Abstract: In some embodiments, a crossbow comprises a bow portion defining a first central vertical axis and a stock portion defining a second central vertical axis. The bow portion comprises an interfacing portion and the stock portion comprises a complimentary interfacing portion. The interfacing portion and the complimentary interfacing portion are arranged to provide self-alignment of the stock portion with the bow portion, such that the first central vertical axis and the second central vertical axis are coaxial.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include systems and methods that enable archers to select and interchange various styles of interchangeable triggers, including one-finger and two-finger triggers, for use in an archery release. The interchangeable triggers advantageously enable an archer to customize the archery release with regard to increasing the archer's comfort and improving the archer's shooting performance.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a crossbow crank comprises a housing and a shaft rotatable with respect to the housing. A one-way mechanism is arranged to prevent rotation of the shaft in a first rotational direction, but allow rotation in a second direction. A release mechanism is arranged to disengage the one-way mechanism from the shaft. The release mechanism has a first position and a second position, wherein the release mechanism moves along a length of the shaft between the first position and the second position.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas powered gun for discharge of projectiles, comprising an open-close valve arranged in a rear end of a pressure chamber, and arranged, in its open state, to allow passage of gas from the pressure chamber into a barrel, to thereby discharge a projectile. The open-close valve comprises a valve seat and a valve head provided in one end of an elongated extension member. A hammer is arranged to cooperate with a hammer cooperating member provided at a second end of the elongated extension member. The hammer is arranged between the valve head and the hammer cooperating member, so that, when the hammer is moved in the firing direction into contact with the hammer cooperating member, the hammer cooperating member pulls the valve head out of contact with the valve seat, thereby bringing the open-close valve to its open state.

Abstract: A gas powered gun comprising a valve arranged to exhaust compressed gas from a chamber to thereby discharge a projectile inside a barrel, and a hammer arranged to be cooperate with a valve opening arrangement to thereby open the valve. A spring is arranged between the hammer and a spring abutment for spring loading the hammer. The gun further comprises an adjustment knob turnable around an axis A of rotation, substantially perpendicular to the spring loading direction. The knob has a cam surface having a varying radial distance from the axis of rotation, and a follower, integrated with the spring abutment, is pressed by the spring to rest against the cam surface. When the adjustment knob is turned, the follower will slide against the cam surface and move the follower and the spring abutment in the spring loading direction, to thereby adjust a pretension of the spring.

Abstract: The moving distance of a cartridge which is actuated each time a trigger is pulled once can be increased. A toy gun includes: a trigger; a cartridge in which cartridge bullet loading portions loaded with bullets are continuously provided and which is installed ahead of the trigger; a link mechanism (including a trigger rear end portion, a link A, a link B, a rod, and an arm) which is once extended from behind the trigger to the side opposite the cartridge installation position and thereafter inverted and whose tip is extended to ahead of the trigger; and a nail which is actuated through the link mechanism in conjunction with the actuation of the trigger and moves the cartridge.

Abstract: A receiver having an integral stock connector component that extends along the receiver; two extension rod/rail apertures formed through the integral stock connector component, wherein each extension rod/rail aperture is formed so as to slidably receive an extension rod/rail extending from a buttstock, such that each extension rod/rail is slidably movable within one of the extension rod/rail apertures; wherein each extension rod/rail comprises a rod channel and two or more rod dimples/detents formed along the rod channel; and a latch that is movable between an engaged position and a disengaged position, wherein when the latch is in the engaged position, a protrusion portion urges latch elements into the rod/rail apertures a distance that seats the latch elements into the rod dimples/detents, and wherein when the latch is in the disengaged position, the protrusion portion allows the latch elements to retract from the rod dimples/detents and into the rod channels.

Abstract: There is accordingly provided a rail system selectively connectable to a rifle. The rifle has a loading port for receiving bullets therein. The system includes a first rail positioned forward of the loading port. The system includes a second rail extending substantially parallel to the first rail and positioned rearward of the loading port. The system includes an aperture interposed between the first and second rails. The aperture is positioned to align with the loading port of the rifle. The system includes an elongate side member connecting the rails together.

Abstract: A weapon includes a firearm having a front sight and a rear sight. The front sight includes a front channel. The rear sight includes a rear channel. The front channel and the rear channel are aligned along a sight line. The front channel and the rear channel provide an unobstructed field of view toward a target along the sight line.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for mounting and adjustment of a telescopic sight on a firearm, where the device comprises a front telescopic sight ring and a rear telescopic sight ring and where the front and rear telescopic sight ring further comprises an upper half-ring and a lower half-ring, where the lower half-ring of each telescope sight ring is connected to an intermediate piece, where each intermediate piece is further connected to a telescopic sight ring base, and where it between one of the telescopic sight ring bases and the intermediate pieces is arranged an adjustment device, allowing for adjustment of the telescopic sight.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for streamlined battlefield direction of remote fire support. An exemplary method includes the steps of designating a target, designating a friendly soldier location, transmitting information about the target and the soldier location to a battlefield computer, determining by the battlefield computer available forms of fire support, formatting the target and soldier information in formats compatible with available forms of fire support, selecting at least one of the forms of fire support and transmitting the formatted target and soldier information to the selected form or fire support to call in a strike on the target.

Abstract: A cartridge of a non-lethal weapon includes a housing in a launching device and including an internal space, a piercing member on a rear end of the space, a channel through the piercing member to communicate the space with at least one projectile, a metal sleeve at a front end of the space, and internal threads on an inner surface of the sleeve wherein the sleeve, the piercing member, and the housing are formed integrally; a high-pressure air canister in the space; a cap including two front through holes, external threads adjacent to the through holes, an internal primer between the through holes, and at least one spacer between the primer and the air canister wherein the cap is in the sleeve with the external threads and the internal threads secured together; and a first washer sandwiched by and between the cap and the inner surface of the space.

Abstract: A metallic skeet target comprises a substantially disc-shaped body that is suitable for launching via a trap or other launching device. The metallic skeet target can be used more than once because it will not break in to multiple pieces like a traditional skeet target and because it is made of metal, it can give audible confirmation to the shooter that the target was indeed hit. The metallic skeet target may also be illuminated.

Abstract: There is provided a target attachment system for attaching a target having an opening therethrough. The target attachment system comprises a support comprising a holding member and a releasable target attachment element. The releasable target attachment element comprises an elongated engagement member and an abutment surface. The elongated engagement member is adapted to be inserted through the target opening and to be releasably fixed to the holding member. The abutment surface is adapted to abut the target towards the support once the engagement member is releasably fixed to the holding member. The proposed system does not have exposed mounting brackets or exposed bolts that may redirect bullet splatter in all directions which is dangerous.

Abstract: A luminescent archery target enabling target shooting in low light conditions. At least a portion of the target is formed from a material that glows in the dark for long durations, such as a strontium-based luminescent composition. Example target configurations include a non-luminescent core and an outer layer applied over at least a portion of the core, wherein the outer layer includes the luminescent material. The target can be configured as a three-dimensional block, as a model of a game animal, or in other shapes and sizes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a shooting target and method of using the target for electronically determining the shooting position on a shooting target. Said shooting position is determined in a number of ways, including by use of a plurality of accelerometers to determine the impact area and transmit data relating to the impact to a remote receiver for real-time presentation to the shooter. Said method enables the shooting position to be determined by means of relatively economical electronic systems and said shooting target is portable such that the shooter may bring the target to a plurality of firing ranges and locations to convey the same real-time reporting and benefits to the shooter. Said shooting target may be set-up on a standard target stand to wirelessly relay shot impact information to a portable personal computing device to present real-time virtual impact data to the shooter. This data can then be stored and categorized given user-selected inputs and shared with other shooters in an online forum.

Abstract: A method of supplying a rifle with cartridges includes providing classes within a group of cartridges. The classes are classified by specific and precisely graduated increments of propellant load contained in the cartridges, or by formulation of propellant, of each class relative to the cartridges of each other class. The user can test fire a rifle with multiple classes of the group and record the accuracy of the firing. A class of the group can be then chosen for a particular rifle based on accuracy of the rifle in the test firing.

Abstract: A projectile includes a nose portion with a tapered proximal portion and a rounded distal portion, an end of the tapered proximal portion having a first diameter. The projectile has a body portion substantially cylindrical in shape having a second diameter. A first end of the body portion is adjacent to the tapered proximal portion of the nose portion. The projectile has a heel portion substantially cylindrical in shape having a third diameter. A first end of the heel portion is adjacent to a second end of the body portion. The second diameter is greater than the third diameter. The projectile also has a depression defined in a second end of the heel portion. A rimfire ammunition and a method of manufacturing a projectile are also disclosed.

Abstract: An interface component for engaging an arrow tip to the leading end of an arrow shaft. The device directs impact forces axially and eliminates the shearing and wall collapse of arrow shafts caused by conventional collared arrow head engagement devices which tend to collapse and cut the leading edge of arrow shafts on hard impacts. Engagement to the arrow shaft leading end is provided by an elongated member axially engaged with the bore of the arrow shaft. The exterior surface of the device can be surfaced to interact with passing air during flight of the arrow and increase spin for better accuracy.

Abstract: A training ammunition cartridge comprises a projectile and a cartridge case with a pyrotechnic propellant. The projectile has a projectile body with at least one compartment therein forming a void and containing a material that transitions from a solid to a liquid after set-back and after exiting from a barrel of a gun. The void is of such configuration as to cause the liquid material therein to induce forces and moments that, after a period of stable ballistic flight, destabilize the projectile and shorten its flight. Alternatively, the projectile void contains a solid mass that is released to shift its position after set-back and after the projectile exits from the barrel of the gun, wherein the void is of such configuration as to cause the mass, upon shifting, to induce forces and moments that, after a period of stable ballistic flight, destabilize the projectile and shorten its flight.

Abstract: A warhead assembly, comprising a cylindrical or conical metal body, having an inner wall with a plurality of channels or grooves extending parallel to a central longitudinal axis. Preformed fragments are inserted in the channels or grooves and a liner with an explosive fill is positioned within the metal body, retaining the preformed fragments in place. The warhead assembly on detonation produces a bimodal distribution of fragments with adequate mass and velocity with optimized mixed fragmentation that defeats or otherwise incapacitates a target or set of targets.

Abstract: A round of ammunition including projectiles formed in a stack and having an offset center of mass. Upon discharge, the projectiles are subject to a complex flight path and increased drag, providing advantages in controlling pattern and depth of penetration at a distance.

Abstract: Described herein is a munition to be exploded in the air at a position above an intended target. The munition includes an explosive, a matrix of fragmentation material, a body part with a convex shaped support element and a detonator. The layered structure of the munition is such that when detonated, a directional explosion code of fragmentation material is formed in a delimited distribution pattern.

Abstract: There is a firing and arming system, such as an activation system, of a munition for quickly and accurately activating a warhead or a propulsion system of the activation system. An initiator interface of the activation system activates the warhead or propulsion system. At least one power source is included in the activation system to provide the initial power for activation of the initiator interface and subsequent activating of the respective warhead or propulsion system. Logic elements are communicatively disposed between the at least one power source and a flux compression generator circuit to control activation of the generator. The flux compression generator circuit is at least partially detonated to transform current received from the at least one power source into sufficient current for activating the initiator interface.

Abstract: The invention provides a multi-way tubular connector block including a body having a primary tubular channel of a first diameter, one or more resiliently deformable plug portions having secondary tubular channels of a secondary diameter there through, and a securing mechanism for securing the plug portions to the body, wherein the body has at least two openings or ports in communication with the primary tubular channel, and wherein the secondary diameters of the secondary channels are sized and dimensioned to permit snug fitting of a shock tube therein so that, in use, a plurality of shock tubes are secured in the plug portions so that at least some open ends of the shock tubes are in communication with the primary tubular channel. The invention extends to a multi-way composite connector block having a plurality of multi-way tubular connector block portions substantially as described above.

Abstract: A contact probe includes a stylus, a spring, a magnetic body, and a permanent magnet. The stylus is displaceable in an X direction and a tip of the stylus makes contact with a measured object. A first end of the spring is fixated and a second end provides spring force along the X direction. A position of the magnetic body is fixated with respect to the stylus. The permanent magnet is arranged separated from the magnetic body so as to generate a magnetic force along the X direction between the magnetic body and the permanent magnet.

Abstract: A measuring probe includes a stylus having a contact part to be in contact with an object to be measured, an axial motion mechanism having a moving member that allows the contact part to move in an axial direction, and a rotary motion mechanism having a rotating member that allows the contact part to move along a plane perpendicular to the axial direction by means of rotary motion. The measuring probe includes a probe main body that incorporates the axial motion mechanism, and a probe module that is supported by the probe main body, incorporates the rotary motion mechanism, and supports the stylus. The probe main body and the probe module are detachably coupled to each other with a pair of rollers and a ball capable of positioning to each other. This allows adequate detection sensitivity and a restoring force suitable for the stylus to be obtained at a low cost.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes a first end support portion supporting a first end of the columnar work piece; a second end support portion supporting a second end of the columnar work piece; and a measurement device having a probe which measures the columnar work piece supported by the first end support portion and the second end support portion. The first end support portion includes a first end support body attachably and detachably fitting into a centering aperture of the first end of the columnar work piece. The first end support body includes at least two cut-outs, and in a state where the first end support body is fitted into the centering aperture, an interior surface of the centering aperture is visible to the exterior through the cut-outs. The measurement device inserts the probe into the centering aperture through the cut-outs and measures the interior surface of the centering aperture.

Abstract: A tire pressure gauge which contains: a housing, a pressure measuring unit, and a tire-tread depth measuring unit. The tire-tread depth measuring unit includes a mounting assembly, a gear assembly, a hair spring, a covering lid, and a longitudinal post, such that the tire pressure gauge measures a tire pressure and a tire-tread depth. The tire-tread depth measuring unit indicates a number of the tire-tread depth by using a pointer, after a measurement stem of the longitudinal post is inserted into a tread slit of a tire, and a longitudinal movement of the longitudinal post is transformed into circumference rotation data through the gear assembly, thus indicating the number of the tire-tread depth on a numerical display panel clearly. Preferably, a probe and the measurement stem of the longitudinal post inserted into the tread slit are driven by the hair spring to return zero state.

Abstract: Inductance-based sensing in a digital camera in which actuation of at least one electromagnetic (EM) actuator that includes at least one stationary ferromagnetic member associated with a large air gap causes a moving ferromagnetic member mechanically coupled to an optical element to by-pass or bridge the large air gap through at least one smaller air gap. The stationary member includes at least one ferromagnetic core surrounded at least partially by a coil. An inductance value correlated with a position of the optical element may be measured using the same coil as the one used for the actuation. In some embodiments, a single EM actuator includes two coils and the actuator is driven using both coils, while a regular or a mutual inductance is measured. In some camera embodiments that include two opposite EM actuators, one actuator is used to move the optical element while the other actuator is used to measure the inductance value.

Abstract: A counting system includes a counting apparatus, which includes a plurality of multi-sensor detectors configured to detect physical contact data and vertical range data corresponding to one or more steps across the multi-sensor detectors, and first circuitry configured to determine physical contact vectors and coordinate data from the physical contact data and the vertical range data. The counting system also includes at least one server including second circuitry configured to receive the physical contact vectors and the coordinate data from the counting apparatus, determine footprint patterns and body patterns based on the physical contact vectors and the coordinate data, and estimate a number of beings passing over the counting apparatus based on the footprint patterns and the body patterns.

Abstract: A measuring probe includes a stylus, an axial motion mechanism, and a rotary motion mechanism. The axial motion mechanism includes a pair of first diaphragm structures that allows a moving member to be displaced, and the rotary motion mechanism includes a second diaphragm structure that allows a rotating member to be displaced. The second diaphragm structure is disposed between the pair of first diaphragm structures in an axial direction. The respective first diaphragm structures are disposed at a symmetric distance with respect to the second diaphragm structure. This can reduce the length in the axial direction and weight thereof and also reduce shape errors and improve measurement accuracy.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the electric control of a measurement stand (11) having a drive movement of at least one measurement probe (26) from an initial position (31) into a measurement position (32), in particular for the measurement of the thickness of thin layers in which a motor (34) is controlled for the drive movement of the measurement probe (26), said motor (34) moving a ram (23), to which the measurement probe (26) is fastened, back and forth via a drive device (35) at least for the implementation of a measurement, wherein before a first measurement with the measurement probe (26), a learning routine is carried out, and for the subsequent implementation of one or more measurements, the measurement probe (26) is transferred from the initial position (31) into the measurement position (32), and the drive path of the measurement probe (26) from the initial position (31) into the measurement position (32) is divided into a fast speed and, before the setting of the measurement probe (26) on t

Abstract: A coating thickness inspection device (20) is provided with: a displacement gauge (25); a position calculation unit (28a); and a determination unit (28b). The displacement gauge (25) measures the external shape of a rectangular wire (30) across the lengthwise direction thereof (external shape measurement step). The position calculation unit (28a) determines the position of a rectangular conductor (31) within the rectangular wire (30) across the lengthwise direction of the rectangular wire (30) (position calculation step). The determination unit (28b) determines whether the thickness across the peripheral direction of a coating section (32) as calculated on the basis of the results obtained by the displacement gauge (25) and the position calculation unit (28a) satisfies a standard thickness across the lengthwise direction of the rectangular wire (30) (determination step).

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods that use a tunable laser during optical thin-film fabrication. One disclosed system includes a tunable laser capable of generating electromagnetic radiation, one or more thin-film devices arranged to receive the electromagnetic radiation, each thin-film device including one or more optical layers deposited on a corresponding substrate and configured to generate optically interacted radiation upon receiving the electromagnetic radiation, and an optical transducer arranged to receive the optically interacted radiation from each of the one or more thin-film devices and configured to generate output signals corresponding to the optically interacted radiation received from each of the one or more thin-film devices.

Abstract: Provided is a chromatic confocal sensor including: a light source section that emits a plurality of light beams having different wavelengths; an optical head that includes an objective lens that converges the plurality of light beams at different focal positions and selects, as measurement light, light reflected by an object to be measured at the focal position out of the plurality of light beams; a spectroscope including diffraction gratings that split the selected measurement light into a plurality of diffracted light beams and a sensor that receives two or more of the plurality of diffracted light beams; and a signal processing/control section that calculates a position of the object to be measured based on a difference between light reception positions of the two or more diffracted light beams received by the sensor.

Abstract: Techniques and devices for measuring stress, strain, or temperature based on polarization crosstalk analysis in birefringence optical birefringent media including polarization maintaining fiber. The disclosed techniques and devices can be implemented to measure polarization crosstalk distribution in polarization maintaining fiber by placing the PM fiber in a 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional configuration for sensing temperature, stress or strain in the PM fiber at different locations along the fiber with a high spatial sensing resolution. In some implementations, the disclosed techniques and devices can be implemented to simultaneously measure stress, strain and temperature from analyzing the probe light. For example, both temperature and stress/strain can be simultaneously measured by using the same sensors to extract and separate temperature measurements from stress/strain measurements.

Abstract: A measuring probe includes a stylus having a contact part to be in contact with an object to be measured, an axial motion mechanism having a moving member that allows the contact part to move in an axial direction, and a rotary motion mechanism having a rotating member that allows the contact part to move along a plane perpendicular to the axial direction by means of rotary motion. The measuring probe includes a main body housing that supports the axial motion mechanism, a module housing that supports the rotary motion mechanism, and a displacement detector supported by the main body housing for detecting displacement of the moving member. The measuring probe with this configuration ensures high measurement accuracy while keeping a low cost.

Abstract: A go kart steering measurement tool for measuring at least one of a caster angle and a king pin angle of a front wheel steering mechanism of a go kart includes a tool body, and an axle engagement structure adapted to position the go kart steering measurement tool on an axle of the go kart, wherein the tool body has a target surface for making an impinging laser beam from a separate laser emission tool visible to a user of the go kart steering measurement tool, wherein the target surface has a first scale, including a plurality of first markings, and a second scale, including a plurality of second markings, with the first scale and the second scale having the same scaling, and wherein the first scale and the second scale are spaced apart, such that, upon the separate laser emission tool being attached to the front wheel steering mechanism and the front wheel steering mechanism being turned and the impinging laser beam moving across the target surface as a result thereof, a first measurement on the first scale

Abstract: The invention is comprised of an assembly of hardware and software components for the purpose of measuring and drawing real life dimensions. With the present invention, an user defines a starting position in a spectrum of at least two coordinates. In a preferred embodiment all elements are integrated as one portable unit. The hardware elements comprise a point and click mechanism, whose operation is similar to a computer mouse, a display or viewing unit to act as a monitor, optional data input means, including but not limited to buttons and keys, and means to power the device. The software element is generally defined by an application that allows tracing, drawing, measuring, calculating and saving data from real life physical areas by the interaction of the point-and-click mechanism, in optional combination with the data input means.

Abstract: A method providing an analytical technique introducing label information into an anomaly detection model. The method includes the steps of: inputting measurement data having an anomalous or normal label and measurement data having no label as samples; determining a similarity matrix indicating the relationship between the samples based on the samples; defining a penalty based on the similarity matrix and calculating parameters in accordance with an updating equation having a term reducing the penalty; and calculating a degree of anomaly based on the calculated parameters. The present invention also provides a program and system for detecting an anomaly based on measurement data.

Abstract: A method providing an analytical technique introducing label information into an anomaly detection model. The method includes the steps of: inputting measurement data having an anomalous or normal label and measurement data having no label as samples; determining a similarity matrix indicating the relationship between the samples based on the samples; defining a penalty based on the similarity matrix and calculating parameters in accordance with an updating equation having a term reducing the penalty; and calculating a degree of anomaly based on the calculated parameters. The present invention also provides a program and system for detecting an anomaly based on measurement data.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a pressure sensor for measuring barometric pressure. Pressure measurements may be calibrated using crowd-sourced pressure data to remove any weather bias or sensor bias associated with the pressure measurements. Altitude of the electronic device may be determined using the calibrated pressure measurement. When it is desired to estimate altitude, the electronic device may transmit a query to a server, which returns a local reference pressure value for the electronic device based on crowd-sourced pressure data from electronic devices in the vicinity of the electronic device making the query. To determine the local reference pressure value, the server may correlate the crowd-sourced pressure data with space, taking into account variations in terrain using digital elevation models to determine location-specific reference pressures. The local reference pressure value for a given electronic device is then determined using crowd-sourced reference pressures at nearby locations.

Abstract: An aerial refueling boom elevation estimation (“ARBEE”) system for estimating an elevation angle of an aerial refueling boom on an aerial refueling aircraft is described. The ARBEE system may include a data collector, storage unit, optimizer, and comparator.

Abstract: Wider overall angular viewing range for a spirit level achieved by provisioning spirit levels with a bubble vial module including a reflective surface wherein the reflective surface is manually pivotal about a pivot axis relative to a non-pivoted direct opposite viewing position such that a user can pivot the reflective surface towards himself. The system may include predetermined viewing positions.

Abstract: Measuring device with a control and evaluation unit, a radiation source for emitting an illumination light ray and a fine targeting and target tracking functionality, a variation of the emission of the illumination light ray being effected automatically controlled by the control and evaluation unit, in the course of the fine targeting and target tracking functionality, such that a known sequence of illumination ray flashes is generated.

Abstract: A gyro sensor includes a substrate, an oscillation member, fixed driving electrodes and a movable driving electrode that oscillated the oscillation member, fixed detection electrodes and a movable detection electrode that id detected a signal that varies in accordance with oscillation by Coriolis' force of the oscillation member, a bias voltage application unit that applies a bias voltage to the oscillation member, and a storage unit, and the bias voltage application unit sets a value of the bias voltage based on information stored in the storage unit.

Abstract: An approach is provided for classifying probe data into qualitative categories to determine a point of interest. The approach involves processing and/or facilitating a processing of probe data to determine one or more trajectories associated with one or more probes. The approach also involves determining one or more clips of the one or more trajectories associated with one or more locations at which the one or more probes lingered based, at least in part, on at least one space threshold value, at least one time threshold value, or a combination thereof. The approach further involves causing, at least in part, an extraction of one or more probe parameter values from the one or more clips. The approach also involves causing, at least in part, a classification of the one or more probe parameter values into one or more qualitative categories.

Abstract: Location determination is facilitated based on motion data accumulated at a vehicle in cases in which a beacon is not available. One method includes receiving, by a first device, first information about a vehicle indicative of a position and a direction of the vehicle. The position is measured by the vehicle based on a measured angular rotation rate and radius of a wheel of the vehicle and the direction of the vehicle is measured by the vehicle based on a measured amount of a turn radius of a steering wheel device of the vehicle. The method also includes determining a previously determined location of the vehicle. The method also includes generating second information about a location of the first device based on the previously determined location of the vehicle and the first information. Error estimates for the location and/or tuning bias for sensors at the vehicle can also be determined.

Abstract: A user portable terminal includes a camera, a GPS receiver for measuring a user's current location, an azimuth angle sensor for measuring an azimuth angle of a user's current line of sight, a memory for storing a plurality of reference areas allocated to target objects on the map and a plurality of tourist information which are correlated with each other, with some of the tourist information, correlated to each of the reference areas, including a plurality of azimuth angle specific tourist information as correlated to a plurality of azimuth angles; and a retrieve module. This retrieve module extracts, from the plurality of reference areas, a reference area containing the user's current location, further extracts, from the plurality of azimuth angle specific tourist information correlated to the extracted reference area, the tourist information corresponding to the user's current azimuth angle as measured, and sends the extracted tourist information to the user.