Abstract: A radiation detection technique employs field enhancing structures and electroluminescent materials to converts incident Terahertz (THz) radiation into visible light and/or infrared light. In this technique, the field-enhancing structures, such as split ring resonators or micro-slits, enhances the electric field of incoming THz light within a local area, where the electroluminescent material is applied. The enhanced electric field then induces the electroluminescent material to emit visible and/or infrared light via electroluminescent process. A detector such as avalanche photodiode can detect and measure the emitted light. This technique allows cost-effective detection of THz radiation at room temperatures.

Abstract: Distributed optical sensing devices are provided. The device may comprise a computing unit configured to receive signals indicative of an amount of light backscattered in an optical fiber and detected by a light detector; wherein the computing unit is further configured to correct the received signal for an amount of backscattered light undetected by the light detector due to dead time of the light detector. Or, the device may comprise a first light detector having a first light sensitivity and configured to detect light backscattered in a first distance range of an optical fiber; and a second light detector different to the first light detector and having a second light sensitivity being higher than the first light sensitivity, wherein the second light detector is configured to detect light backscattered in a second distance range of an optical fiber being farther away from the second light detector than the first distance range is away from the first light detector.

Abstract: Nanoparticles, methods of manufacture, devices comprising the nanoparticles, methods of their manufacture, and methods of their use are provided herein. The nanoparticles and devices having photoabsorptions in the range of 1.7 ?m to 12 ?m and can be used as photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, charge-coupled devices (CCD), luminescent probes, lasers, thermal imagers, night-vision systems, and/or photodetectors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for optical metrology is disclosed. There is disclosed, for example, a method involving a radiation intensity distribution for a target measured using an optical component at a gap from the target, the method including calculating a correction factor for the variation of radiation intensity of the radiation intensity distribution as a function of variation of the distance of the gap.

Abstract: There is described a method of determining the UV fluence received by a fluid. The method comprises the steps of: (a) irradiating the fluid at an unknown UV fluence; (b) measuring the fluorescence of a test sample of the fluid after irradiation in Step (a) to produce a test signal proportional to the concentration of a prescribed fluorescent composition of matter comprised in the test sample; and (c) determining the value of the unknown UV fluence by comparing the test signal to a calibration curve of a control signal proportional to concentration of the prescribed fluorescent composition of matter in the fluid as a function of applied UV fluence. There is also described a system for determining the UV fluence received by a fluid being treated in UV fluid treatment system comprising at least one UV source.

Abstract: A variable wavelength optical filter module according to the present invention includes a package, a variable wavelength optical filter, and a detector. The package includes a reflection part (reflecting faces) in the inside of the package. The variable wavelength optical filter is disposed in the inside of the package and includes a first reflecting plate and a second reflecting plate facing each other, with a clearance between the first reflecting plate and the second reflecting plate being variable. The detector is disposed in the inside of the package and detects a ray of light having passed through the variable wavelength optical filter. Then, the variable wavelength optical filter and the detector are disposed on the opposite side to the reflection part (reflecting faces). The ray of the light incident into the inside of the package via the variable wavelength optical filter enters the detector via the reflection part (reflecting faces).

Abstract: A printer includes a spectroscope and a carriage moving unit. The spectroscope includes a wavelength-selective interference filter on which light from a measurement target is incident, and the carriage moving unit moves the spectroscope in an X direction with respect to the measurement target. If the measurement target is a color patch, the spectroscope performs spectrometry by changing a wavelength of light passing through the wavelength-selective interference filter in a first period during which the spectroscope is moved in the X direction, and passes light of an initial wavelength through the wavelength-selective interference filter at a start of measurement and at an end of measurement in the first period. A first output value that is a measured value from the spectrometry at the start of measurement is compared with a second output value that is a measured value from the spectrometry at the end of measurement.

Abstract: A biometric sensor that measures biometric information and a biometric analysis system including the biometric sensor are provided. The biometric sensor may include: a light source configured to emit light toward a region of interest of an object under examination, the light being diffused at the region of interest; a collimator that includes a though-hole and is configured to collimate the diffused light received from the region of interest; and a spectrometer configure to analyze the diffused light transmitted by the collimator.

Abstract: A method for evaluating a vessel for suitability to contain a fluid includes providing a vessel and forming a polished surface portion of the vessel by removing oxidation and/or contaminants from a portion of the vessel. The method further includes applying a focused laser to the polished surface portion to form plasma on the polished surface portion, and determining whether the vessel is suitable for containing a fluid based on silicon content of the polished surface portion. The silicon content is estimated based on light emitted from the plasma.

Abstract: An optical method for monitoring plasma discharging glow is described, which includes the following steps. Plasma discharging glow is detected to obtain various optical signals using a detector. The optical signals are captured and converted into various electric signals by using a sensing circuit. A calculation step is performed according to the electric signals to obtain various light intensities corresponding to various locations in the plasma discharging glow using an arithmetic unit. An image of the plasma discharging glow is reconstructed according to the locations in the plasma discharging glow and the corresponding light intensities using an image reconstruction unit.

Abstract: An optical system comprising a randomizer that has a plurality of randomly positioned scatterers for scattering and thereby randomizing light to generate a speckle pattern and a detector for detecting the speckle pattern to determine at least one property of the light and/or change in at least one property of the light.

Abstract: The invention relates to a temperature sensor system comprising a temperature probe element and a first ceramic housing part. The temperature probe element comprises a sensor element and electrical feed lines. The first ceramic housing part comprises a sleeve-shaped lower part with a closed lower end and an open upper end, and an upper part connected to the open upper end. The sensor element is arranged in the sleeve-shaped lower part. The upper part has recesses in which the electrical feed lines are partially arranged and guided. The lower part and the upper part form one piece. Also disclosed is a method for producing a temperature sensor system.

Abstract: Temperature sensors using bipolar junction transistors are provided. Examples of the disclosed sensors minimize effects of IR drop and have improved accuracy. An example temperature sensor includes a first branch coupled between a power supply and ground. The first branch includes a first transistor series-coupled with a second transistor via a first node and has a first temperature sensor output via the first node. The temperature sensor also includes a second branch coupled between the power supply and ground. The second branch includes a third transistor series-coupled with a fourth transistor via a second node and has a second temperature sensor output via the second node. The first through fourth transistors are diode-connected and can have an n-well structure or a deep n-well structure. The temperature sensor also includes a voltage sensor having an input coupled to the first temperature sensor output and the second temperature sensor output.

Abstract: There is described a system for measuring an environmental parameter such as temperature experienced by a resistive component such as a thermistor (107) in a galvanically isolated circuit, or for measuring the voltage developed by a component. The system comprises a measurement circuit (1) comprising a voltage pulse generator (114). The measurement circuit is inductively coupled to the galvanically isolated circuit by a flyback transformer (101) such that a stable voltage (V104) across a first capacitor (114) in the measurement circuit after many voltage pulses is proportional to a stable voltage (V106) across a second capacitor (106) connected across the component in the galvanically isolated circuit. The stable voltages across the first and second capacitors are adjustable by adjusting a duty cycle of the voltage pulses.

Abstract: An electronics device includes a power semiconductor device including a temperature detection diode, a first semiconductor integrated circuit device including a detection circuit for detecting VF from the temperature detection diode and a second semiconductor integrated circuit device. The second semiconductor integrated circuit device includes, an outside air temperature acquisition unit which acquires outside air temperature information, a storage which stores temperature characteristic data of the temperature detection diode and a first value based on a signal from the detection circuit at a first temperature and a temperature arithmetic processing unit which calculates a temperature of the power semiconductor device from a third value based on a signal from the detection circuit, the temperature characteristic data, the first temperature acquired by the outside air temperature acquisition unit and the first value.

Abstract: The invention comprises a system for calculating a value for the effective thermal mass of a building. The climate control system obtains temperature measurements from at least a first location conditioned by the climate system. One or more processors receive measurements of outside temperatures from at least one source other than the control system and compare the temperature measurements from the first location with expected temperature measurements. The expected temperature measurements are based at least in part upon past temperature measurements obtained by said HVAC control system and said outside temperature measurements. The processors then calculate one or more rates of change in temperature at said first location.

Abstract: A temperature measurement apparatus includes a first temperature sensor disposed so as to be close to a contact surface with an object to be measured in a thickness direction of an apparatus main body, and a second temperature sensor disposed so as to be close to a display unit in the thickness direction of the apparatus main body. The display unit is switched between a first display state and a second display state by switching a mark between display and non-display. An internal temperature of the object to be measured is calculated by using a detected temperature in the first temperature sensor and a detected temperature in the second temperature sensor in the first display state, and a detected temperature in the first temperature sensor and a detected temperature in the second temperature sensor in the second display state.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a strain sensing element provided at a deformable film part, includes a stacked body, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The stacked body includes a first magnetic layer, a second magnetic layer, and an intermediate layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer. A magnetization direction of the first magnetic layer changes in accordance with a deformation of the film part. The first electrode includes a first alloy layer including a first alloy including Ta and Mo. The first electrode is electrically connected to the stacked body. The second electrode is electrically connected to the stacked body.

Abstract: An example system comprises a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor, a strain gauge, and a strain compensation circuit. The MEMS sensor is operable to generate a sensor output signal that corresponds to a sensed condition (e.g., acceleration, orientation, and/or pressure). The strain gauge is operable to generate a strain measurement signal indicative of a strain on the MEMS sensor. The strain compensation circuit is operable to modify the sensor output signal to compensate for the strain based on the strain measurement signal. The strain compensation circuit stores sensor-strain relationship data indicative of a relationship between the sensor output signal and the strain measurement signal. The strain compensation circuit is operable to use the sensor-strain relationship data for the modifying of the sensor output signal. The modification of the sensor output signal comprises one or both of: removal of an offset from the sensor signal, and application of a gain to the sensor signal.

Abstract: A sensor driving device drives a sensor circuit formed of a Wheatstone bridge, which is connected between a main power supply for supplying a power supply potential and a reference power supply for supplying a reference potential lower than the power supply potential and includes at least one gauge resistor varying a resistance value thereof with deformation caused by external force. The sensor driving device includes a first resistor, which is connected in series with the sensor circuit between the main power supply and the sensor circuit, and a second resistor, which is connected between the sensor circuit and the reference power supply. The sensor driving device further includes a temperature output circuit connected in parallel to the sensor circuit relative to the main power supply. The temperature output circuit includes two output terminals, which output a potential difference smaller than a potential difference between one end of a main power supply side and one end of a reference power supply side.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a transition point and/or for determining wall shear stresses on surfaces (1) around which surfaces a flow circulates by means of thermography, wherein the method comprises the following steps: providing a surface with a heat insulation layer (3) on the surface (1) around which a flow is to circulate, circulating a flow around the surface (1) around which a flow is to circulate, heating the surface (1) around which a flow circulates, contactless measuring of the emitted flow intensity of the surface (1) around which a flow circulates by means of a camera system (7), determining at least one temperature decay coefficient on the surface (1) around which a flow circulates and ascertaining the transition point and/or the wall shear stresses on the surface (1) around which a flow circulates.

Abstract: A pressure sensor includes two diaphragm portions that are deflected and deformed under pressure. Pressure receiving surfaces of the two diaphragm portions are arranged to be oriented in different directions. Piezoresistive elements disposed in one of the diaphragm portions are connected in series with piezoresistive elements disposed in the other diaphragm portion.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a self-powered tactile pressure sensor includes a flexible substrate, an array of piezoelectric crystalline nanorods each having a bottom end and a top end, the nanorods being generally perpendicular to the substrate, a top electrode that is electrically coupled to the top ends of the nanorods, and a bottom electrode that is electrically coupled to the bottom ends of the nanorods.

Abstract: In order to mitigate a need for reprogramming tire pressure sensors after tire rotation, tire change, etc., all sensors on a vehicle are preprogrammed with a lookup table that correlates modulation frequency to axle and wheel end positions on the vehicle. Dual antenna initiator coils are mounted to a vehicle such that each wheel end has one directional antenna directed toward it. Each initiator coil is programmed to modulate its transmission frequency by a predetermined modulation frequency such that each antenna transmits using a different modulation frequency. Each sensor receives a modulated signal, identifies the modulation frequency, and performs a table lookup to determine its axle and wheel end location. The sensor transmits its identified wheel end and axle location to a controller unit along with tire pressure status information for its wheel.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement with a measuring cell for detecting a process parameter and a housing, surrounding the measuring cell at least radially, with the measuring cell being arranged in the axial direction at the front in the housing and a space between the measuring cell and the housing being sealed with a seal from the penetration of process medium, with the seal showing at least a first sealing element radially surrounding a measuring cell and a second sealing element radially surrounding the measuring cell, the second sealing element being distanced from the first sealing element in the axial direction and arranged in front thereof, and the housing showing at least one first section extending in the axial direction and at least one second section arranged thereat and extending in the radial direction between the sealing elements.

Abstract: A weld seam monitoring apparatus includes a layer of sealant applied to the area surrounding the weld seam; a first layer of sheet material adapted to provide an air space and overlying the weld seam; a second layer of sheet material overlying the first layer of sheet material; and a fluid impermeable sealant overlying the second layer of sheet material. An air tight space is formed between the second layer of sheet material and the weld seam. The apparatus further includes a vacuum source, and the air tight space is in fluid communication with the vacuum source. The apparatus further includes vacuum monitoring means configured to monitor the status of a vacuum created in the air tight space.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method of using same for testing the airtightness of surfaces, the apparatus having an air pump in fluid communication with an input port and an output port, so as to induce an airflow from said input port to said output port, said airflow driven by a differential air pressure generated by said air pump, a gaseous suspension source disposed within said air pressure generator so as to entrain a gaseous suspension in said airflow so as to create an entrained suspension, and a conduit in fluid communication with said output port configured to constrain a flow of said entrained suspension therethrough so as to deliver said entrained suspension under pressure through an applicator port distal to said output port.

Abstract: The synchronization-free pipeline leak detection system includes a plurality of acoustic sensor nodes positioned equidistantly and linearly against an external surface of a wall of a pipeline. Each of the acoustic sensor nodes receives an acoustic signal generated by a leak in the wall of the pipeline, which is transmitted through fluid flowing through the pipeline. Each of the acoustic sensor nodes measures an acoustic received signal strength associated with the acoustic signal and transmits a signal representative of the respective acoustic received signal strength to the immediately adjacent acoustic sensor nodes if the respective acoustic received signal strength is greater than a threshold signal strength value. From the transmitted acoustic received signal strengths between sensor nodes, the sensor node closest to the leak can be determined. From known values stored in each sensor node, the position of the leak can be calculated and transmitted in an alert signal.

Abstract: Current can/end growth/buckle tester use inside the dome area of the can for location of the can during test, therefore cans with different height have the same vertical position during the test and do not depend from height of the can. Using flanged long bushing for locating the can with different height and holding expandable plug and distribution parts for air pressure permitted reduce outside dimensions of the tester and reduce weight. Use the position of the testing can on top of expandable rubber bushing by inside the dome area of the can, permitted using almost the same volume of the growth/buckle air for any can, therefore reduce dispersion of measurement values. Area for growth/buckle tests is sealed by expandable rubber bushing with the special internal shape and durometer, which has ability to sealed by inflation any diameter of the testing can and holding growth/buckle pressure during the test.

Abstract: Condition based engine parts (e.g., movable engine parts) monitoring is disclosed. The techniques may enable detecting cracks present in engine parts while the engine is operational. In one embodiment, a system includes a wireless sensor configured to be disposed on a movable part internal to a machine and communicate wirelessly and a controller that includes a processor. The processor may be configured to initiate communication with the wireless sensor by receiving a wireless signal indicative of a frequency of vibration of the internal movable part from the wireless sensor, to obtain an acceptable threshold range of vibrations for the internal movable part from one or more data sources, to determine whether the frequency of vibration is within the acceptable threshold range of vibrations for the internal movable part, and to initiate preventative actions when the frequency is not within the acceptable threshold range.

Abstract: A shock testing machine including: a test platform upon which one or more objects to be tested are mounted; one or more rails upon which the test platform is movable in a longitudinal direction; and a braking station for retarding a relative motion between the test platform and the braking station, wherein the test platform and the braking station include at least one portion interfering with the relative motion of the test platform and the braking station such that relative movement of the test platform and the braking station past the at least one portion produces a shock lateral to the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) systems, methods and integrated circuits are presented for locating defects in an optical cable or other optical cable, in which a first optical signal is transmitted to the cable and reflections are sampled over a first time range at a first sample rate to identify one or more suspected defect locations, and a second optical signal is transmitted and corresponding reflections are sampled over a second smaller time range at a higher second sample rate to identify at least one defect location of the optical cable for relaxed memory requirements in the OTDR system.

Abstract: One or more modal characteristics are determined for a waveguide that supports more than two modes. In an example implementation, optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) is used to couple light into the waveguide and detect Rayleigh scatter reflections associated with a segment of the waveguide. An original set of Rayleigh scatter data associated with the detected Rayleigh scatter reflections is generated. In addition, a scaled set of Rayleigh scatter data associated with the detected Rayleigh scatter reflections is generated. The original set of Rayleigh scatter data is correlated with the scaled set of Rayleigh scatter data. One or more modal characteristics of the waveguide are determined based on the correlation.

Abstract: A device for measuring optical properties is disclosed. The measuring device comprises an optical fiber provided with a first end and an opposite second end, and a light source emitting measurement light incident on the first end. The measurement light is of a numerical aperture such that an insertion loss corresponds to an insertion loss according to a steady mode excitation of the optical fiber.

Abstract: A data measuring device includes a communicating part capable of communicating with a plurality of numerical control devices which control a plurality of machine tools through communication cables, a physical data measuring part which measures physical data relating to operations of drive shafts of the machine tools corresponding to the numerical control devices which communicate with the communicating part through such numerical control devices, and a destination determining part which successively determines a numerical control device which should be the destination of the communicating part. The communicating part successively switches the destination so as to communicate with the numerical control device which should be the destination determined by the destination determining part, when the physical data measuring part measures the physical data.

Abstract: A system for measuring the depth of tread of a tyre (5) on a wheel (2) of a vehicle (1) whilst the wheel is rotating and moving along the ground. A camera (3) captures images whilst the tyre rotates for at least the major part of its circumference. Light sources (L1 to L4) are spaced longitudinally and are directed at an acute angle to the path of the tyre, to illuminate the tyre whilst images are captured. The images are analysed by data processing apparatus (8) and the tread depth is determined from the length of shadows (12, 13) in the gaps (11) between tread blocks (10). The light sources are activated and de-activated sequentially in accordance with signals from longitudinally spaced sensors (S1 to S4) which detect the presence of the tyre, so that when an image is captured of a portion of the tyre tread, only one light source is activated to illuminate that portion of the tyre tread.

Abstract: A method for testing water droplet shedding ability of a surface of an aircraft wing includes: blowing air toward a surface of a cylindrical member in an airflow direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the cylindrical member, the cylindrical member simulating the wing and having water-related surface characteristics that differ across a predetermined boundary position in a circumferential direction; supplying a water droplet to a portion of the surface of the cylindrical member on a leading edge side with respect to a flow of the air; and capturing an image of the water droplet that moves on the surface of the cylindrical member across the boundary position due to the flow of the air.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring operation of a reaction chamber for operation malfunctions. The reaction chamber includes a pressure gauge coupled therewith to collect pressure data within the reaction chamber during operation of the reaction chamber. The pressure data is received in a processor and a plurality of pressure readings are generated from the pressure data, identifying pressure changes within the reaction chamber during operation. The plurality of pressure readings are analyzed to identify an abnormal pressure change and an operating malfunction is determined when the abnormal pressure change is identified.

Abstract: Systems and methods may include receiving data of a physical system. The systems and methods may include determining whether an anomalous event has occurred based on the data. The systems and methods may include, in response to determining that the anomalous event has occurred, capturing data of the physical system and of an environment. The systems and methods may include generating a virtual representation of the physical system and the environment based on the captured data. The systems and methods may include repeatedly simulating data of the virtual representation by varying parameters of the captured data. The systems and methods may include determining which parameters are a root cause of the anomalous event based on the simulated performance data. The systems and methods may include determining particular values of the parameters that are likely the root cause of the anomalous event to use as a trigger for a proactive process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a extraction device (104) for obtaining a sample of a medium to be extracted from a process flow, comprising: an extraction line (108) connected or connectable to a main line (102) of a hose system (100) for carrying medium to be extracted out of the main line (102) into a container (110). According to the invention, a pump (120) disposed in the extraction line (104) is provided for pumping medium to be extracted out of the main line (102) into the container (110). The invention further relates to a method, a hose system arrangement, and a use.

Abstract: The sampling point valve, with a valve body that is movable in a valve housing between a closed position and an open position of the sampling point valve, wherein the valve body has a sample fluid channel, characterized in that the valve body is made of a material with a high thermal conductivity coefficient, preferably metal, that a signal unit with an essentially pot-shaped housing part made of a material with a high thermal conductivity coefficient, preferably metal, is in contact with the valve body, and that the signal unit includes a signal button that can be advanced out of a housing by a shape memory spring device when this device is warmed.

Abstract: Provided in this disclosure are methods and compositions that find use in a variety of multiplex cellular/tissue section analyses. In certain aspects, a tissue section (or planar cellular slide) is stained with a combination of “visible” labels and “invisible” labels for specific targets of interest. The visible labels are observed to obtain a result and then, based on the result, one or more of the invisible labels are detected, e.g., using digital microscopy.

Abstract: A biologically relevant material purification cartridge includes: a syringe which has a first portion and a second portion with a smaller inner diameter than that of the first portion; a plunger which has a cylindrical section capable of being fitted to an inner peripheral surface of the first portion and a rod-shaped section supported by the cylindrical section and capable of being fitted to an inner peripheral surface of the second portion, and can be inserted from the side of the first portion of the syringe, and can move in the insertion direction with respect to the syringe; and a cap which has a vent hole for communicating the internal space of the cylindrical section with the outside and a breathable sheet disposed to close the vent hole, and is connected to the cylindrical section.

Abstract: A phase separator and associated method for removal of water from a sample containing analytes in an organic solvent including a vertically extending body portion for vertical extension into a receptacle, the body portion including at least one vertically extending membrane portion on at least one side thereof and a port for introduction of solvent.

Abstract: A system includes: a tension member having a first end and a second end, where the first end of the tension member is connected to a first loading member and the second end of the tension member is connected to a second loading member; a first actuator configured to translate the first loading member, such that a tensile load is applied to the tension member along a first direction; a second actuator configured to translate the second loading member in two or more second directions that are substantially transverse to the first direction; and a control system that is configured to control the second actuator, such that the second loading member oscillates between the two or more second directions, where the oscillation of the second loading member causes the tension member to vibrate at a frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus for performing a contact mechanics test on a substrate includes a stylus, a core configured to engage the stylus against the substrate, a stylus engagement mechanism configured to induce a contact load or a penetration depth to the stylus, a core engagement mechanism configured to maintain contact of the core and to move the core along the substrate surface, a frame configured to be fixed with respect to the apparatus or to be moved together with the core engagement mechanism as an assembly, a frame engagement mechanism configured to engage the frame with the substrate surface; and a substrate monitoring device configured to measure characteristics of substrate contact response and/or collect material machined from the substrate. Methods of performing a contact mechanics test are also provided.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method for determining the volume or hemoglobin content of an individual red blood cell in a sample containing a population of red blood cells. The method may be performed on a hematology analyzer. Also provided are a hematology analyzer for performing the method and a computer-readable medium containing programming for performing the method.

Abstract: A method and a device for calculating a pressure loss of an air cleaner, wherein the air cleaner is disposed upstream of a compressor of a supercharger in an engine provided with a plurality of state quantity sensors, includes the step of calculating an outlet pressure of the compressor by using output values of the state quantity sensors, the step of calculating an inlet pressure of the compressor by using the outlet pressure and a characteristic map of the compressor, wherein the characteristic map shows a relationship between a ratio of the outlet pressure to the inlet pressure and a flow rate of gas flowing in an intake pipe of the engine, and the step of calculating the pressure loss of the air cleaner from the inlet pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are improved therapeutic devices and methods and improved porous structures and measurement apparatus for use with therapeutic devices. In many embodiments, a porous structure is measured based on diffusion of the gas through the porous structure. The gas measurement may comprise an amount of gas measured to determine a resistance of the porous structure to diffusion. The diffusion of the gas through the porous structure can be used to determine release of a therapeutic agent through the porous structure, such that targeted amounts of therapeutic agent can be released for extended times and such that therapeutic device reservoir volume and porous frit structure can be tuned to release the therapeutic agent for an extended time above a target amount for the extended time.

Abstract: Hydrogel particles and their use in cytometic applications are described. The hydrogel particles described herein are selectively tunable to have at least one optical property substantially similar to the at least one optical property of a target cell. In this regard, the hydrogel particles provided herein in one aspect, are used as a calibration reagent for the detection of a target cell in a sample.