrical interfaces device

Abstract: A cable connection verification system includes: a transmitter configured to transmit an inspection signal to a first terminal of a cable, the cable being configured to connect a first contact on a first terminal block with the first terminal and to connect a second contact on a second terminal block with a second terminal; a receiver configured to receive the inspection signal from the second terminal of the cable; and a tag generator configured to generate a tag containing ID information upon reception of the inspection signal at the receiver.

Abstract: A method of inspecting the quality of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and an inspecting system for performing the method are disclosed. In one aspect, the method includes applying an input voltage to the OLED, measuring an OLED voltage across the OLED and an OLED current flowing through the OLED, estimating a parameter of the OLED based at least in part on the OLED voltage and the OLED current, and extracting a physical characteristic of the OLED based at least in part on the parameter.

Abstract: A method for estimating a lifetime of an organic EL element comprising a pair of electrodes and an organic layer, comprises: a step of acquiring degradation data of characteristics of the element when a current density applied to the element and/or an atmosphere temperature of the element are/is changed; a step of calculating a fitting function of the degradation data and extracting a degradation parameter characterizing a degradation in the characteristics at the applied current density and/or the atmosphere temperature from the fitting function; a step of calculating a temperature dependence of the degradation parameter based on a temperature rise value of the organic layer upon light emission at the applied current density and/or the atmosphere temperature and setting a lifetime estimation formula of the element; and a step of estimating the lifetime of the organic EL element based on the lifetime estimation formula.

Abstract: In a circuit board testing apparatus for performing a four-terminal measurement method on a wiring pattern formed of a plurality of wires on a circuit board, a control part connects in series contact probes to be connected to upstream-side voltage detection terminals or downstream-side voltage detection terminals, via connection terminals, allows a power supply part to apply power between the test points with which the contact probes connected in series are in contact, allows a voltage detection part to detect a voltage between the test points, and makes a determination as to conductive contact states of the contact probes with the test points, based on the detected voltage.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing an output parameter includes an output parameter generator circuit configured to determine a value of an output parameter repeatedly. The output parameter generator circuit includes at least one circuit block mandatory for the determination of a value of the output parameter. Further, the apparatus includes an output interface circuit configured to transmit the output parameter repeatedly to a receiver and a test circuit configured to test a basic functionality of the at least one mandatory circuit block of the output parameter generator circuit repeatedly. The at least one mandatory circuit block of the output parameter generator circuit is unavailable for the determination of a value of the output parameter during the basic functionality test.

Abstract: A capacitive sensor that includes at least one capacitive element and a switched-capacitor readout circuit part for detecting at least one signal capacitance that results from motions of the capacitive element. The self-test bias voltage of the actuation circuit part is coupled to the capacitive element during a first period that is synchronized to the front end reset period and occurs when the self-test of the capacitive sensor is enabled by the self-test controller.

Abstract: An electrical testing system is adapted to perform electrical tests on devices fabricated on successive frames of a web of substrate, each frame including a plurality of fiducial marks. A digital imaging system captures a digital image of a frame, which is analyzed to determine spatial relationships between positions of a set of test pads and positions of the fiducial marks. The frame is advanced to an electrical test fixture which includes a set of test probes adapted to make electrical contact with the test pads. A fiducial sensing system including a plurality of fiducial sensors determines positions of the fiducial marks. The position of the electrical test fixture is adjusted responsive to the determined spatial relationships and the determined fiducial mark positions so that the test probes are aligned with corresponding test pads, and an electrical test of the device is performed.

Abstract: A method for electrically testing devices fabricated on successive frames of a web of substrate, each frame including a plurality of fiducial marks. A digital imaging system is used to capture a digital image of a frame, which is analyzed to determine spatial relationships between positions of a set of test pads and positions of the fiducial marks. The frame is advanced to an electrical test fixture which includes a set of test probes adapted to make electrical contact with the test pads. A fiducial sensing system including a plurality of fiducial sensors is used to determine positions of the fiducial marks. The position of the electrical test fixture is adjusted responsive to the determined spatial relationships and the determined fiducial mark positions so that the test probes are aligned with corresponding test pads, and an electrical test of the device is performed.

Abstract: A system is used to perform an operation on an article, the article including a plurality of fiducial marks and a set of features. A digital imaging system captures a digital image of the article, which is analyzed to determine spatial relationships between positions of the features and positions of the fiducial marks. The article is positioned in proximity to an instrument and a fiducial sensing system including a plurality of fiducial sensors is used to determine positions of the fiducial marks. Predicted positions of the features are determined responsive to the determined spatial relationships and the determined fiducial mark positions. The position of the instrument or the article is adjusted responsive to the predicted positions of the features, and the instrument is used to perform an operation on the article.

Abstract: A method for performing an operation on an article, the article including a plurality of fiducial marks and a set of features. A digital imaging system is used to capture a digital image of the article, which is analyzed to determine spatial relationships between positions of the features and positions of the fiducial marks. The article is positioned in proximity to an instrument and a fiducial sensing system including a plurality of fiducial sensors is used to determine positions of the fiducial marks. Predicted positions of the features are determined responsive to the determined spatial relationships and the determined fiducial mark positions. The position of the instrument or the article is adjusted responsive to the predicted positions of the features, and the instrument is used to perform an operation on the article.

Abstract: A cartridge, including a cartridge frame, formations on the cartridge frame for mounting the cartridge frame in a fixed position to an apparatus frame, a contactor support structure, a contactor interface on the contactor support structure, a plurality of terminals, held by the contactor support structure, for contacting contacts on a device, and a plurality of conductors, held by the contactor support structure, connecting the interface to the terminals.

Abstract: Accessory data collectors coupled to a switch-gear of a power system including at least one circuit breaker are provided. The data collector includes a sensor array configured to sense parameters associated with at least one accessory coupled to the at least one circuit breaker; and data storage configured to store the sensed parameters associated with the at least one accessory for a plurality of operational cycles of the at least one circuit breaker. Related methods and computer program products are also provided.

Abstract: Estimation circuit for SOC and SOH of battery includes a control circuit, a current estimation circuit, an open-circuit voltage detection circuit, an optional multiplexer and an electrical-capacity calculation circuit. The control circuit operates under six modes based on a reset signal, a voltage signal and a current signal. The current estimation circuit comprises a current modification circuit and a Coulomb integral circuit, the current modification circuit receives the current signal and outputs a modifying current signal, the Coulomb integral circuit integrates the modifying current signal to obtain an estimating electrical-capacity value. The open-circuit voltage detection circuit receives the voltage signal and outputs an initial electrical-capacity value. The optional multiplexer receives an estimation optional signal, the estimating electrical-capacity value and the initial electrical-capacity value to output an estimating electrical-capacity signal.

Abstract: [Object] To accurately detect a state of a secondary battery when the secondary battery is mounted on a vehicle.

Abstract: A rack server system and a control method thereof are provided. The rack server system establishes a communication link for communicating with a battery backup unit. The battery backup unit is connected to a power input port of the rack server system, and includes a number of battery modules connected with each other in parallel. The rack server system controls the battery backup unit to perform validity test on a first battery module during a first period and to perform validity test on a second battery module during a second period, wherein the first period and the second period are not overlapped with each other.

Abstract: A battery state estimation apparatus estimates a state of a secondary battery based on a battery model thereof. The battery model includes a DC resistance model, a reaction resistance model, and a diffusion resistance model. The apparatus includes a DC information storage section which stores information on the DC resistance related to temperature of the secondary battery, a reaction information storage section which stores information on the reaction resistance parameter related to the temperature, a diffusion information storage section which stores information on each of the first and second parameters related to the temperature, and a state estimation section which calculates the DC resistance, the reaction resistance parameter, and the first and second parameters from the stored information, by using the temperature as input, and estimates the state of the secondary battery based on the DC resistance, reaction resistance parameter, and first and second parameters.

Abstract: Determination of an electric vehicle battery state-of-charge (SOC) based on measuring open circuit voltage is subject to error as the relationship changes over time. A method is provided for updating the relationship during aging. A charging current is applied to the battery cell. A favorable charging condition is detected in response to a predetermined charging current. A charging slope vector is compiled during the charging condition comprising a plurality of slope values over respective state-of-charge increments. A plurality of SOC-OCV slope vectors are determined corresponding to a plurality of stored SOC-OCV aging curves, each SOC-OCV slope vector comprising a plurality of slope values over equivalent state-of-charge increments. One of the stored SOC-OCV aging curves is selected having an SOC-OCV slope vector best fitting the charging slope vector for use in converting measured OCV values to battery cell SOC values.

Abstract: An integrated DC/DC converter includes a first DC/DC converter, a second DC/DC converter, a first voltage sensor, a second voltage sensor, a first current sensor, a second current sensor, a third current sensor, and a controller. The first DC/DC converter has an input end and an output end. The input end of the first DC/DC converter is to be electrically connected to an output end of an electrochemical energy storage apparatus. The output end of the first DC/DC converter is to be electrically connected to an input end of an electrical load. The second DC/DC converter connects the first DC/DC converter in parallel.

Abstract: An inspection device 20 for inspecting a workpiece 100 having a stepped portion 115, comprises: a pair of electrode plates 220, 230 for nipping the workpiece 100 therebetween and applying voltage to the workpiece 100, the pair of electrode plates 220, 230 including a first electrode plate 220 to be disposed on the stepped portion side 115 and a second electrode plate 230 to be disposed on the opposite side from the stepped portion 115 of the workpiece 100; and a heat transferring member 240 to be disposed so as not to create a gap between the stepped portion 115 and the first electrode plate 220.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for monitoring the state of a battery, in which method a battery with an internal short-circuit is identified by an alarm signal of an evaluation unit when the battery current does not fall after the battery has been charged over a long time period, or when the no-load voltage or discharge voltage of the battery drops or rapidly drops after a relatively long charging operation. These two identification methods, which are integrated into two separate algorithms, can be implemented in parallel in an internal short-circuit identification strategy.

Abstract: A vehicle may include a vehicle charging system having an alternator operatively coupled to an engine and a controller. The controller may be programmed to output a warning indicative of a vehicle charging system fault in response to a quotient of a voltage drop associated with the alternator and an output current of the alternator exceeding a threshold value while the alternator is operating in a steady state condition.

Abstract: A method of operating an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system can be provided by activating an idle state for a UPS module included in the UPS system and providing a UPS module test input to the UPS module in the idle state. A UPS module test response can be provided from the UPS module in the idle state, to the UPS module test input. The UPS module test response can be compared to a predetermined UPS module test response and the UPS module can be identified as a potentially faulty UPS module responsive to determining that the UPS module test response varies from the predetermined UPS module test response by more than a threshold value.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods and apparatus for wireless power field testing. A method for generating testing the interoperability of a wireless power transmitter with one or more wireless power receivers is provided. The method includes generating a magnetic field via a transmit antenna. The method further includes measuring a first uniformity of the magnetic field at all the locations within the magnetic field on a charging surface of the wireless power transmitter. The method also includes determining that the measure first uniformity of the magnetic field is within a range of values at all locations on the charging surface of the wireless power transmitter. In some implementations, the method further includes applying a load to the magnetic field, measuring a second uniformity of the magnetic field while the load is applied, and determining if the first uniformity of the magnetic field is substantially similar to the second uniformity.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a sensor device comprising a probe carrying a three-dimensional magnetic field sensor. The probe has a conical tip portion with an edge being configured as the three-dimensional magnetic field sensor. The sensor at the edge of the tip comprises at least three Josephson junctions, each junction being formed of a superconducting layer interrupted by a barrier. The barrier comprises a non-superconducting layer or a geometrical constriction. The conical tip portion of the probe forms a tapered three-dimensional structure having at least one arc-like part crossing the opening of the tip portion such that the apex has a closed-loop basis and a plurality of complimentary spaced-apart facets defined by the at least one arc, thereby enabling measurement of both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic fields separately.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus includes a coil assembly including a superconductive magnet; and a helium container configured to accommodate a helium in a liquid state and the coil assembly. The helium container includes a partition wall configured to surround a portion of an outer circumference of the coil assembly, and the helium in the liquid state is accommodated in a first space formed between the partition wall and the coil assembly.

Abstract: A combined PET/MR system includes an MR subsystem including a main field magnet (14) which generates a stationary magnetic field through an examination region (16), a gradient magnetic field system (18, 20, 22, 24) which applies magnetic field gradients across the examination region, and an RF system (26, 28, 32, 34, 36, 38) that applies RF excitation pulses to excite resonance in a subject in the examination region and receive magnetic resonance signals from the subject. A PET detector module (70) which is permanently or removably fixed in the examination region (16) to detect radiation from radiopharmaceuticals injected into the subject causes distortions in the magnetic field gradients. A plurality of probes (90) which are mounted in a fixed relationship to the PET detector module (70) measure magnetic field strength. A gradient magnetic field distortion correction system (110) determines distortions caused in the gradient magnetic fields and corrects the magnetic resonance signals accordingly.

Abstract: A method is provided for modified gradient timing in a Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging system. The method includes generating radio frequency (RF) excitation pulses in a volume of patient anatomy to provide subsequent acquisition of associated RF echo data and generating a sequence of gradient waveforms on a static magnetic field in three directions each orthogonal to each other for slice selection, phase encoding and readout RF data acquisition in the volume of patient anatomy. The method also includes receiving, by a controller, an indication of the sequence of gradient waveforms to be applied to a plurality of gradient coils and modifying, via the controller, the sequence of gradient waveforms to be applied to the plurality of gradient coils based on one or more parameters to produce a sequence of modified gradient waveforms. The method further includes providing the sequence of modified gradient waveforms to the plurality of gradient coils.

Abstract: To enable improved magnetic resonance imaging in the vicinity of an interference object that produces a magnetic interference field in an examination region, in a method and apparatus for magnetic resonance imaging of the examination region magnetic resonance raw data are acquired from the examination region by execution of a magnetic resonance sequence having multiple repetition intervals and refocusing of spins in the examination region at the end of each repetition interval repetition intervals. During at least part of the duration of the acquisition of the magnetic resonance raw data, a magnetic compensation gradient is activated that is opposed to the magnetic interference field.

Abstract: Various examples of methods and systems are disclosed for correction of phase and amplitude errors that occur in transmission lines connecting transmitter/receiver devices to measurement fixtures. In one example, a method is described that includes using time domain processing to determine a phase shift from the measurement fixture that can occur between calibration measurements and measurements of the specimen under test. In another example, a method is described that includes frequency-domain processing of the signals to obtain both phase and amplitude corrections. Including these phase and amplitude corrections in the calibration procedure can reduce or minimize the errors induced in the measurements when the transmission line(s) experience either temperature changes or physical deflections, among other things.

Abstract: An RFID tag reading system and method estimate bearings of RFID tags. When the RSSI of a primary and/or secondary RFID receive signal is below a threshold, a primary receive beam is steered in a limited scan to an array of locations distributed around the location at which the RSSI of the primary receive signal is a maximum, and the RSSI of the primary receive signal is recorded at each location. The recorded RSSIs are processed to determine an effective weighted center of distribution of the recorded RSSIs, and the bearing for the tag based on the weighted center of distribution is thus estimated.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments include a computer-implemented method for configuring at least one antenna array comprising receiving a plurality of samples corresponding to signals incident on a plurality of antennas; using a computer arrangement, computing one or more data related to an envelope of the samples and estimating a direction of arrival of the signals incident on the antennas based on the one or more computed data; and configuring the at least one antenna array based on the estimated direction of arrival. The computing and estimating procedures can be performed for each of a plurality of direction-of-arrival candidates. The one or more data can be statistics corresponding to multipath shape factor parameters. The spatial selectivity of the at least one antenna array can be configured based on the estimated direction of arrival. Other exemplary embodiments include apparatus and computer-readable media embodying one or more of the exemplary computer-implemented methods and/or procedures.

Abstract: A system and method for automatically tracking and capturing an image of a subject is disclosed. The system and method includes at least one magnetic emitter device emitting a magnetic field, a magnetic sensing device enabled to receive the magnetic field from the magnetic emitter device and the magnetic sensing device is attached to at least one subject. The system and method further includes an image capturing device in communication with the to the magnetic sensing device in which the magnetic sensing device is enabled to communicate data to the image capturing device and the data enables the image capturing device to track a position of the subject. The image capturing device captures an image of the subject.

Abstract: An indoor positioning system, a positioning server and an indoor positioning method are provided. The indoor positioning system is applied to detecting a position of a portable device in an indoor environment. The positioning system includes a first wireless detector, a second wireless detector, a third wireless detector and a positioning server. The first, the second and the third wireless detectors are in communication with the portable device. The first wireless detector and the second wireless detector respectively generates first wireless detecting information and second wireless detecting information corresponding to the portable device through a first wireless communication standard and a second wireless communication standard. The third wireless detector generates third wireless detecting information corresponding to the portable device.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method for estimating a sound source position in a space with high accuracy using a microphone installed on a robot moving in the space. A mobile robot includes a self-position estimation unit configure to estimate the self-position of the mobile robot, a sound source information obtaining unit configured to obtain direction information of an observed sound source, and a sound source position estimation unit configured to estimate the position of the sound source based on the estimated self-position and the direction information of the sound source.

Abstract: A system for locating a mobile electronic device includes a plurality of acoustic transmitters arranged in a selected pattern within a volume. A first processor is in signal communication with each of the acoustic transmitters. The processor is programmed to drive each of the transmitters with a different coded signal. The signals are substantially decorrelated with each other. An electromagnetic signal transceiver is in signal communication with the processor. The processor is programmed to communicate a time reference signal to the mobile electronic device. The mobile device includes an acoustic receiver for detecting signals from the transmitters and an electromagnetic transceiver for receiving the time reference signal. The mobile device includes a second processor programmed for cross-correlating signals detected by the acoustic receiver with a replica of each of the different coded signals.

Abstract: Detecting continuous wave police radar includes receiving an input signal from a first antenna, the input signal comprising a continuous wave emission within at least one radar band; sweeping a composite local oscillator signal through a range of frequencies from a first frequency to a second frequency in a predetermined time period so that the composite local oscillator signal has a first chirp rate with a first chirp rate magnitude of between 0.15 MHz/?s and 3.5 MHz/?s or even higher; and mixing the input signal from the first antenna with the sweeping composite local oscillator signal to produce an output signal having an intermediate frequency. A next step can include determining that the input signal from the first antenna includes a police radar signal based on the output signal.

Abstract: There is provided a radar device with which the density of transmitted signals can be made uniform in relation to orientation even if the rotation rate of an antenna fluctuates, and interference removal processing can be given a simpler configuration. A radar device that transmits and receives signals while rotating an antenna comprises a motor, a transmission pulse generator, and a transmitter. The motor rotates the antenna (antenna main body). The transmission pulse generator generates transmission timing pulses for transmission signals from the antenna based on the rotational angle of the antenna main body. The transmitter transmits transmission signals via the antenna according to the transmission timing pulses generated by the transmission pulse generator.

Abstract: A radar device comprises at least one transmitter unit for transmitting a radar signal, at least one receiver unit for receiving a reflected radar signal, and a phase shift unit for producing a phase shift in the frequency modulated radar signal in response to a phase shift signal. The receiver unit comprises at least one filter unit for filtering the received signal and is arranged for resetting the filter unit in response to said phase shift signal, so as to avoid saturation of the filter unit due to the phase shift.

Abstract: A receiving circuit uses a weight set by calibration to weight signals incident to receiving elements. A storing unit stores a measured value of a mode vector reflecting characteristics of the receiving circuit in an error-free state of the weight for the receiving circuit characteristics and further correlates and stores an incident signal angle estimated by an estimating unit, and for the error-free state, a calculation result of an evaluation value by an evaluation function capable of calculating the evaluation value, which varies according to the incident signal angle and error. A detecting unit calculates the evaluation value based on the stored measured value of the mode vector and the evaluation function and detects an occurrence of the error based on comparison of the calculated evaluation value and the stored evaluation value, when the estimated incident signal angle corresponds to a value close to the stored incident signal angle.

Abstract: A system and method for filtering LiDAR data is provided. The system includes a LiDAR data collector that is configured to collect the LiDAR data from a LiDAR and store the LiDAR data in a matrix structure. A noise point determiner is configured to determine whether a first filtering condition for determining whether a point within a predetermined reference distance in the LiDAR data is present, a second filtering condition for determining whether a present point adjacent to a left and right by a reference of a reference point in the matrix structure is a first reference value or less, and a third filtering condition for determining whether a present point adjacent to a top and bottom by the reference of the reference point is a second reference value or less are satisfied.

Abstract: A laser ranging unit is rotatably attached to a camera body by a hinge unit. The camera body has a first imaging unit and a laser radiation position specification unit. The laser ranging unit has a laser radiation unit, a laser receiving unit, a second imaging unit, and a distance calculation unit. The first imaging unit images a first range to generate a first image. The laser radiation unit is able to radiate a laser beam in an arbitrary direction within the first range. The laser receiving unit receives a reflected beam of the laser beam. The second imaging unit images a second range including a radiation position of the laser beam within the first range to generate a second image. The laser radiation position specification unit searches for a portion matching the second image in the first image to specify the radiation position in the first image. The distance calculation unit calculates the distance to the radiation position based on the time of receiving the reflected beam.

Abstract: A system controller 16 determines whether the quality of either a distance image or a light intensity image satisfies reference quality, and, when the quality of either the distance image or the light intensity image dos not satisfy the reference quality, outputs a speed change command to lower a speed, an altitude change command to change a submarine altitude (depth), or the like to a navigation control unit 2, thereby changing a physical relative relation between a measurement plane 3 and a device in question. As an alternative, the system controller changes a beam scanning rate f, a beam divergence ?, or the like within limits at which the amount of variation in a spatial resolution does not exceed a permissible amount.

Abstract: An ultrasonic transmission and reception device is described. This includes a transmission circuit for generating a transmission signal at its transmission outputs and, an ultrasonic transducer, which is suited for converting electrical signals into sound signals and sound signals into electrical signals, a transformer, the primary side of which is connected to the transmission outputs and of the transmission circuit and the secondary side of which is connected to the ultrasonic transducer, and a reception circuit for processing a received signal present at its reception input.

Abstract: A vehicle system includes an input device interface and a processing device. The input device interface receives a radar signal. The processing device defines a region of interest between a host vehicle and a front vehicle, detects that a potential cut-in vehicle has entered the region of interest, and selects the potential cut-in vehicle as the new front vehicle. The vehicle system may be incorporated into an autonomous or partially autonomous vehicle.

Abstract: A method for tracking objects in three dimensions in a radar system is provided that includes receiving spherical coordinates of an estimated location of each object of a plurality of detected objects, a range rate of each object, and variances for the spherical coordinates and the range rate of each object, determining whether or not each object is currently being tracked, updating a tracking vector for an object based on the object spherical coordinates, range rate, and variances when the object is currently being tracked, and initializing a tracking vector for an object when the object is not currently being tracked, wherein a tracking vector for an object is a process state vector for an extended Kalman filter designed to track an object, elements of the tracking vector including Cartesian coordinates of the object location, the object velocity in three directions, and the object acceleration in three directions.

Abstract: A target is located and a track is associated with the target in the fusion coordinate system. An estimate/prediction of the target's velocity is developed within the tracker, as well as {right arrow over (T)}, a vector representing the distance from the fusion center to the target as estimated by the tracker, and {right arrow over (S)}, a vector representing the known distance from the fusion center to the sensor. The sensor's range vector, {right arrow over (R)} (the distance from the sensor to the target as predicted by the tracker) is transformed to fusion coordinates. Using the sensor's range vector, normalized to unit length, in fusion coordinates and the estimated target's velocity, an estimate of the target's speed projected in the direction of {right arrow over (R)} is derived. The estimated range-rate is compared per update to the sensor's measured range-rate in the form of an error measurement. The error is then used to correct the track's velocity prediction.

Abstract: A locating device disposable on a surface has a housing, a capacitance sensor, a radar sensor, and an inductance sensor. The locating device also has a motion sensor disposed for detecting at least one motion parameter. A controller receives data from the capacitance sensor, the radar sensor, the inductance sensor and the motion sensor, and determines from the data a presence of objects disposed within or behind the surface. A display is used for displaying a graphical representation of the objects disposed within or behind the surface.