Abstract: Methods and systems for a molded cavity substrate Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) package may comprise a MEMS electronic component, a base substrate comprising a first conductive through via, a molded ring coupled to the base substrate, and a lid substrate comprising dielectric material and a metal layer. The molded ring comprises a second conductive through via and a molded cavity, and the MEMS electronic component is located within the molded cavity. The base substrate may comprise a laminate substrate. The lid substrate may comprise a cavity port. A base assembly mounting adhesive may couple an inner surface of the lid to a principal surface of the molded ring. The dielectric material may comprise mold material. The molded ring may comprise mold compound adherent to an outer region of an inner surface of the base substrate with a central region of the base substrate exposed by the molded ring.

Abstract: Self-supported MEMS structure and method for its formation are disclosed. An exemplary method includes forming a polymer layer over a MEMS plate over a substrate, forming a via collar along sidewalls of a first portion of a trench over the polymer layer, and forming a second portion of the trench within the polymer layer. The method also includes forming an oxide liner in the trench lining sidewalls of the via collar and sidewalls of the second portion of the trench, depositing a metallic filler in the trench to form a via, and forming a metal cap layer over the via collar and the metallic filler. The method further includes removing a portion of the metal cap layer to form a via cap, and removing the polymer layer such that the via is supported only on a bottom thereof by the substrate. An exemplary structure formed by the disclosed method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A MEMS device includes a first sense electrode and a first portion of a sense mass formed in a first structural layer, where the first sense electrode is fixedly coupled with the substrate and the first portion of the sense mass is suspended over the substrate. The MEMS device further includes a second sense electrode and a second portion of the sense mass formed in a second structural layer. The second sense electrode is spaced apart from the first portion of the sense mass in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate, and the second portion of the sense mass is spaced apart from the first sense electrode in the same direction. A junction is formed between the first and second portions of the sense mass so that they are coupled together and move concurrently in response to an imposed force.

Abstract: A MEMS wafer (46) includes a front side (52) having a plurality of MEMS structure sites (60) at which MEMS structures (50) are located. A method (40) for protecting the MEMS structures (50) includes applying (44) a non-active feature (66) on the front side of the MEMS wafer in a region that is devoid of the MEMS structures and mounting (76) the front side of the MEMS wafer in a dicing frame (86) such that a back side (74) of the MEMS wafer is exposed. The MEMS wafer is then diced (102) from the back side into a plurality of MEMS dies (48).

Abstract: A method for forming a write pole comprises the steps of providing a structure comprising a substrate layer, a ruthenium layer over the substrate layer, and a tantalum layer over the ruthenium layer, providing an opening in the tantalum layer over a portion of the ruthenium layer, performing a first reactive ion etching step on the portion of the ruthenium layer under the opening in the tantalum layer to provide an opening in the ruthenium layer over a portion of the substrate layer, performing a second reactive ion etching step on the portion of the substrate layer under the opening in the ruthenium layer to form a damascene trench therein, and filling the damascene trench with a magnetic material to form the write pole.

Abstract: The electrode for a fuel cell of the invention includes: an electrode substrate; and a catalyst layer having a filler layer formed on the surface of the electrode substrate and a catalyst coating the filler layer.

Abstract: The catalyst for a fuel cell of the present invention includes a compound including at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, and titanium, and a catalytic metal.

Abstract: A system for the production of hydrogen from water in the presence of slag, comprising a graphite crucible containing molten slag; a reaction hood disposed over said crucible; a water line for spraying water on the molten slag in the crucible; and a steel tube for collecting and transferring the produced hydrogen gas from said hood into a condenser tank.

Abstract: A composition and its method of production are provided. The composition includes at least one zero-valent metallic element atom in complex with at least one hydride molecule. The method of production includes ball-milling an elemental metal in a high-surface area form, with a hydride. The composition can be useful as a reagent for the synthesis of zero-valent metallic elemental nanoparticles.

Abstract: A novel system and method for degassing H2S and H2Sx from liquid sulfur (sulphur) is disclosed. The system includes a degassing vessel with a plurality of cells. The cells include a sparging gas mat with a perforated surface at the bottom of the cell to allow the release of air bubbles (or sparging gas) into the cells. A catalyst may be used during the process. As a result, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen polysulfide are efficiently and effectively removed from the liquid sulfur.

Abstract: A method of producing macroporous carbon capsules includes providing pollen grains from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) males, drying the pollen grains, heating the dried pollen grains to a temperature of at least 500° C. under an atmosphere of N2 gas to produce macroporous carbon capsules. The macroporous carbon capsules produced from the above method can have an oval shape with a diameter in the range of about 18 ?m to about 20 ?m. The macroporous carbon capsules have a mean pore diameter in the range of about 50 nm to about 450 nm. The pores are three-dimensionally interconnected via nanoscopic carbon walls. The carbon walls have a thickness of about 4 ?m.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a plurality of carbon nanotube structures having enhanced length is disclosed. Several steps are involved in this method. First, a substrate is provided. Next, a non-catalytic metal layer is formed on the substrate. Then, a catalytic metal layer is formed on the non-catalytic metal layer. After that, the catalytic metal layer is subjected to ultrasonication and exposure to water. Finally, the plurality of carbon nanotube structures is formed on the substrate in the presence of the catalytic metal layer. In this embodiment, the ultrasonication and exposure to water step includes submerging the catalytic metal layer in a liquid bath, ultrasonicating the catalytic metal layer and the liquid bath, and exposing the catalytic metal layer to water.

Abstract: A nanocomposite material formed of graphene and a mesoporous metal oxide having a demonstrated specific capacity of more than 200 F/g with particular utility when employed in supercapacitor applications. A method for making these nanocomposite materials by first forming a mixture of graphene, a surfactant, and a metal oxide precursor, precipitating the metal oxide precursor with the surfactant from the mixture to form a mesoporous metal oxide. The mesoporous metal oxide is then deposited onto a surface of the graphene.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing diamond, the method comprising; (i) providing, in the presence of an atomic hydrogen plasma and/or in the presence of atomic hydrogen radicals, in a dissolution zone a liquid metal saturated with carbon with respect to graphite precipitation; (ii) transferring at least a portion of the liquid metal from the dissolution zone to a deposition zone, (vi) exposing the liquid metal in the deposition zone to atomic hydrogen plasma and/or to atomic hydrogen radicals, the temperature of the liquid metal in the deposition zone being lower than the temperature of the liquid metal in the dissolution zone such that the liquid metal in the deposition zone is saturated, preferably supersaturated, with carbon with respect to diamond precipitation; (vii) precipitating carbon from the liquid metal in the deposition zone to synthesize diamond; and (viii) optionally removing the synthesized diamond from the metal.

Abstract: The present document describes a microcapsule having silica shells, processes for making the same, processes for functionalizing said microcapsules and processes for encapsulating active agent in said microcapsules.

Abstract: A magnesium hydroxide particle having a BET specific surface area of 80 m2/g or more and a manufacturing method thereof. The magnesium hydroxide particle has a BET specific surface area of 80 to 400 m2/g and is represented by the following formula (1): Mg(OH)2-x(CO3)0.5x.mH2O??(1) wherein x and m satisfy the following conditions: 0.02?x?0.7. 0?m?1.

Abstract: This invention is directed to decreasing the CO2 concentration. The invention makes use of fluids and apparatuses for diminishing CO2 concentrations of fluids.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing separated substances, particularly metal compounds, the dopant element amounts of which have been controlled by the use of an apparatus that processes fluid between the processing surfaces of a processing member that can be made to approach/separate and which rotate relative to each other. The substance to be separated is separated by mixing a raw material solution, wherein the substance to be separated is solubilized in a solvent, with the solvent for separation and with the dopant element or dopant element-containing substance solubilized in at least one solvent selected from the solvent of said raw material solution, said solvent for separation or a solvent other than that of said raw material solution or said solution for separation. Separated substances with controlled dopant element amounts are obtained by controlling the solubility of the dopant element or dopant element-containing substance in the solvent for separation.

Abstract: A one-pot approach for preparing ArSH capped Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSn(S(1-x)Sex)4, Cu2SnS3, CuInS2, and CuIn(S(1-x)Sex)2 nanocrystals is provided. Examples involving reacting copper (II) acetylacetonate and indium chloride with thiourea and 2-mercapto-5-n-propylpyrimidine in the presence of an organic solvent are described. Monodispersed CuInS2, nanocrystals having a size of about 100 nm were prepared. Examples involving reacting copper (II) acetylacetonate, zinc chloride, and tin chloride with thiourea and 2-mercapto-5-n-propylpyrimidine in the presence of an organic solvent are described. Monodispersed Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals having a size of about 2 nm were prepared. Nanociystals obtained were found to have excellent crystallinity, stoichiometry, and high collective photovoltaic activity without the need for postprocessing such as high temperature annihilation in a sulfur atmosphere.

Abstract: A water purification system is described herein. The water purification system comprises a container configured to hold a liquid; an ultraviolet light source configured to irradiate liquid within the container; a reflector configured to reflect light from the ultraviolet light source into the container; a trough adaptor having a first end and a second end and configured to channel a liquid from the first end to the second end while exposing the liquid to light from the ultraviolet light source; and wherein the reflector is configured to reflect light from the ultraviolet light source both onto the trough adaptor and into the container.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a triphasic separator for the separation of oil-water-gas mixtures used in the field of oil extraction from land or sea wells, suitable in particular, but not exclusively, for installation on the seabed in subsea wells.

Abstract: A method of water discharge management in a water processing system is provided. The method includes providing a supply of a first solution, providing a supply of a second solution, and selectively supplying the first solution to a water processing system and the second solution to the water processing system. The method further includes controllably and selectively directing discharge water formed in the water processing system through a first multi-way valve to a waste outlet during a period in which the discharge water satisfies a first selected criteria, and to a second multi-way valve during a period in which the discharge water satisfies a second selected criteria.

Abstract: Storage stable polyhydroxylated aromatic ether adducts of polyalkylene oxide are described. Reactive compositions are formed by combining an ether adduct with an aldehyde, optionally further adding a phenolic-aldehyde prepolymer. The reactive compositions are cured by removing water, by acidification, or both. The cured compositions sorb solvated compounds from environments containing water. The cured compositions are also useful for pre-loading with compounds that are subsequently released at a controlled rate into environments containing water.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for simultaneously removing materials from fluids without the need for added chemicals, and without the formation of toxic byproducts, by high-density plasma reaction chemistry is described. Applications to removal of contaminants, such as pesticides, organics, PPCPs, and pathogens, as examples, from water are discussed. Changes in the quality of the raw water are not expected to adversely affect the decontamination process.

Abstract: The present invention is to a process for reducing and removing organic phosphorus acid from waste stream. The process involves adding a multivalent metal salt to the waste stream and adjusting the pH level of the waste stream to an optimum level to maximize the removal of organic phosphorus acid.

Abstract: Polymer flocculants are described comprising blends of high molecular weight polyethylene oxide and high molecular polyacrylamides. When introduced in desired amounts and with desired molecular weight ranges, excellent flocculation function is found that can be used to reduce polymer consumption to obtain a desired purity of clarified waste water. It has been found that the desirable polymer blends can be effectively added upstream from locations in which polyethylene oxide would generally be added so that the polymer blend can effectively mix with the slime flow to reduce or eliminate the need for excess polymer use to compensate for less effective mixing with the slime flow. Suitable waste treatment systems are described to provide for the delivery of the flocculants in the waste treatment process.

Abstract: One or more reactor and one or more control methods are used for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment to achieve measured control of maintaining high ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) oxidation rates while achieving nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) out-selection, using various control strategies, including: 1) ammonia and the use of ammonia setpoints; 2) operational DO and the use of DO setpoints; 3) bioaugmentation of anammox and lighter flocculant AOB fraction; and 4) implementation of transient anoxia in several reactor configurations and conditions for removal of oxidized nitrogen using anammox or heterotrophic organisms.

Abstract: The present inventions relates to an apparatus for purifying wastewater and a method thereof, which comprises: a stirring part to make bubbles impregnated into floc through high speed stirring by adding floc forming materials to influent and stirring them; an air supply part to supply air to the stirring part to make more bubbles impregnated; a pumping part to conduct pressurized conveying of the floc included treatment water; a cyclone part to separate high density floc to downstream and treatment water with low density floc to upstream from the pressurized treatment water; and a flotation part to separate floc from the treatment water with floc supplied from the cyclone part. Therefore, the present invention have an effect that it is possible to improve purification speed of wastewater and obtain good quality of purified water.

Abstract: An oxygen-fuel burner for a glass-melting furnace generally includes a first (or inner) conduit for fuel, a second (or middle) conduit for waste glass cullet, and a third (or outer) conduit for combustion oxygen. The first, second, and third conduits are nested and define respective paths for fuel, cullet, and oxygen flows. A cullet supply funnel is coupled to the second conduit such that cullet can be introduced into the second conduit through the funnel. Organic contaminants in the waste glass cullet are incinerated in an almost pure oxygen environment proximate where cullet particles exit from the burner and prior to reaching the glass surface below.

Abstract: A mould-supporting system for a machine for forming hollow glassware includes a supporting structure, and a first carriage and a second carriage, which are slidably mounted, respectively, on a first bar and a second bar of the supporting structure, and, moreover, are slidably mounted on a third bar of the supporting structure, common to the two carriages, the first and second carriages carrying, respectively, a first mould-carrier arm and a second mould-carrier arm. Mutual displacement of the first and second carriages is controlled between a position where they are set close to one another and a corresponding position where they are set apart. The first and second carriages have a first tubular portion that engages, respectively, the first and second bars via first sliding means, and a second tubular portion that engages the third bar via second sliding means. The second sliding means enable adjustment of the position of the second tubular portion in a direction transverse to the third bar.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for forming sheet glass (78) includes a pair of rollers (12a, 12b) arranged in opposing relation to form a nip gap (38). At least one of the rollers (12a, 12b) is translatable to adjust a width (39) of the nip gap (38). A pair of spacer belts (34, 36) passes in between the pair of rollers (12a, 12b). The spacer belts (34, 36) are spaced apart along a length of the pair of rollers (12a, 12b) and have a thickness to set the width (39) of the nip gap (38). At least one actuator (42a, 42b) is coupled to at least one of the rollers (12a, 12b) and operable to adjust a width (39) of the nip gap (38) until the pair of spacer belts (34, 36) is gripped by the pair of rollers (12a, 12b) and the thickness of the pair of spacer belts (34, 36) sets the width (39) of the nip gap (38).

Abstract: A method for making a glass laminate sheet including: selecting a core glass composition and a clad glass composition combination for a glass laminate structure; determining and comparing the viscosity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) profiles for each of the selected core and the clad glass compositions with each other over a temperature range of interest including the onset of viscoelasticity to ambient temperature; and processing the selected core and clad glass composition in a laminate fusion draw apparatus to form a laminate glass sheet in accordance with at least one difference condition for the clad effective coefficient thermal expansion (CTEeff core) and the core effective coefficient thermal expansion (CTEeff core). Another method for making a glass laminate sheet includes controlling the cooling rate to control the resulting strength of the laminate.

Abstract: Titania-doped quartz glass is manufactured by mixing a silicon-providing reactant gas and a titanium-providing reactant gas, preheating the reactant gas mixture at 200-400° C., and subjecting the mixture to oxidation or flame hydrolysis. A substrate of the glass is free of concave defects having a volume of at least 30,000 nm3 in an effective region of the EUV light-reflecting surface and is suited for use in the EUV lithography.

Abstract: Apparatus for shaping at least one glass sheet wherein a lower press ring and an upper press ring are configured to clamp a perimeter section of the glass sheet between the lower press ring and the upper press ring. The apparatus also includes an upper press at least partially disposed within the upper press ring and configured to shape at least a section of the glass sheet inside the perimeter section of the glass sheet, including forming by use of applied vacuum. The inner press may include openings that apply vacuum in selected areas of the inner press to vacuum form the ply within the selected areas. To control the ply on the upper press assembly, vacuum that is applied though passageways in the upper press ring to the gap between the upper press ring and the inner press is controlled through a seal in the gap. The upper press ring includes pivotal joints that increase adjustability of the forming surface of the upper press ring to the face surface of the inner press.

Abstract: Glasses comprising SiO2, Al2O3, and P2O5 that are capable of chemical strengthened by ion exchange and having high damage resistance. These phosphate-containing glasses have a structure in which silica (SiO2) is replaced by aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and/or boron phosphate (BPO4).

Abstract: The invention provides a kind of high-precision molding optical glass, comprising 0.1-10 wt % of SiO2, 9-20 wt % of B2O3, 20-35 wt % of La2O3, 1-8 wt % of ZrO2, 5-20 wt % of ZnO, 1-10 wt % of Ta2O5, 5-15 wt % of Gd2O3, 0-2 wt % of TiO2, 1-10 wt % of Y2O3, 1-12 wt % of WO3, 0-3 wt % of Li2O and 0-1 wt % of Sb2O3. The optical glass provided in the invention features density less than 5.0 g/cm3, refractive index between 1.80 and 1.85, Abbe number between 40 and 45, transition temperature lower than 600° C., wavelength ?80 corresponding to the transmissivity of 80% below 415 nm, and upper limit of devitrification temperature below 1110° C., and is applicable to high-precision molding.

Abstract: Intermediate to high CTE glass compositions and laminates formed from the same are described. The glasses described herein have properties, such as liquidus viscosity or liquidus temperature, which make them particularly well suited for use in fusion forming processes, such as the fusion down draw process and/or the fusion lamination process. Further, the glass composition may be used in a laminated glass article, such as a laminated glass article formed by a fusion laminate process, to provide strengthened laminates via clad compression as a result of CTE mismatch between the core glass and clad glass.

Abstract: Methods of forming a glass article are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of forming a glass article includes translating a pulsed laser beam on a glass substrate sheet to form a laser damage region between a first surface and a second surface of the glass substrate sheet. The method further includes applying an etchant solution to the glass substrate sheet to remove a portion of the glass substrate sheet about the laser damage region. The method may further include strengthening the glass substrate sheet by an ion-exchange strengthening process, and coating the glass substrate sheet with an acid-resistant coating. Also disclosed are methods where the laser damage region has an initial geometry that changes to a desired geometry following the reforming of the glass substrate sheet such that the initial geometry of the laser damage region compensates for the bending of the glass substrate sheet.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method of forming a glass container may include forming a glass container comprising a sidewall at least partially enclosing an interior volume. At least a portion of the interior surface of the sidewall may have an interior surface layer with a persistent layer heterogeneity relative to a midpoint of the sidewall. The interior surface layer of the glass container may be removed from the interior surface of the sidewall such that a modified interior surface of the sidewall has an interior region extending from about 10 nm below the modified interior surface into a thickness of the sidewall. The interior region may have a persistent layer homogeneity relative to the midpoint of the sidewall such that the modified interior surface is resistant to delamination.

Abstract: Strengthened glass substrates with glass fits and methods for forming the same are disclosed. According to one embodiment, a method for forming a glass frit on a glass substrate may include providing a glass substrate comprising a compressive stress layer extending from a surface of the glass substrate into a thickness of the glass substrate, the compressive stress having a depth of layer DOL and an initial compressive stress CSi. A glass frit composition may be deposited on at least a portion of the surface of the glass substrate. Thereafter, the glass substrate and the glass frit composition are heated in a furnace to sinter the glass fit composition and bond the glass frit composition to the glass substrate, wherein, after heating, the glass substrate has a fired compressive stress CSf which is greater than or equal to 0.70*CSi.

Abstract: A glass article exhibiting improved resistance to fictive surface damage and a method for making it, the method comprising removing a layer of glass from at least a portion of a surface of the article that is of a layer thickness at least effective to reduce the number and/or depth of flaws on the surface of the article, and then applying a friction-reducing coating to the portion of the article from which the layer of surface glass has been removed.

Abstract: Methods of forming a sheet glass product comprising a plurality of growth-limited glass bump spacers. According to the methods, a glass pane of the sheet glass product is irradiated with laser radiation to locally heat the glass pane at a plurality of spacer localities and induce growth of a plurality of glass bump spacers in the glass pane. The growth of the plurality of glass bump spacers is limited by utilizing a growth-limiting plate comprising a scattering surface portion. The scattering surface portion of the growth-limiting plate mitigates damage to the growth-limiting plate and may also mitigate damage to the glass pane. Vacuum insulated glass products and systems for forming a growth-limited sheet glass product are also provided.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for cementing operations that include pumice in geopolymer cement compositions comprising slag.

Abstract: A mortar contains cement, one or more than one mineral additive, superplasticizer, aggregates, a hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and water, wherein the hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose is characterized by the sum of its hydroxyethyl molecular substitution and methyl degree of substitution is 1.90 or higher and 2.30 or lower and its viscosity as a 2 weight-percent aqueous solution that is below 30,000 milliPascals*seconds.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to cement compositions comprising: (a) cement, (b) an electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), and (c) a cement accelerator; wherein the electric arc furnace dust is present in an amount from greater than 8 wt % based on the total weight of the cement (a); and it relates to cement compositions comprising: (a) cement, (b) an electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), and (c) a cement accelerator comprising calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, or sodium nitrate, or a combination thereof; wherein the electric arc furnace dust is present in an amount from greater than 8 wt % based on the total weight of the cement (a). Also disclosed are methods for making the disclosed compositions and products using the disclosed compositions. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Abstract: There are disclosed a porous material having a high thermal shock resistance and a honeycomb structure. The porous material contains main aggregates and auxiliary aggregates as aggregates, the main aggregates are silicon carbide particles, the auxiliary aggregates are at least either of mullite particles or alumina particles, the aggregates are bound to one another via a binding phase, so as to form pores, and the binding phase is at least one of an amorphous phase and a cordierite phase, and a porosity is from 40 to 90%. Furthermore, the honeycomb structure is constituted of such a porous material, and includes partition walls defining and forming a plurality of cells extending from one end face to the other end face.

Abstract: Disclosed are: a lanthanum hexaboride sintered body which contains lanthanum hexaboride as the main component, has an element nitrogen content of 0.1 to 3 mass % inclusive, contains an impurity composed of element carbon and/or at least two elements selected from La, C, O and B at a content of 0.3 vol % or less, and has a relative density of 88% or more; and a target comprising the lanthanum hexaboride sintered body. An LaB6 sintered body can be provided, which enables the production of a highly pure and dense LaB6 thin film having excellent crystallinity and a good work function and which is suitable for a sputtering target or the like.

Abstract: A tool made of a cubic boron nitride sintered body which has a long life in a stable manner in any application of cutting and plastic working is provided. The tool made of the cubic boron nitride sintered body according to the present invention includes a cubic boron nitride sintered body at least at a tool working point and it is characterized by satisfying an Equation (I) and any one of an Equation (II) and an Equation (III) 20?X?98??(I) Y?0.6×X+3 (where 20?X<88)??(II) Y?5.8×X?455 (where 88?X?98)??(III) where a ratio of cubic boron nitride contained in the cubic boron nitride sintered body is denoted as X volume % and thermal conductivity of the cubic boron nitride sintered body is denoted as Y (W/m·K).

Abstract: A concentrated, homogenous, stable, water-soluble fertilizer suspension comprising: water-soluble mineral nutrients of at least nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, and magnesium; and an organic stabilizing additive; and wherein the pourable, aqueous suspension has water-soluble mineral nutrients amounting to at least about 80 percent by weight (wt. %) of the suspension.

Abstract: Industrial demand for hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) is often lower than the amount produced from fluoride recycling processes. One alternative for using this surplus is manufacturing a soil conditioner by neutralizing the hexafluorosilicic acid with calcium oxide (CaO) inside an open, Kullman type reactor. The reaction ensures alkalinity to the soil conditioner having a pH of about 10, moisture less than about 40%, phosphorus (P2O5) at about 2.5%, calcium at about 22%, about 0.5% magnesium, about 10% silicon (about 30% to 40% water-soluble), about 18% fluoride, neutralization power of about 5% to 15%, and total neutralization power of about 5% to 12%. The resulting product, called AgroSiCa, is easily manageable with very high contents of Ca and Si (total and soluble), and also contains Mg, P, Fe, Zn, and F. When applied to soil, it contributes to the supply of nutrients, provides a better root growth and improves the plants development.