Abstract: Trunk gland adapters include an adapter body having an internal bore that is sized to receive a trunk cable gland so that a front end of the trunk cable gland extends through a front opening of the internal bore and a plurality of attachment clips that are configured to releasably attach the adapter body to a mounting aperture in a wall of a fiber optic enclosure. Related trunk gland units and methods of routing a trunk cable into an enclosure are also disclosed.

Abstract: A connector housing apparatus for allowing field engineers or technicians to run cable point to point, and to protect the connection in an environmentally sealed, crush resistant housing is provided. The connector housing apparatus includes a connector housing body, two sealing boots, two sealing elements, two seal nuts, a fiber optic adapter, a fiber optic adapter insert that holds the fiber optic adapter and two fiber optic pigtails connected to two fiber optic cables. Each boot has two seal points. The first seal is between the fiber optic cable, the sealing element, the seal nut and the tapered portion of the sealing boot. The second seal is between the snap finger on the sealing boot and the receiving catch on the connector housing body.

Abstract: A multi-channel optical transceiver includes a multi-channel transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA), a multi-channel receiver optical subassembly (ROSA), and a dual fiber type direct link adapter directly linked to the multi-channel TOSA and the multi-channel ROSA with optical fibers. The dual fiber type direct link adapter is also configured to receive pluggable optical connectors, such as LC connectors, mounted at the end of fiber-optic cables including optical fibers for carrying optical signals to and from the transceiver. The dual fiber type direct link adapter thus provides the optical input and output to the transceiver for the optical signals received by the ROSA and transmitted by the TOSA. The multi-channel optical transceiver may be used in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical system, for example, in an optical line terminal (OLT) in a WDM passive optical network (PON).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an optical fiber connector for holding an optical fiber. The optical fiber connector includes a core and a cladding layer surrounding the core. The optical fiber connector includes an optical fiber holding apparatus, a ferrule unit, and a housing connecting to the optical fiber holding apparatus and the ferrule unit. The optical fiber holding apparatus includes a holding member with a first holding portion and a second holding portion. One of the first holding portion and the second holding portion includes at least one positioning pillar, and the other holding portion defines at least one positioning hole corresponding to the positioning pillar. The positioning pillar is configured to wind the clad strips locking the first holding portion and the second holding portion cooperatively to the optical fiber, and the positioning pillar is engaged with the positioning hole.

Abstract: An optical fiber connector including a connector housing having a front portion and a rear portion is disclosed. A ferrule is disposed in the connector housing such that it projects from the front portion of the connector housing. The rear portion of the connector housing includes a first channel configured to receive an optical fiber of an optical cable and to couple the optical fiber to the ferrule, and a second channel configured to receive a strength member of the optical cable. The optical fiber connector may be an ingress protected optical fiber connector, and may have an outside diameter less than about 15.8 mm, such as about 14 mm.

Abstract: A connector for coupling with an adapter, comprising: at least one connector body each having a first end capable of being inserted into the adapter; at least one locking mechanism; and a boot movably engaged with the connector body. Each of the at least one locking mechanism comprising: a slanting arm extending slantingly and upwardly from the respective connector body; at least one locking protrusion configured to extend from sides of the slanting arm to lock the connector body into locking grooves of the adapter; and a driving arm having a first end connected to the slanting arm. Wherein a second end of the driving arm is connected to the boot and is movable together with the boot to drive the slanting arm connected with the first end of the driving arm to approach a horizontal direction.

Abstract: One embodiment is directed to a system comprising a panel comprising a plurality of openings. The system is configured to selectively couple a panel contact for each opening to an RFID reader. The system further comprises a plurality of optical adapters. Each optical adapter comprises: at least one radio frequency identifier (RFID) antenna; at least one adapter contact that is electrically connected to the RFID antenna; and at least one conductor configured to electrically connect the adapter contact to respective one of respective panel contacts when the optical adapter is inserted into one of the openings of the panel. The RFID antenna of each connector is configured to be positioned near an RFID tag attached to the connector when the connector is inserted into the body of the optical adapter. The system is configured to selectively couple the RFID reader to each of the panel contacts. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An optical coupling element, for coupling a light emitting element to a light transmission element, includes a light guide element. The light guide element has a light incident part, a total reflection surface and a light output part. The light incident path is formed at the light incident part corresponding to the light emitting element. The light reflection path is formed at the light output part corresponding to the light transmission element. The first included angle ?1 is formed between the light incident path and the total reflection surface and is not equal to 45 degrees. The light emitting element is adapted to emit a beam toward the total reflection surface along the light incident path by passing through the light guide element from the light incident part. Moreover, the beam is reflected by the total reflection surface and is outputted toward the light transmission element.

Abstract: An opto-electronic micro-module includes a monocrystalline substrate having a first surface and a second surface parallel to said first surface, wherein a through hole passes from said first surface through said monocrystalline substrate to said second surface; and an optical substrate having a first portion in said through hole and a second portion protruding from said through hole.

Abstract: Optical communication apparatus includes a PCB, a photoelectric unit electrically connected to the PCB, a supporting member positioned on the PCB, a coupler supported on the supporting member, and an optical fiber unit. The coupler optically couples the photoelectric unit to the optical fiber unit. The supporting member defines a through stepped hole having a larger first hole and a smaller second hole. The supporting member includes a step portion between the first hole and the second hole. The second hole is closer to the PCB than the first hole. One of the supporting member and the coupler defines a plurality of wedged positioning holes, the other of the supporting member and the coupler comprises a plurality of wedged positioning poles corresponding to positioning holes, and the coupler is connected to the supporting member by inserting the positioning poles into the corresponding positioning holes.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention recite a data collector with expanded functionality and a method of enhancing revenue generation using a data collector with expanded functionality. In one embodiment, a central unit of a data collector is configured to receive a replaceable unit such that any one of a variety of replaceable units can be configure to be attached to said central unit.

Abstract: High-bandwidth push cables configured for high speed data communication, such as that used in video signal transmission between a camera head and a cable reel or other device, are disclosed.

Abstract: A cable enclosure assembly includes an enclosure, a cable spool and a length of fiber optic cable. The enclosure defines an interior region, a first opening and a second opening aligned with the first opening. The first and second openings provide access to the interior region. The cable spool is disposed in the interior region of the enclosure and is rotatably engaged with the enclosure. The cable spool includes a drum and a flange engaged to the drum. The flange has an outer peripheral side, a cable management portion and an adapter bulkhead portion. The adapter bulkhead portion extends outwardly from the cable management portion and forms a portion of the outer peripheral side. The length of the fiber optic cable is dispose about the drum of the cable spool.

Abstract: An adapter panel arrangement including a chassis and a panel of adapters. The adapters defining open rearward cable connections and open forward cable connections of the panel arrangement. The adapters being arranged in arrays that slide independently of other adapter arrays to provide access to the open rearward and open forward cable connections.

Abstract: An adapter panel arrangement including a chassis and a panel of adapters. The adapters defining open rearward cable connections and open forward cable connections of the panel arrangement. The adapters being arranged in arrays that slide independently of other adapter arrays to provide access to the open rearward and open forward cable connections.

Abstract: An assembly for guiding and protecting optical fiber cables or wave guides, which comprises a first number of first guide tubes and a second number of second guide tubes where each of the first and second guide tubes are adapted to receive an optical fiber cable along its complete length. The assembly further comprises an elongated first tubular shell, and an elongated second tubular shell where the first number of first guide tubes is supported within and in parallel relationship with the first tubular shell, and the second number of second guide tubes is supported within and in parallel relationship with the second tubular shell. The assembly further comprises a first connecting strip which interconnects the first and second tubular shells, which defines a separation between the first and second tubular shells, and which positions the first number of first guide tubes and the second number of second guide tubes in parallel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lens-holding device (1) intended to be hooked on a mounting (101) of a conveyor carriage for transporting optical lenses (10) in order for said lenses to be treated by immersion in at least one bath of a treatment machine. The lens-holding device (1) is hooked on in such a way as to form an alignment of devices together with a group of other similar devices in a predetermined direction.

Abstract: Electro-magnetic actuators used to provide a displacement of an optical element such as a lens carrier comprise at least one ferromagnetic frame associated with a large air gap and at least one ferromagnetic member parallel to and separated from an elongated section of a frame by a small air gap. Actuation causes a magnetic circuit that appears in the at least one frame, the at least one member and small air gaps and by-passes or bridges the large air gap. In some embodiments, the resultant magnetic force moves the at least one member and leads to the displacement of an optical element attached thereto. In some embodiments, at least one frame and at least one member are arranged to provide a center hole and are dimensioned to enable insertion of a lens carrier in the hole. In some embodiments, the displacement is for auto-focus. In other embodiments, the displacement is for optical image stabilization.

Abstract: A voice coil motor (VCM) is disclosed, the VCM including: a stator including a magnet generating a first electromagnetic field; a mover including a bobbin formed with a hollow hole through which light passes and a coil formed on a periphery of the bobbin that generates a second electromagnetic field responsive to the first electromagnetic field; a base fixed at the stator and formed with an opening through which the light passes; and at least one elastic member elastically supporting the bobbin and forming a gap between the bobbin and the base when the coil is not applied with a current.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for mounting an optical element, in particular in an EUV projection exposure apparatus, comprising a weight force compensation device for exerting a compensation force on the optical element, wherein the compensation force at least partly compensates for the weight force acting on the optical element, wherein the weight force compensation device has a passive magnetic circuit for generating a force component of the compensation force acting on the optical element, and wherein at least one adjustment element is provided via which the force component generated by the passive magnetic circuit is continuously adjustable.

Abstract: A photographing lens assembly includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element, a fourth lens element, a fifth lens element and a sixth lens element. The first lens element with positive refractive power has a convex object-side surface. The second lens element, the third lens element and the fourth lens element have refractive power. The fifth lens element with negative refractive power has a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface, wherein the surfaces thereof are aspheric, and at least one of the surfaces thereof has at least one inflection point thereon. The sixth lens element with negative refractive power has a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface, wherein the surfaces thereof are aspheric, and at least one of the surfaces thereof has at least one inflection point.

Abstract: An imaging lens includes a first lens group having positive refractive power; a second lens group having negative refractive power; and a third lens group having negative refractive power, arranged in this order from an object side to an image plane side. The first lens group includes a first lens having positive refractive power, a second lens having negative refractive power, and a third lens having positive refractive power. The second lens group includes a fourth lens and a fifth lens. The third lens group includes a sixth lens having positive refractive power and a seventh lens having negative refractive power. The first to third lenses and the sixth to seventh lenses have specific Abbe's numbers.

Abstract: An imaging lens includes a first lens group having positive refractive power and a second lens group having negative refractive power, arranged in this order from an object side to an image plane side. The first lens group includes a first lens having positive refractive power, a second lens having positive refractive power, and a third lens having negative refractive power. The second lens group includes a fourth lens having positive refractive power, a fifth lens, and a sixth lens having negative refractive power. The first lens and second lens have specific focal lengths. The first to third lenses have specific Abbe's numbers.

Abstract: A five-piece optical lens for capturing image and a five-piece optical module for capturing image, along the optical axis in order from an object side to an image side, include a first lens with positive refractive power having a convex object-side surface; a second lens with refractive power; a third lens with refractive power; a fourth lens with refractive power; and a fifth lens with negative refractive power; and at least one of the image-side surface and object-side surface of each of the five lens elements are aspheric. The optical lens can increase aperture value and improve the imagining quality for use in compact cameras.

Abstract: A camera can include a housing, two lenses, a prism-shaped reflector, a reflector support surface, and an optical sensor. The two lenses are coupled to the housing in substantially opposing directions. The prism-shaped reflector has two parallel surfaces and three additional surfaces comprising: a first and a second reflective surfaces and a support plane. The reflector support surface is bonded to the prism-shaped reflector at the support plane. The optical sensor includes a surface upon which two non-overlapping image circles are concurrently projected; one from each of the two lenses. Each image circle results from a light path from a respective one of the two lenses being reflected off one of the first and second reflective surfaces onto the surface of the optical sensor.

Abstract: A second group has different power in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction of the liquid crystal panel. Therefore, the horizontal-to-vertical ratio of the image of the liquid crystal panel and the horizontal-to-vertical ratio of the image projected on the screen can be set to be different. That is, the projection optical system is able to convert the aspect ratio which is a ratio of width and height. At this time, at the time of converting the aspect ratio, that is, at the time of switching the projection state, it is possible to adjust the position of the image on the screen through a zoom operation or a shift operation of the first driving mechanism or the fourth driving mechanism.

Abstract: A zoom lens assembly for monitor and a monitoring device are provided. The lens assembly comprises a first to a thirteenth lenses (L1-L13) arranged successively coaxially along the transmission direction of an incident light beam. The first, the eighth, the tenth and the twelfth lenses (L1, L8, L10 and L12) are biconvex positive lenses; the second, the ninth and the eleventh lenses (L2, L9 and L11) are falcate negative lenses; the third, the fourth, the sixth and the thirteenth lenses (L3, L4, L6 and L13) are falcate positive lenses; the fifth lens (L5) is a biconcave negative lens; and the seventh lens (L7) is a plano-concave negative lens. The second and the third lenses (L2 and L3) are closely adhered to each other, and the sixth and the seventh lenses (L6 and L7) are closely adhered to each other.

Abstract: A zoom lens includes a first lens unit having a positive refractive power, a second lens unit having a negative refractive power, third lens unit having a positive refractive power, a fourth lens unit having a negative refractive power, a fifth lens unit having a positive refractive power, and an aperture stop disposed between the second lens unit and the third lens unit. At the time of zooming, the aperture stop moves and the fifth lens unit is fixed. At the time of zooming from a wide angle end to a telephoto end, a distance between the first lens unit and the second lens unit widens, a distance between the second lens unit and the third lens unit narrows, a distance between the third lens unit and the fourth lens unit fluctuates, and a distance between the fourth lens unit and the fifth lens unit fluctuates.

Abstract: This invention concerns scanning probe microscopes and related instruments (“SPMs”) when used to investigate or measure large samples whose size is a multiple of the typical operational scanning area of an SPM, say 150 ?m×150 ?m at most. To avoid frequent readjustments or other time-consuming human interaction and errors when focusing the SPM, a multi-step, automated method for the SPM-scanning of large samples is disclosed, comprising a “coarse”, i.e. low resolution, non-SPM scanning or mapping step adapted to scan a large sample and providing an integral map of the sample, followed by a preferably mathematical evaluation step identifying areas of interest of the sample, which areas are then subjected to a focused “fine” raster scanning step by the SPM with high resolution. The associated apparatus provides the means to execute this novel three-step process.

Abstract: Various aspects as described herein are directed to apparatuses, methods, and systems including a sandwiched arrangement having a light-access port, a scanning mirror, an optics region, and a spacer. The spacer provides a light-directing optical region that separates the scanning mirror and the optics region, and includes a mirrored surface that reflects light between the light-access port and the optics region. Additionally, the optics region includes a curved-shaped window that provides a field of view by communicating beams of light between a target region. The optics region also includes a curved-shaped mirror having a surface that reflects light between the scanning mirror and the mirrored surface. Light beams, as conveyed between the light-access port and the curved-shaped window, are folded by being reflected off the scanning mirror, the curved-shaped mirror and the mirrored surface.

Abstract: A microscope has a light source for generating a light beam having a wavelength, ?, and beam-forming optics configured for receiving the light beam and generating a Bessel-like beam that is directed into a sample. The beam-forming optics include an excitation objective having an axis oriented in a first direction. Imaging optics are configured for receiving light from a position within the sample that is illuminated by the Bessel-like beam and for imaging the received light on a detector. The imaging optics include a detection objective having an axis oriented in a second direction that is non-parallel to the first direction. A detector is configured for detecting signal light received by the imaging optics, and an aperture mask is positioned.

Abstract: A color degradation compensation method includes the steps as follows. Two images are captured by an image capturing device, wherein the two images have an overlapped area. A semi-Gaussian model is constructed. At least one position in the overlapped area is selected and color values of a plurality of points in the position on each of the two images are read, wherein the points of each image are corresponded to the same position in the overlapped area. A degradation standard deviation of the two color values is calculated by the semi-Gaussian model. The color values of the two images are calibrated to compensated color values through the semi-Gaussian model again in accordance with the degradation standard deviation.

Abstract: An image pickup unit includes: a moving lens holding barrel that holds a moving lens constituting a part of an objective optical system and is disposed so as to freely advance and retract along a shooting optical axis O; a drive unit that generates a driving force for advancing and retracting the moving lens holding barrel along the shooting optical axis O in a fixed barrel; a flexible substrate disposed so as to urge the moving lens holding barrel in one direction orthogonal to the shooting optical axis O and bent so as to press a part of an outer surface of the moving lens holding barrel in the one direction to an inner surface of the fixed barrel; and a magnetism detecting portion detecting a relative position of the moving lens holding barrel from the fixed barrel according to magnetism of a position detecting magnet.

Abstract: An etalon has a pair of transparent components; a ring-shaped piezoelectric member which is provided between the pair of transparent components, which is bonded to the pair of transparent components, and which is provided with metal films on the surfaces which face the transparent component sides; and the external connecting terminals which are provided on the transparent components and which are connected to the metal films.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrowetting display device includes forming a protection layer on a pixel electrode, forming a water-repellent layer on the protection layer, and removing the water-repellent layer from regions surrounding a display area of the pixel electrode. The water-repellent layer is formed by coating the protection layer with a hydrophilic material using a method such as slit coating. The water-repellent layer is removed using a method such as an edge bead removal method. The resulting water-repellent layer has a uniform thickness.

Abstract: An embodiment of the disclosed technology provides a display device comprising an electrophoresis solution tank containing electrophoresis solution and at least a rolling ball used for display colors, the rolling ball being immerged into the electrophoresis solution; and a shelter layer disposed above and covering the electrophoresis solution tank, the shelter layer being made up of an opaque material. A light transmitting hole is formed in the shelter layer and above the core of the rolling ball, so that the light of the color to be currently displayed on the rolling ball passes through the light transmitting hole for display, while the light of the colors not intended to be displayed is blocked by the shelter layer.

Abstract: A layered micro-electronic and/or micro-mechanic structure comprises at least three alternating electrically conductive layers with insulating layers between the conductive layers. There is also provided a via in a first outer layer, said via comprising an insulated conductive connection made of wafer native material through the layer, an electrically conductive plug extending through the other layers and into said via in the first outer layer in order to provide conductivity through the layers, and an insulating enclosure surrounding said conductive plug in at least one selected layer of said other layers for insulating said plug from the material in said selected layer. It also relates to micro-electronic and/or micro-mechanic device comprising a movable member provided above a cavity such that it is movable in at least one direction. The device has a layered structure according to the invention. Methods of making such a layered MEMS structure is also provided.

Abstract: An optical deflection device includes a mirror having a reflection face for deflecting light that enters the reflection face; and a support member to support the mirror including a torsion bar having one end being continuously connected to the mirror; a beam being continuously connected to another end of the torsion bar; and a plurality of piezoelectric elements disposed on the beam including a first piezoelectric element and a second piezoelectric element.

Abstract: An optical scanner includes: a movable portion that is provided with a light reflection portion and is swingable around a first axis; a frame body portion that is swingable around a second axis; a first shaft portion that connects the movable portion and the frame body portion; a fixed portion; a second shaft portion that connects the frame body portion and the fixed portion; a strain detection element that is disposed in the second shaft portion to detect deformation of the second shaft portion; a first signal processing portion to which a detection signal of the strain detection element is input and that outputs a signal based on bending deformation of the second shaft portion; and a second signal processing portion to which a detection signal of the strain detection element is input and that outputs a signal based on torsional deformation of the second shaft portion.

Abstract: Various arrangements for controlling a head-mounted display of an augmented reality display are presented. A head-mounted display may be provided and may be configured to present a virtual field of view comprising a virtual object superimposed on a real-world scene. A controller may be provided and configured to modify display of the virtual object by the head-mounted display based on a first color of a real-world object in the real-world scene. The virtual object in the virtual field of view may be superimposed over the real-world object. A lumen output of the head-mounted display for displaying the virtual object may be decreased.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a head mounted display including: an enclosure accommodating a presentation section adapted to present a three-dimensional image and located in front of the eyes of a viewer when worn on the head of the viewer; and an imaging element provided in the enclosure and adapted to turn light external to the enclosure into an image, in which the imaging element images light that is vertically downward relative to the enclosure and forward in the direction of line of sight of the viewer when the enclosure is worn on the head of the viewer.

Abstract: A user (18) views a reference symbol (36) along a line of sight (28) intersected by an image intensifier (22), arranged to present an intensified image of a forward scene (26) to the eye (24) of the user (18), and an image display (14), arranged to display an image to the eye (24) of the user (18) overlaid on the intensified image. The user indicates alignment of first and alternate symbols generated at known positions on the image display (14) with the reference symbol (36) and the position of a helmet (16) carrying the image display (14) is determined by a helmet tracking system (30) for each alignment. A line of sight can be determined for each symbol alignment given the helmet (16) position and known location of the first and alternate symbols. These lines of sight can be used to determine the magnification factor of the forward scene (26) induced by the image intensifier (20).

Abstract: A head-mounted display device for enabling a user to simultaneously visually recognize a virtual image and an outside scene includes a warning-information generating unit configured to generate warning information, which is an image for calling the user's attention and an image display unit configured to cause the user to visually recognize the warning information as the virtual image.

Abstract: There is provided a light-guide, compact collimating optical device, including a light-guide having a light-waves entrance surface, a light-waves exit surface and a plurality of external surfaces, a light-waves reflecting surface carried by the light-guide at one of the external surfaces, two retardation plates carried by light-guides on a portion of the external surfaces, a light-waves polarizing beamsplitter disposed at an angle to one of the light-waves entrance or exit surfaces, and a light-waves collimating component covering a portion of one of the retardation plates. A system including the optical device and a substrate, is also provided.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to providing see-through computer display optics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for converting laser radiation (21) into laser radiation having an M profile, comprising separating means (34), which can separate the laser radiation (21) into at least two partial beams (22, 23) which, at least in some sections or partially, move in different directions or are arranged offset from one another, and optics means (38), which can introduce the at least two partial beams (22, 23) in a working plane and/or can, at least in some sections, superimpose the at least two partial beams (22, 23) in the working plane, wherein the separating means (34) comprise a lens array (39, 41) having at least two lenses (40, 42).

Abstract: An optical substrate having a structured surface that enhances brightness and reduces moiré effect. The optical substrate has a three-dimensionally varying, structured light output surface that comprises an irregular prismatic structure. The irregular prismatic structure may be viewed as comprising longitudinal prism blocks or rows thereof, arranged laterally defining peaks and valleys. Adjacent peaks, adjacent valleys, and/or adjacent peak and valley may be parallel or non-parallel, in an orderly, semi-orderly, random, or quasi-random manner. The lateral adjacent peaks, adjacent valleys, and/or adjacent peak and valley are not parallel. The adjacent irregular prism blocks may be irregular longitudinal sections having the same length, or random or quasi-random irregular sections having different lengths. The facets of each prism block may be flat, or curved (convexly and/or concavely).

Abstract: A color filter substrate, a fabrication method thereof, and a display device are provided. The color filter substrate includes: a substrate and a color filter film formed on a light incidence side of the substrate. At least one light refraction structure is continuously formed on a light incidence side of the color filter substrate, and each light refraction structure corresponds to a set of field of views (FOVs). The set of FOVs includes a left-eye FOV and a right-eye FOV, light rays from the left-eye FOV pass through a portion of the light refraction structure to which the left-eye FOV corresponds into a left-eye view zone, and light rays from the right-eye FOV pass through the other portion of the light refraction structure to which the right-eye FOV corresponds into a right-eye view zone.

Abstract: A wearable stereoscopic viewer having a frame with slots to position laterally movable left and right viewpoint optics to enable independent adjustment of the optics to the user's visual requirements, each optic having a lens and an occluding element, the left occluder configured to prevent the right image from being seen with the left lens, the right occluder configured to prevent the left image from being seen with the right lens, so that the left eye of the user sees only the left image, and the right eye of the user sees only the right image, respectively; the optics being secured into the slots with a nosepiece configured to be attachable to and releasable from the frame, to permit the optics to be removable and replaceable with optional types of optics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display device that may include a display panel; a polarization control unit on the display panel, the polarization control unit including: a first substrate; a second substrate opposite the first substrate; a first electrode on a surface of the first substrate opposing the second substrate; a second electrode on a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate; and a partition wall and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer between the first and second electrodes, wherein liquid crystal molecules of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer are arranged in a space defined by the partition wall.