Abstract: A system and method for determining a distance to a surface of interest, such as in a Time of Flight (ToF) system, includes projecting modulated electromagnetic radiation of at least two frequencies to a point on the surface of interest, receiving the electromagnetic radiation reflected from the point on the surface of interest and demodulating the received electromagnetic radiation. Whereupon, a weighted phase difference between the frequencies may be calculated, in accordance with the present systems and methods, and one bin for each of the reflected frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest is calculated using the weighted phase difference. A final phase of the bin for the actual distance is calculated as a weighted average of the phases of the bins based on the reflected signal strengths, and the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest is then output.

Abstract: A method of operating an obstacle data model construction system of an aircraft is provided. With a vehicle moving through a vehicle obstacle space from a first to a second position, the method includes scanning the vehicle obstacle space at the first and second positions, generating first and second boundary data sets from results of the scanning at the first and second positions, respectively, and deriving first and second shrouded regions from the first and second boundary data sets, respectively. The method further includes identifying a high confidence occupancy region from intersecting portions of the first and second shrouded regions or identifying an occupancy region from a union of the first and second shrouded regions.

Abstract: An inertial navigation system using loose coupling hybridization of inertial measurements by utilizing measurements supplied by a satellite-positioning receiver which utilizes signals sent by a plurality of satellites distributed across at least two separate satellite subsets and calculates at least two navigation solutions, each navigation solution being calculated by means of signals sent by the satellites of one of the subsets. The inertial navigation system includes a hybridization module using each of the at least two calculated navigation solutions. A satellite failure detector is configured to compare the hybrid navigation solutions and where applicable detect incoherence between said hybrid navigation solutions. The hybridization module is configured to stop execution of hybridization following detection of incoherence between the hybrid navigation solutions when the origin of the incoherence cannot be determined.

Abstract: The flight of an aircraft is characterized in terms of Earth-based reference system data for a first position and a second position of the aircraft that are separated by a time increment. A centripetal acceleration of the aircraft is determined based on the Earth-based reference system data for the positions in conjunction with the time increment. A rate of rotation is established corresponding to the time increment in an aircraft-based reference system. Aircraft airspeed is determined based on the centripetal acceleration and the rate of rotation. A turn can be detected as characterized by a change in track angle from a prior GPS packet compared to a new packet. Aircraft turns can be detected based on a change in track angle in GPS packets. Compensation can be applied to a gyro based on centripetal acceleration such that the gyro more accurately responds to the Earth gravity axis.

Abstract: A detector device for determining a position of reaction of gamma quanta, the device comprising: a detection layer comprising: at least one polymeric or inorganic scintillator (12, 22) for absorbing gamma quanta and for emitting and propagating scintillation photons; and photoelectric converters (14,24) for converting light signals of the scintillation photons into electric signals; and at least one additional layer comprising: strips of material (13, 23) for absorbing the scintillation photons and for emitting and propagating secondary photons; and photoelectric converters (15, 25) for converting the light signals for the scintillation photons into electric signals.

Abstract: An imaging device and an imaging method are described herein. By way of example, the imaging devices includes a scintillator plate configured to convert incident radiation into scintillation light and an imaging element configured to convert the scintillation light to an electric signal. The scintillator plate includes a first scintillator partitioned from a second scintillator by a divider in a direction perpendicular to a propagation direction of the incident radiation. The divider prevents first scintillation light generated in the first scintillator from diffusing into the second scintillator and second scintillation light generated in the first scintillator from diffusing into the first scintillator.

Abstract: A radiation detector (10; 11; 12) used to detect incident radiation (RR) received at a first side (S1) of the radiation detector (10; 11; 12). The radiation detector (10; 11; 12) includes a scintillator (15) to convert the incident radiation (RR) into converted radiation (CR), a photosensor (20) arranged at a second side (S2) of the radiation detector (10) opposite to the first side (S1) to receive the converted radiation (CR) from the scintillator (15) and an interference optical filter (25) arranged between the scintillator (15) and the photosensor (20). Areas of the scintillator (15) on which the incident radiation (RR) impinges are intended to be imaged onto corresponding areas of the photosensor (20).

Abstract: The scintillator panel includes a support, a reflective layer on the support, and a scintillator layer formed on the reflective layer by deposition. The reflective layer includes light-scattering particles and a binder resin. The light scattering particles are buried in the binder resin such that there is an area free of light scattering particles in the reflective layer.

Abstract: A nuclear radiation detector includes a solid-state detector material of formula Hg2X2, where X is a halogen. The material is formulated to produce an analytically measurable electrical response to nuclear radiation at room-temperature. One or more electrodes are disposed on the detector material at which an electrical response is obtained.

Abstract: A tomograph for imaging an interior of an examined object, the tomograph comprising: TOF-PET detection modules configured to register annihilation quanta and deexcitation quanta and a data reconstruction system (103, 203, 303) configured to reconstruct an ortho-positronium to-ps(x,y,z) lifetime image and a probability of production of positronium Ppoz(x,y,z) as a function of position in the imaged object, on the basis of a difference (At) between a time of annihilation (ta) and a time of emission of a deexcitation quantum (te), wherein the TOF-PET detection modules (101, 201, 301) comprise scintillators having a time resolution of less than 100 ps.

Abstract: A method for determining parameters of a reaction of a gamma quantum within a scintillator of a PET scanner, comprising transforming a signal measured in the scintillator using at least one converter into an electric measurement signal, wherein the method comprises the steps of: obtaining access to a reference parameters memory (10) comprising reference signals represented in a time-voltage (Wt-v) coordinate system and in a time-amplitude fraction (Wt-f) coordinate system and having associated reaction parameters; sampling the electric measurement signal (S) measured in the time-voltage (PT-V) coordinate system and in the time-amplitude fraction (Pt-f) coordinate system; comparing results of the sampling (PT-V, PM) of the electric measurement signal (S) with the reference signals (Wt-V, Wt-f) and selecting reference shape parameters so that the reference (W) is best fitted to the results of the sampling (PT-V, PM) of the electric measurement signal (S); and determining the parameters of the reaction of the ga

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a system and method for accelerating a mass using a pressure produced by a detonation, where the mass is accelerated over a movement range using a detonation of a pressure wave generator that produces a pressure within a coupling component that is applied to a piston having a surface area that produces a resultant force, where the acceleration of the mass determines the resulting force. The resulting force may be directed vertically and perpendicular to a target media to conduct an acoustic wave into the target media. The system may be configured to direct the resulting force horizontally and parallel to a target media to conduct a plane shear wave into the target media. Two systems may be configured to direct two resulting forces horizontally and parallel to a target media to conduct a spherical shear wave into a target media, where the two resulting forces are directed in opposite directions and separated by some distance.

Abstract: An electronic unit is constructed having a casing, at least partially flexible, at least partially made of a polymer material. The casing extends along a longitudinal axis (X) between two lateral ends and has a hollow cylindrical core for housing a portion of a core cable of a streamer, and a plurality of walls outwardly extending from the hollow cylindrical core, delimiting spaces configured for housing electronics, and having free ends. One of the walls and the hollow cylindrical core of the casing have a through-slot that extends longitudinally over a total length of the casing from one lateral end to another lateral end. An electronic board has at least one flexible part and configured for at least partially resting on free ends of at least two of the plurality of walls.

Abstract: A full wave inversion (FWI) may utilize an Amplitude-Frequency-Differentiation (AFD) or a Phase-Frequency-Differentiation (PFD) operation to form a velocity model of a subterranean formation utilizing recovered low wavenumber data. Received seismic data is processes to isolate two data signals at different frequencies. In an AFD operation, the two data signals are summed and the data of the envelope of the summed function is used for the FWI. In a PFD operation, the phase data of the quotient of the two data signals is used for the FWI. The FWI proceeds iteratively utilizing either the AFD or PFD data or with single frequency data until the cost function of the AFD or PFD is satisfied.

Abstract: A method, including: growing, with a computer, an adaptive structure-oriented operator from a central computation location within seismic data using at least one of dip lateral variations, strike lateral variations, dip vertical variations, or strike vertical variations.

Abstract: A method of estimating lateral positioning uncertainties of a seismic image is performed at a computer system. The computer system receives a velocity model, the velocity model including a plurality of base velocity values used for generating the seismic image, each base velocity value having a low limit and a high limit. The computer system derives a plurality of lateral velocity gradient uncertainties from the velocity model and generates multiple lateral velocity gradient profiles, each lateral velocity gradient profile including a random realization of the plurality of lateral velocity gradient uncertainties. The computer system calculates perturbation raypaths originating from a surface point of the seismic image based on the velocity model and the multiple lateral velocity gradient profiles and estimates a lateral positioning uncertainty for a target location at a predefined depth of the seismic image based on lateral distributions of the perturbation raypaths at the predefined depth.

Abstract: A software defined platform is provided for subsea acoustic applications that utilizes a broadband phased array transducer and a configurable, multi-function software defined transducer that is configurable on the fly to enable various subsea acoustic systems to be achieved in a single unit thus reducing the space required on the vessel and the cost of having such multiple functions.

Abstract: A method of performing acoustic imaging includes: selecting a target location, and selecting a group of transducers from a plurality of transducers to transmit an acoustic beam to be electronically directed to the target location; selecting a transmitter having an orientation toward a location proximate to the target location, and transmitting an acoustic signal only by the transmitter; detecting an acoustic return signal by the transmitter and by a plurality of other transducers in the group; estimating a travel time for each of the group of transducers, the estimating including measuring a travel time for each of the other transducers, and estimating a travel time for the transmitter based on the travel time for each of the other transducers; and calculating beamforming delays based on the travel time, the beamforming delay configured to cause the group of transducers to direct an acoustic beam to the target location.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic induction pad. The magnetic induction pad includes a deformation body and a plurality of magnetic induction modules. The interior of the deformation body includes a filling space that is in connection with the outside via at least one gas nozzle. The external of the deformation body includes a first surface and a second surface. The first surface and the second surface include a plurality of first bag bodies and a plurality of second bag bodies, respectively. The plurality of first bag bodies are mutually arranged to form a first pattern. The plurality of second bag bodies are mutually arranged to form a second pattern that are the same as the first patterns, so as to enable the position of each of the plurality of first bag bodies on the first surface to have a corresponding arrangement to each of the plurality of second bag bodies of the second surface. The plurality of magnetic induction modules includes a group of magnetic members and a group of induction members.

Abstract: Technologies including NMR relaxation time estimation methods and corresponding apparatus are disclosed. Example techniques may include performing at least one single-pulse acquisition sequence, the single-pulse acquisition sequence comprising transmitting a single modulated pulse with a surface coil, wherein the phase, frequency, or amplitude of the single modulated pulse is varied during the single modulated pulse, and wherein the single modulated pulse excites a transverse magnetization component within a subsurface fluid. The resulting NMR signal may be recorded on at least one receiving device, including recording the NMR signal associated with the transverse magnetization component excited by the single modulated pulse. Processing techniques may be applied in which recorded NMR response data are used to estimate NMR properties and the relaxation times T1 and T2* as a function of position as well as one-dimensional and two-dimension distributions of T1 versus T2* as a function of subsurface position.

Abstract: In one example of rotational ranging in a wellbore in which a wellbore component having an axis of rotation is disposed, a wellbore ranging sensor is disposed on a circumferential area surrounding the axis of rotation. The sensor is moved on the circumferential area to multiple distinct sensing positions. At each sensing position, a magnetic field from another wellbore that is apart from the wellbore is measured resulting in multiple magnetic field measurements at the multiple distinct sensing positions. The multiple magnetic field measurements are provided to determine a position of the wellbore relative to the other wellbore using at least a subset of the multiple magnetic field measurements.

Abstract: A ranging system utilizes gradiometric data to determine the distance between a first and second well without any knowledge or involvement of the borehole or formation characteristics. In general, this is achieved by deploying a downhole assembly comprising transmitters and receivers having magnetic dipoles, along with bucking receivers positioned between the transmitters and receivers, wherein the gradient field is measured in a radial direction along the downhole assembly.

Abstract: A second stage screening system configured to resolve a threat alarm detected in a cargo by a first stage screening system. The second stage screening system includes layers of first muon detectors placed above the cargo to detect a first coordinate and an angle of incidence of incoming muons and layers of second muon detectors placed below the cargo to detect an actual coordinate and an actual angle of exit of the incoming muons. The first and second detectors measure a momentum of the incoming muons. A processing unit receives threat sensitivity vectors determined from the first stage, operates a cargo positioning system that centers a high-Z threat within the cargo, relative to the first and second muon detectors, and analyzes the momentum and a distribution of deflection angles between the angles of incidence and exit to resolve the threat alarm.

Abstract: A 3Helium gas counter comprising polyethylene slabs, a rectangular gas tube within the polyethylene slabs, and a mixture of 3Helium and Xenon. A 3Helium gas counter comprising polyethylene slabs, a rectangular gas tube within the polyethylene slabs, and a mixture of 3Helium and Krypton. A method of making a 3Helium gas counter comprising providing polyethylene slabs, placing a rectangular gas tube within the polyethylene slabs, and depositing a mixture of 3Helium and Xenon into the rectangular gas tube.

Abstract: A well logging tool includes a neutron generator having an ion source cathode comprising a nano-structure field emission (FE) array for producing a charged particle current routed through an ionizable gas, thus generating ions by electron impact ionization of the gas. The nanostructures can be provided by bundles of silicon nanotips grown on a substrate. The FE array can be provided on an axially facing substrate located co-axially in an elongate housing, with the charged particle current directed from the centrally located FE array to a co-axial annular anode and having axial and radial directional components.

Abstract: A rotational gravity gradiometer includes a first member, a second member, a drive member and a motor. The first member is disposed above the second member orthogonal to and centered with respect to the second member. The first member includes support arms extending from the center of the first member. The second member includes a second pair of support arms extending from a center point of the second member. A mass unit is attached at a distal end of the respective first member and second member. A sensor element is attached between each mass unit a connection point of the opposite member for sensing movement of the mass unit. The drive member is coupled to the motor to drive the first member and the second member rotationally. The respective sensor elements generate a signal in response to deflection of the support arm induced by an external mass.

Abstract: The present invention relates to light curtains, in particular safety light curtains, for monitoring a protective field. Furthermore, the present invention relates to optical units which are part of such a light curtain according to the present invention, an optical unit comprises a plurality of radiation emitting and/or radiation receiving elements for transmitting and/or receiving radiation beams forming said light curtain, and an elongated support element forming an outer housing of said optical unit said support element having two opposing peripheral regions which are formed to allow an abutting assembly with another identical optical unit. Said radiation emitting and/or radiation receiving elements are arranged within said support element to form a row, and wherein at least one peripheral one of said radiation emitting and/or radiation receiving elements is located directly adjacent to an outer wall of at least one of said peripheral regions of the support element.

Abstract: In various examples, a method includes storing one or more data structures on a storage device, the one or more data structures identifying a plurality of faults in a geographical formation and a plurality of fault blocks on either side of the plurality of faults in the geographic formation; for each pair of faults blocks on opposite sides of a fault identified in the one or more data structures: determining, using at least one processor, a fault polygon of a respective pair of fault blocks with respect to a fault of the plurality of faults; and calculating a matching factor between the respective pair of fault blocks based on the fault polygon; selecting a pair of fault blocks to merge based on the calculated matching factor; and updating the one or more data structures to indicate the selected pair of fault blocks has been merged.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating and utilizing a proxy model that generates a pumping parameter as a function of contamination. The pumping parameter is descriptive of a pumpout time or volume of fluid to be obtained from a formation by a downhole sampling tool positioned in a wellbore extending into the formation. The contamination is a percentage of the fluid obtained by the downhole sampling tool that is not native to the formation. The proxy model is based on a true model that utilizes true model input parameters that include the pumping parameter, formation parameters descriptive of the formation, and a filtrate parameter descriptive of a drilling fluid utilized to form the wellbore. The output of the true model is the contamination as a function of the pumping parameter. The proxy model utilizes proxy model input parameters each related to one or more of the true model input parameters.

Abstract: A method for transforming a 2D or 3D earth volume geometry into a 1D earth volume geometry includes performing a measurement using the measurement sensor in a wellbore. A layer boundary in the 2D or 3D earth volume geometry that is nearest to the measurement sensor is identified. A vector from the measurement sensor is generated toward the nearest layer boundary. A first intersection is identified between the vector and the nearest layer boundary, and a second intersection is identified between the vector and another layer boundary. Simulated boundaries that extend through the first and second intersections and are perpendicular to the vector are generated. The 1D earth volume geometry that is bounded by the first and second intersections is identified. A property value is extracted from the 2D or 3D earth volume geometry between the first and second intersections. The property value is assigned to the 1D earth geometry.

Abstract: This invention pertains to UV-absorbing coatings that may optionally be covered with an anti-reflective layer and that are applied to exterior-facing surfaces such as a window or other glass surface that are transparent or translucent. Such coatings are visible to various species of birds, but are generally transparent to humans. The UV absorbing coatings have a silane- or silane-derived chromophore or a combination of a silane- or siloxane-based material and a chromophore, which chromophores absorb UV light at about 300 to about 400 nm. More particularly, the silane- or siloxane-based chromophore is 2-hydroxy-4-(3-triethoxysilylpropoxy) diphenylketone or a derivative thereof.

Abstract: An optical material of the present invention has the following characteristics (1) to (4) in a transmittance curve which is measured at a thickness of 2 mm of the optical material. (1) the transmittance curve has a maximum transmittance value at 400 nm to 440 nm and the maximum transmittance thereof is 50% or more. (2) the transmittance curve has a minimum transmittance value at 471 nm to 500 nm. (3) The transmittance at 540 nm is 60% or more. (4) The minimum transmittance value at 471 nm to 500 nm is seven-tenths or less of the maximum transmittance at 400 nm to 440 nm and is seven-tenths or less of the transmittance at 540 nm.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a retardation film succeeded in solving those conventional problems, that is, a retardation film insusceptible to color dropout or color shift even under environment of severe temperature or humidity conditions and capable of being produced by a melt film-forming method. The retardation film of the present invention satisfies the relationships of the following formulae (A) and (B): 0.7<R1(450)/R1(550)<1??Formula (A): |R2(450)/R2(550)?R1(450)/R1(550)|<0.

Abstract: A method for producing a reflection-reducing layer system on a substrate and a reflection-reducing layer system are disclosed. According to an embodiment the method includes depositing a refractive index gradient layer on the substrate by co-evaporation of an inorganic material and an organic material, wherein the refractive index gradient layer has a refractive index which decreases in a growth direction, depositing an organic layer above the refractive index gradient layer, and producing a nanostructure in the organic layer by a plasma etching process.

Abstract: A reflection-preventing film having: a substrate; and a reflection-preventing layer having a concave-convex structure on a surface, in which the reflection-preventing layer includes particles for forming convex portions, and a binder resin, the particles for forming convex portions are not in contact with each other, and IVA which is a ratio of a distance A between peaks of adjacent convex portions and a distance B in a height direction from a center of the distance A to a concave portion is greater than 0.5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polarizing plate including: a polarizer; and a protective layer formed on at least one surface of the polarizer, in which the protective layer is a cured product of a radical curable composition including: (A) a radical polymerizable compound having at least one hydrophilic functional group in a molecule thereof; (B) a phosphate-based compound having three (meth)acryl groups in a molecule thereof; and (C) a radical initiator, and an image display device including the same.

Abstract: A gradient-index lens for focusing incident electromagnetic radiation comprises at least first and second substrates. Each of the substrates has a plurality of trenches or holes formed therein. The first substrate is stacked on the second substrate such that trenches or holes in the first substrate are substantially aligned with corresponding trenches or holes in the second substrate to form combined trenches or holes. Each of the combined trenches or holes has a width or diameter that is less than a wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation, and the spacing between adjacent ones of the combined trenches or holes is less than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. The size and spacing of the combined trenches or holes in the stacked substrates are sufficient to produce an effective refractive index profile of the lens element that is graded. A method for producing the lens is also provided.

Abstract: A microstructured diffuser is described comprising a light transmissive film comprising a first microstructured surface comprising a plurality of peaks and valleys. A coating is disposed on the first microstructured surface. The coating partially fills the valleys forming a second microstructured surface.

Abstract: Provided are a half mirror for displaying a projected image having visible light transmittance including a layer formed by immobilizing a cholesteric liquid crystalline phase(forple, three or more layers formed by immobilizing a cholesteric liquid crystalline phase which exhibit different center wavelengths of selective reflection), in which in a surface of the layer formed by immobilizing the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase on a projected image display side which is closest to the projected image display side, directors of cholesteric liquid crystal molecules forming a cholesteric liquid crystalline phase are even; a projected image display system including the half minor for displaying a projected image and a projector; and a method for producing the half mirror for displaying a projected image. The half mirror for displaying a projected image of the present invention is useful as a combiner of a head up display or the like.

Abstract: Provided is an article having a condition-dependent image, said article comprising (a) a substrate having a surface, (b) upon the surface of the substrate, one or more layers of a clear coating comprising a plurality of beads. Also provided are a method of producing such an article and a method of observing the image on such an article.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved diffraction structure for 3D display systems. The improved diffraction structure includes an intermediate layer that resides between a waveguide substrate and a top grating surface. The top grating surface comprises a first material that corresponds to a first refractive index value, the underlayer comprises a second material that corresponds to a second refractive index value, and the substrate comprises a third material that corresponds to a third refractive index value. According to additional embodiments, improved approaches are provided to implement deposition of imprint materials onto a substrate, which allow for very precise distribution and deposition of different imprint patterns onto any number of substrate surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed are embodiments of photo-luminescent display systems and photo-luminescent visual elements creating eye-catching displays of visual advertising or marketing messages that are very effective at generating interest, engagement, and loyalty in the viewing public. Photo-luminescent pigment containing visual elements are illuminated by one or more remotely located emitters at a first wavelength that is outside the human visual spectrum. In response, the visual elements then radiate at one or more wavelengths within the human visual spectrum. Additional features control unwanted reflections and unwanted transmission of radiation at the first wavelength. Additional features control the uniformity of radiation of one or more wavelengths within the human visual spectrum.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a weld observation device comprises a panel of tinted glass, a frame, a mount, a hinge and a stop bracket. The panel may be elongate in the horizontal direction. The frame may be secured to at least a portion of perimeter of the panel of tinted glass. The upper surface of the mount may be rotatably secured to a bottom edge of the frame via the lunge. The stop bracket may be attached to the frame such that rotation of the hinge in a first direction is arrested by the stop bracket contacting the upper surface of the mount.

Abstract: An interference filter includes a layers stack comprising a plurality of layers of at least: layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon with added nitrogen (a-Si:H,N) and layers of one or more dielectric materials, such as SiO2, SiOx, SiOxNy, a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive, or so forth. The interference filter is designed to have a passband center wavelength in the range 750-1000 nm inclusive. Layers of a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive provide a smaller angle shift compared with a similar interference filter using SiO2 as the low index layers.

Abstract: A light control film, and light collimating assemblies and liquid crystal displays incorporating such light control films are described. The light control film includes alternating transmissive and absorptive regions, where the refractive index of each transmissive region is greater than the refractive index of each absorptive region. The absorptive regions form interfaces at angles that are close to the perpendicular to the light control film. A portion of the incident light intercepting the absorptive region undergoes Total Internal Reflection, and is transmitted through the film. The axial brightness of light passing through the film is increased, the brightness is more uniform within the viewing angle, and the viewing cutoff angle is sharpened.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a polarizing plate which can suppress display unevenness even when being incorporated into a liquid crystal display device, has neutral hue, and can maintain cross property even when a low water-vapor permeable protective film is used. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing the same. The polarizing plate includes: a polarizing film; an adhesive layer; and a protective film provided on at least one surface of the polarizing film with the adhesive layer interposed therebetween. A ratio (I285/I480) of absorbance I285 of the polarizing film at 285 nm to absorbance I480 thereof at 480 nm is 1.2 or less. The polarizing plate has a hue b value of 4 or less. The protective film has a water-vapor permeability of 100 g/m2·day or less.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a method for manufacturing a polarizer and a polarizer manufactured by using the same, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing a polarizer, which includes a cross-linking and elongating step using an aqueous solution including a polyvalent carboxylic acid compound and a boric acid compound, and a polarizer manufactured by using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polarizing plate including a polarizer, and a protective layer formed on at least one surface of the polarizer, in which the protective layer is a cured product of (A) a first compound represented by the following [Formula 1]; (B) a radical curable second compound including at least one carboxyl group conjugated to an unsaturated double bond between carbons present at a side chain in a molecule thereof; and (C) a radical curable composition including a radical initiator, and a liquid crystal display device including the same.

Abstract: A polarizing plate includes an adhesive layer, a protective layer made of an aqueous composition containing polyvinylalcohol, and a polarizer which are laminated in this order, and the polarizer includes a liquid crystal coating layer which is formed on one surface of a base film thereof. The polarizing plate having the above configuration may exhibit increased durability and maintain optical characteristics, and thereby implementing high image quality in the display device with increased durability.

Abstract: A functionalized layered structure (2, 3, 20, 30) includes: a first element that is a first single-layer or multi-layer functional film (2A, 4); at least one second element selected among a second functional film (2B) and a basic optical element (200, 300); at least one first pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (5A, 5B, 5) placed in contact with at least one surface of the first element and at least one surface of the second element. The surfaces of the first and second element, which are intended for being placed in contact with the adhesive layer, are subjected to a surface treatment prior to being placed in contact, such that the decrease between the peel force when dry and the peel force when wet is no higher than at least 35%, inclusive.