Abstract: In an escalator or moving walkway one comb plate, which mounts comb segments on which teeth which mesh with grooves in escalator steps or moving walkway panels are configured, is in each case provided at the entry and exit. On the comb segments, a safety installation having a predetermined size extends transversely to the running direction of the escalator or the moving walkway. The safety installation is mounted at the transition between the comb plate and the comb segments, and movements of the comb plate and/or of the comb segments are detectable via the safety installation.

Abstract: A method for handling a wind turbine blade and mounting said blade on a wind turbine hub located at a nacelle at the top of a wind turbine tower is described. The wind turbine blade is lifted with a lifting system for handling wind turbine blades, in doing so said wind turbine blade is oriented in a substantially horizontal position. The wind turbine blade is fixed in the substantially horizontal position to the wind turbine hub. The lifting device is released from the blade using a remote control unit. The lifting device is further on removed from the blade.

Abstract: Load manipulator comprising a boom arm (1) and a return arm (3) parallel to each other, a loading bar (2) and a counterbar (4) so as to form a deformable parallelogram, an approximately horizontal pivot axis on which one of the arms of the parallelogram is articulated, and balancing means (8) applying a force at an compensation application point (C) to compensate for the force due to the load, said point being a point on the return arm (3) and a point on the counterbar such that it is always in line with point (M) on the loading bar at which the force due to the load is applied and the rotation axis, in which the balancing means (8) comprise a first counterweight (10) and a second counterweight (12) and a jack to compensate for the value of the force due to the load, the first counterweight (10) and the jack applying a force onto the compensation application point (C) and the second counterweight (12) applying a force on the boom arm (1).

Abstract: A chain hoist includes a body; a hoist chain passing through the body; through-holes in the body for the hoist chain; and an actuator arrangement for operating the chain hoist, the actuator being used for moving the hoist chain through said through-holes in a lifting or lowering direction of the chain hoist, and on the side of at least one through-hole the portion of the hoist chain moving outside the body is provided with a limiter member whose position in the longitudinal direction of the hoist chain is adjustable, the limiter member being provided with a detectable sensor; and a sensor detection member is provided in the vicinity of said through-hole to detect the detectable sensor at a predetermined distance.

Abstract: A power machine with an engine, a drive pump driven by the engine, and a drive motor operably coupled to the drive pump to receive a drive signal and provide a motor output to effect travel of the power machine is disclosed. A brake system on the power machine includes a brake for reducing or stopping movement of the power machine. A controller receives indications of a braking condition and whether the drive pump is outputting the drive signal. The controller determines in response to receipt of the indication of the braking condition whether the drive pump is outputting the drive signal to the drive motor shuts down the engine if the drive pump is providing the drive signal to the drive motor upon receipt of the braking condition.

Abstract: A filling element for a container treatment machine for filling containers with a liquid filling material includes a first channel formed in a filling element housing and forming a dispensing opening for controlled dispensing of filing material into a container, and a second channel formed in or on the housing for delivering a cleaning or disinfecting medium. On an outer face of the housing, a spray nozzle or spray-nozzle assembly connects to the second channel.

Abstract: A liquid dispensing system for use with a bag having a pre-attached spigot includes a cavity arranged to receive the bag of liquid. A spigot-recess is configured to engage the spigot of the bag of liquid. A top plate assembly is locatable at or near the top of the system, the top plate assembly including a pressure plate arranged to apply a downward force on the bag of liquid. The system also includes a lifting plate arranged to apply an upward pressure on the bag of liquid.

Abstract: A drink dispensing device has refillable sealed containers having ingredients known to a processor. Where the processor can initiate commands to mix and dispense the ingredients based on a selections by a consumer. The drink dispensing device may also retrieve suggested drinks from a remote server for display to a consumer. The suggested drinks may be based on historical data stored in the drink dispensing device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a container, in particular a large-volume disposable container, for example a keg (1) for accommodating liquids, in particular for accommodating drinks, and to an associated method for filling such a container. The container is provided with a connection fitting (2) with seal (3). Upon delivery of the container, the connection fitting (2) and/or the seal (3) define/defines a passage (8) which is closed when the container is dispatched.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for generating a dynamic graphical display for use in a product dispensing system, wherein the content of the display is dynamically generated based, at least in part, by the dispensing of a product. The product dispensing system can be a beverage dispensing system. When an operator activates a product dispenser to dispense a product, product imagery and/or related information may be dynamically generated and presented on a graphical display. A product dispensing and display system can include multiple product dispensers (for example, beverage taps) and an associated display for displaying dynamic digital content (such as visual and/or audible content) based on information received from the product dispensers and/or other input sources.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of a valve assembly for preventing dead leg spaces in a container or tubing, the embodiments including a three-way valve system for controlling back-pressure in a fluid generating device, such as a single-use high pressure bioreactor. Also disclosed is a pressurized reactor system for bioprocessing, comprising a single-use container including a flexible wall or a semi-rigid wall.

Abstract: An apparatus for dispensing liquid fuel comprises a plurality of inlet valves, each connected in-line with a respective inlet pipe in fluid communication with a respective source of a specific liquid fuel. A plurality of outlet valves are also provided, each connected in-line with a respective outlet pipe. A respective fuel hose is in fluid communication with each of the outlet pipes. The apparatus further comprises a Coriolis mass flow meter located between the inlet valves and outlet valves, the Coriolis mass flow meter providing a flow signal indicative of flow therethrough. A controller is operative to receive the flow signal and control the valves such that selected inputs of specific liquid fuels are dispensed to at least one of the fuel hoses. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the selected inputs of specific liquid fuels may include individual liquid fuels and blended combinations thereof.

Abstract: Filler devices having an enclosure sub-assembly are provided herein. Filler devices may include at least one of a reservoir and at least one working valve for dispensing the product into a container. Enclosure sub-assemblies may include an enclosure frame, an enclosure member, at least one hinge, and at least one magnetic latch assembly, wherein the at least one magnetic latch assembly comprises a body having a magnet associated therewith, and wherein the at least one magnetic latch assembly is fixedly secured to one of the enclosure frame or the enclosure member upon displacement of the enclosure member from a closed position to an open position, and releasably, magnetically secured to the other of the enclosure frame or the enclosure member upon displacement of the enclosure member from a closed position to an open position.

Abstract: A sensor system includes a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor, control circuit, signal evaluation circuitry, a digital to analog converter, signal filters, an amplifier, demodulation circuitry and memory. The system is configured to generate high and low-frequency signals, combine them, and provide the combined input signal to a MEMS sensor. The MEMS sensor is configured to provide a modulated output signal that is a function of the combined signal. The system is configured to demodulate and filter the modulated output signal, compare the demodulated, filtered signal with the input signal to determine amplitude and phase differences, and determine, based on the amplitude and phase differences, various parameters of the MEMS sensor. A method for determining MEMS sensor parameters is also provided.

Abstract: Nanocrystalline diamond coatings exhibit stress in nano/micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Doped nanocrstalline diamond coatings exhibit increased stress. A carbide forming metal coating reduces the in-plane stress. In addition, without any metal coating, simply growing UNCD or NCD with thickness in the range of 3-4 micron also reduces in-plane stress significantly. Such coatings can be used in MEMS applications.

Abstract: A semiconductor package includes an electrically conductive lead-frame, including a first die paddle having a first opening, and a plurality of electrically conductive leads, a ridge formed around a perimeter of the first opening, and an electrically insulating molding compound. The electrically insulating molding compound includes an interior cavity being defined by a planar base surface and outer sidewalls, a second opening formed in the base surface, and an interior sidewall within the interior cavity. The molding compound is formed around the lead-frame with the first die paddle in the interior cavity. The first and second openings are aligned with one another so as to form a port that provides access to the interior cavity. The ridge and the interior sidewall form a dam that is configured to collect liquefied sealant and prevent the liquefied sealant from overflowing into the port or into adjacent regions of the interior cavity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device packaging, and specifically to reducing harmonic distortion caused by such packaging. In one embodiment, a die is provided that employs a gold-doped silicon substrate, wherein at least one RF MEMS device is disposed on the gold-doped silicon substrate. By employing the gold-doped silicon substrate, the packaging can achieve an exceptionally high resistivity without any additional expensive components, wherein the high resistivity has an associated low carrier lifetime. Notably, the low carrier lifetime corresponds to reduced harmonic distortion generated by the gold-doped silicon substrate, even when operating at high power. Thus, the gold-doped silicon substrate provides a less expensive packaging in which to place RF MEMS devices, wherein the packaging is capable of operating at high power with reduced harmonic distortion.

Abstract: Measures are provided which are used for stabilizing the substructure of the connecting areas of ASIC elements. These measures relate to ASIC elements including an ASIC substrate, into which electrical circuit functions are integrated, and including an ASIC layer structure on the ASIC substrate, which includes multiple wiring levels for the circuit functions, which are separated from one another by insulation layers and are interconnected via metallic plugs. At least one connecting area for placing wire bonds or for wafer bonding is implemented in at least one of the uppermost wiring levels. At least one chain of metallic plugs arranged vertically in a direct line is implemented in the ASIC layer structure below the connecting area, which extends from the uppermost wiring level up to the ASIC substrate or oxide trenches introduced therein.

Abstract: Vertical mount package assemblies and methods for making the same are disclosed. A method for manufacturing a vertical mount package assembly includes providing a base substrate having electrical connections for affixing to external circuitry, and providing a package having a mounting region configured to receive a device therein. Flexible electrical leads are formed between the base substrate and the package. The flexible leads can include a plurality of aligned grooves to guide bending. After forming the flexible electrical leads, the package is rotated relative to the base substrate. The aligned grooves can constrain the relative positions of the substrates during rotation, and the beveled edges of the base substrate and package can maintain a desired angular relationship (e.g., perpendicular) between the base substrate and the package after rotation.

Abstract: Silicon based nanoparticle inks are formulated with viscous polycyclic alcohols to control the rheology of the inks. The inks can be formulated into pastes with non-Newtonian rheology and good screen printing properties. The inks can have low metal contamination such that they are suitable for forming semiconductor structures. The silicon based nanoparticles can be elemental silicon particles with or without dopant.

Abstract: A method for producing synthesis gas and ammonia by forming a synthesis gas mixture; separating solids from the synthesis gas mixture; subjecting the synthesis gas mixture to a shift reaction and separating the reaction products by a pressure swing adsorption unit. The hydrogen and nitrogen separated in the pressure swing adsorption unit are fed to an ammonia reactor to produce ammonia.

Abstract: Processes of and systems for removing free bromine from gaseous anhydrous HBr contaminated with free bromine are described. In one type of process the gaseous contaminated HBr is fed into countercurrent contact with at least one liquid alkylaromatic hydrocarbon within a packed section of a column while maintaining the packed section under free radical bromination conditions so that one or more than one liquid a-bromoalkylaromatic compound is produced along with one mole of gaseous HBr per mole of a-bromoalkylaromatic compound produced. In another type of process the gaseous anhydrous HBr is fed into countercurrent contact through at least two scrubbers so that the gaseous anhydrous HBr is scrubbed substantially free of bromine by passage through these at least two scrubbers, each of which contains a different specified type of scrubbing liquid. In one embodiment the liquid alkylaromatic hydrocarbon comprises 1,2-diphenylethane.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for hydrothermally treating sewage wastes to preferably obtain valuable products, including fatty acids, carbon-neutral combustible hydrochar fuels, heavy metal salts for recycling into industrially important metals, and phosphoric acid and derivatives thereof. Fatty acids can be chemically transformed into useful products such as soaps, cosmetics and liquid transportation fuels such as biodiesel and conventional gasoline, diesel and aviation fuels; hydrochars created in the process can be combusted and the energy created used to generate electricity; heavy metal salts can be chemically reduced to form industrially important metals for use as catalysts; and phosphoric acid and its derivatives have very important roles as fertilizers in agriculture.

Abstract: A method of treating an offgas includes purifying the offgas to remove particulate matter, water, undesirable gaseous components and inert gases to produce a dried carbon oxide gas feedstock, and converting at least a portion of carbon oxides in the dried carbon oxide gas feedstock into solid carbon. In other embodiments, a method includes passing a dried carbon oxide gas feedstock through a multi-stage catalytic converter. A first stage is configured to catalyze methane-reforming reactions to convert methane into carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen with residual methane. A second stage is configured to catalyze the Bosch reaction and convert carbon oxides and hydrogen to solid carbon and water.

Abstract: In the present invention, a starting material liquid including a carbon compound and a catalyst or a catalyst precursor, and a reaction vessel having a high-temperature zone heated to 900-1,300° C. are prepared. The starting material liquid is introduced into the reaction vessel, and a mixture is generated which comprises a gas including a carbon source, and catalyst microparticles dispersed in the gas. A carrier gas is then introduced in pulses into the reaction vessel, and the mixture is pushed out to the high-temperature zone. The carbon source and catalyst microparticles included in the mixture are then brought into contact with each other in the high-temperature zone, initial fibers are grown, and carbon fibers are subsequently grown in an environment in which the carrier gas is retained.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for enriching specific species of carbon nanotubes, comprising contacting a composition of carbon nanotubes with one or more quinone compounds, reacting the carbon nanotubes with the quinone compounds, and separating the carbon nanotubes reacted with the quinone compounds from the unreacted carbon nanotubes. The present invention is also directed to a field-effect transistor comprising a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube enriched using a method described herein.

Abstract: With a manufacturing method of a graphite sheet, a cavity-forming sheet having a mesh structure or a nonwoven fabric structure is firstly impregnated with polyamide acid and then molded into a sheet. The molded sheet is then heat treated to imidize polyamide acid so as to produce a polyimide sheet composed of polyimide and the cavity-forming sheet disposed in polyimide. The polyimide sheet is then fired in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to pyrolyze the polyimide so as to produce the graphite sheet. The cavity-forming sheet is made of material which maintains a shape thereof when the polyimide sheet is produced and which gasifies and loses at least 80% of its weight when the polyimide is pyrolyzed.

Abstract: A graphene base, including: graphene; and a substrate, wherein the graphene is formed directly on at least one surface of the substrate, and at least about 90 percent of an area of the surface of the substrate does not have a graphene wrinkle.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a fatty acid metal salt particle includes forming a coating layer including a fatty acid metal salt on a surface of a core material particle in supercritical carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the synthesis technology field of inorganic functional materials, and particularly provides a self-balanced high-pressure and high-shear autoclave and its application in the preparation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). In this invention, by imbedding the handpiece of emulsification mill into the autoclave, and by taking the motor driving system outside of the autoclave, the pressure of the autoclave can be highly stable by the use of self-balanced seal gland. These characters solve the problem that the typical emulsification mill cannot be used in high-pressure system, and ensure the crystallization under the high-pressure and high-shear conditions. Such autoclave takes the advantages of additional equipment, and eliminates the volume effect in the amplification process. By the use of this new autoclave, the reaction time can be shorten from 24 hours to 2-6 hours, the reaction temperature can be reduced from 180° C. to 140° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of medical isotope production by fission of uranium-235 and the fuel utilized therein (e.g., the production of suitable Low Enriched Uranium (LEU is uranium having 20 weight percent or less uranium-235) fuel for medical isotope production) and, in particular to a method for producing LEU fuel and a LEU fuel product that is suitable for use in the production of medical isotopes. In one embodiment, the LEU fuel of the present invention is designed to be utilized in an Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor (AHR) for the production of various medical isotopes including, but not limited to, molybdenum-99, cesium-137, iodine-131, strontium-89, xenon-133 and yttrium-90.

Abstract: A system for extraction of water from air includes a salt plate, a moisture absorption unit and a filter unit. The system further includes a storage unit. A method for extraction of water using the system includes placing the salt plate beneath the moisture absorption unit during a moisture absorption phase and placing the salt plate beneath the filter unit during a water extraction phase. The extracted water is stored in the storage unit for drinking and cleaning purposes. Further, a system for cleaning solar panels includes a moisture absorbing unit, a filter unit, a salt plate, a water storage unit, a solar panel, a wiper mechanism to receive water from the storage unit to clean the solar panel, and support elements to moveably support wiper mechanism.

Abstract: A biocidal fluid purification cap (2) for a fluid container (1), preferably one storing purified water for use in laboratory environments and especially purified water for cell culture and water for molecular biology. The purification cap (2) includes a cap body (3) including an engagement feature (20) for removably attaching the cap body (3) to a mating engagement feature on a spout of the fluid container (1) to hermetically close a spout opening, at least one LED (7a) adapted to emit light in the UV-C range, electronic circuitry (15) for driving the LED(s) (7a), and a power supply for the electronic circuitry (15). The LED(s) (7a) is/are arranged in said cap body (3) so as to be separated from the environment by an UV-transparent window (6) provided in the cap body (3) such that light emitted from said LED(s) (7a) enters the opening of the spout when the cap (2) is attached to the spout of the container (1).

Abstract: A fluid deionizer includes at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow a flow of fluid and to disallow at least one particular type of ion contained in the flow of fluid. A purge valve is placed in an open position so as to collect the at least one particular type of ion disallowed by the graphene sheet so as to clean off the at least one graphene sheet. Another embodiment provides a deionizer with graphene sheets in cylindrical form. A separation apparatus is also provided in a cross-flow arrangement where a pressurized source directs a medium along a path substantially parallel to at least one sheet of graphene from an inlet to an outlet. The medium flows through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed components in the medium flow out the outlet.

Abstract: A point of use irrigation water fertigation system utilizes plasma production of nitrogen-bearing species. Soluble nitrogen-bearing species are generated using an atmospheric air plasma treatment of an irrigation water supply. A plasma is generated by a tube having an air intake. A high frequency generator generates atmospheric plasma. The end of the tube is placed above the surface of the irrigation water supply and the plasma emanating from the tube generates nitrogen species in the water. The non-thermal plasma discharge efficiently produces highly reactive radicals and NOx species that have impact on water chemistry including inactivation of microorganisms with high efficacy and accelerated removal of persistent organic pollutants such as perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from water samples. Plasma ignition can be initiated with a low flow of helium gas injection. Upon ignition, the gas is transitioned to a helium/room air mix, immediately followed by a transition to ambient room air only.

Abstract: A desalination system comprises a silica removal unit. The silica removal unit comprises first and second electrodes, a plurality of ion exchange membranes disposed between the first and second electrodes and a plurality of spacers disposed between adjacent ion exchange membranes and between the first and second electrodes and the respective ion exchange membranes. The plurality of the ion exchange membranes comprises a pair of cation exchange membranes and a pair of anion exchange membranes disposed between the pair of cation exchange membranes. A first channel is defined between the anion exchange membranes and second and third channels are defined between each anion exchange membrane and an adjacent cation exchange membrane. A silica removal apparatus and a desalination method are also presented.

Abstract: A process is described for recovering alkali-chloride and alkali-sulfate salts from a salt solution. The salt solution comprises alkali metal, chloride and sulfate ions and is directed to a hydrous salt crystallization unit which crystallizes hydrated sulfate salts that comprise sulfate and at least one alkali metal. A purged solution from the hydrous salt crystallization unit is directed to a chloride salt crystallization unit while the hydrated sulfate salt crystals are melted to form an aqueous sulfate solution which is directed to a sulfate crystallization unit. Anhydrous sulfate salts are crystallized from the aqueous sulfate solution to form sulfate salt crystals comprising sulfate and at least one alkali metal. In the chloride salt crystallization unit, chloride salt is crystallized to form chloride salt crystals. A purge from the chloride salt crystallization unit is directed to the hydrous salt crystallization unit.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for creating plasma particles and applying the plasma particles to a liquid. Liquid feedstock (e.g., water and/or hydrocarbons mixed with biomass) is pumped through a pipeline; the single-phase stream is then transformed into a biphasic liquid-and-gas stream inside a chamber. The transformation is achieved by transitioning the stream from a high pressure zone to a lower-pressure zone. The pressure drop may occur when the stream further passes through a device for atomizing liquid. Inside the chamber, an electric field is generated with an intensity level that exceeds the threshold of breakdown voltage of the biphasic medium leading to a generation of a plasma state. Furthermore, the invention provides an energy-efficient highly adaptable and versatile method and apparatus for sanitizing water using plasma particles to inactivate biological agents contaminating water.

Abstract: A method of treating wastewater in a wastewater treatment system is disclosed. The wastewater treatment system receives an influent of the wastewater and having at least a first bioreactor and a second bioreactor each having therein bacteria for treating the waste material. The method comprises: monitoring a load parameter being indicative of a load on the second bioreactor; responsively to a monitored value of the load parameter, controlling at least one flow rate selected from the group consisting of (i) a flow rate from the influent to the second bioreactor through the first bioreactor, and (ii) a flow rate from the influent directly to the second bioreactor, so as to maintain a generally constant and predetermined load on the second bioreactor.

Abstract: An automatically controlled wastewater treatment process can include automatically controlling nitrification and denitrification capacity in a water source. The nitrification and denitrification capacity can be automatically controlled simultaneously. In addition, the wastewater treatment process can also include automatically controlling solids retention time (SRT) and biological phosphorus removal in a water source as well as automatically controlling the removal of water from a containment device.

Abstract: Liquid treatment systems, components of liquid treatment systems, and methods of treating liquids are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to water purification systems and uses thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of water filtration systems to combat Legionella bacterial contamination of industrial and commercial water systems, such as grocery store misting systems.

Abstract: A water purification apparatus for treating water containing at least some organic contaminants, and having a pre-treatment device for removing organic contaminants from a water stream, and having, a spin up bowl; a recovery bowl; an annular flow passage between the bowls; a magnetic member around the flow passageway; a magnetic body positioned adjacent to the member wherein the magnetic member and the magnetic body define a restricted annular flow passageway between them for flow of water from the spin up bowl to the recovery bowl; Also disclosed is a method of water treatment using the apparatus.

Abstract: A pool water purifying device includes a rough filtration module having a first housing. A rough filter is received in the first housing. An electrolyzing module includes a second housing. Two electrodes and an ultraviolet lamp are mounted to the second housing and extend into the second housing. The electrodes are electrically connected to a power supply. A fine filtration module includes a third housing receiving a fine filter. A piping unit includes a plurality of pipes and a plurality of valves. The valves connect the first, second, and third housings to intercommunicate the first, second, and third housings with each other. The valves are mounted on the pipes to control communication between the pipes.

Abstract: Hydrogen may permeate into an interior space of an article in response to molten glass being in contact with the outer surface of the article. The permeation may be restricted by having a fluid in a length of the interior space. The fluid may be in contact with the inner surface of the article, the fluid may fill at least about 33% of the volume of the length of the interior space, and the fluid may provide a predetermined partial pressure of hydrogen. Features may be provided for causing the fluid to flow within the interior space.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a glass optical element includes: a heating unit that heats a glass material; a pressurizing unit that pressurizes the glass material; a cooling unit that cools the glass material; a molding room in which the heating unit, the pressurizing unit, and the cooling unit are located; an inert-gas supplying unit that forms a plurality of flows of an inert gas within the molding room by blowing the inert gas in a plurality of directions crossing each other; and an inert-gas emitting unit that emits, from within the molding room, the inert gas supplied into the molding room by the inert-gas supplying unit.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a susceptor and a protective pipe. A gas containing 50% or more of argon or nitrogen is used as a gas to be supplied into the susceptor. The protective pipe has a heat insulating region (17a) enclosed with a heat insulator (18) with a length of Db (mm) at the upper section thereof and a non-heat insulating region (17b) not enclosed with any heat insulators at the lower section thereof. The temperature of the glass fiber at the outlet of the protective pipe becomes 1700° C. or less. The outer diameter of the glass fiber at the outlet of the protective pipe is within a range of the target outer diameter of the glass fiber+6 ?m or less.

Abstract: A mold for shaping glass can be made by a method that includes providing a mold body having a shaping surface comprising at least about 90% nickel and modifying the composition of the shaping surface of the mold body by exposing the shaping surface to an oxidizing heat treatment. The oxidizing heat treatment may include a ramping heat treatment, a fixed heat treatment, or both the ramping heat treatment and the fixed heat treatment. The ramping heat treatment may include increasing a heating temperature at a rate from about 20° C./hour to about 500° C./hour to a temperature from about 700° C. to about 1000° C. The fixed heat treatment may include holding the heating temperature from about 700° C. to about 1000° C. for a holding time of at least about 5 minutes.

Abstract: A method of making soda-lime glass using 100 wt % cullet as the glass forming materials is disclosed. Also disclosed is a soda-lime glass container made according to this method.

Abstract: Selenogermanate, selenogallo- or selenoindo-germanate glasses that are modified by alkali metals, for example, Na or Li and, as such, are characterized by high alkali ion mobility or conductivity. Ionic conducting chalcogenide glasses have potential application as an electrolyte medium for solid state batteries.