Abstract: A dividing wall distillation column for producing high-purity 2-ethyl hexanol including a condenser, a reboiler and a main column having a dividing wall. The main column is divided into a column-top zone, an upper feed zone, an upper outflow zone, a lower feed zone, a lower outflow zone and a column-bottom zone. A crude 2-ethyl hexanol raw material (F) flows in a middle inflow plate NR1 in which the upper feed zone and the lower feed zone come in contact with each other, a low boiling point component (D) flows out from the column-top zone, a high boiling point component (B) flows out from the column-bottom zone, and a middle boiling point component (S) flows out through a middle outflow plate NR2 in which the upper outflow zone and the lower outflow zone come in contact with each other, where the middle boiling point component is 2-ethyl hexanol.

Abstract: An extractor which provides significant features over structures known in the prior art. The present improved structure employs nozzles which eject a jet of fluid upwardly into a granular or flake product being conveyed on a transfer conveyor.

Abstract: An oil sludge mixing assembly replaces a screw driven oil sludge separator with a hydraulic mixing assembly. The assembly includes a chamber configured to hold a mixture comprising oil, water, and sludge in the interior space. An inlet is coupled to and extends into the chamber wherein the inlet is configured for passing the mixture into the interior space of the chamber. An outlet is coupled to and extends through the chamber wherein the outlet is configured for passing the mixture out of the interior space of the chamber. A housing is coupled to the chamber and an arm is extendably coupled to the housing. A paddle is coupled to the extendable arm such that the paddle is moved within the interior space by the arm for agitating the mixture in the interior space of the chamber and directing settled sludge to the outlet.

Abstract: This mixed liquid separation apparatus separates and extracts an oil and fat component, which has a lower specific gravity and higher viscosity than a coolant, from a mixed liquid in which the oil and fat component forms a surface layer as a result of floating to the surface of the coolant. The mixed liquid separation apparatus has a liquid separation and transfer part that is composed of a helical body, a shaft and rotary drive part. The liquid separation and transfer part is disposed in a vertical orientation such that the bottom of liquid separation and transfer part is inserted in a storage tank, which stores the mixed liquid, and separates the oil and fat component from the coolant and transfers said oil and fat component upward.

Abstract: A filter disposed as a cylinder around an axis line, and provided to be rotatable around the axis line, a treated water nozzle for emitting treated water toward an outer circumferential surface of the filter, a case provided to surround the filter, and including an outer cylindrical portion having a nozzle opening of the treated water nozzle therein, a filtered water flow path for guiding filtered water that has been transmitted through the filter to outside of the case from within the cylinder of the filter, and a discharge flow path for discharging discharged water that was not filtered through the filter to the outside of the case are provided.

Abstract: A wastewater filtration device, the device including a tank having end walls, a first screen rotationally mounted adjacent one tank end wall, and a second screen rotationally mounted adjacent the other tank end wall, adjacent the fine screen. The device further includes an inlet in one end wall adjacent the fine screen and into the fine screen, and an outlet in the other end wall adjacent the second screen and out of the second screen. A dividing wall is between the first screen and the second screen, so that water in the inlet flows into the first screen, and then through the first screen out into the tank, around the dividing wall, and then through the second screen into the outlet.

Abstract: The invention refers to a sieve drum for an installation to remove material to be sieved from a liquid, especially sewage (1), in which case the sieve drum (4) has an opening (6) at least in a front side area (5), through which it can be refilled with a liquid that carries the material to be sieved. According to the invention, it is suggested that the sieve drum (4) should comprise a folded sieve wall (9) with many openings (6), in which case the sieve drum (4) has a support structure that fixes the sieve wall (9) exclusively in a clamping way. In addition, an installation to remove material to be sieved from a liquid, especially sewage (1), with a corresponding sieve drum is described.

Abstract: A hollow cylindrical filter element for a liquid filter is flowed through in radial direction from an exterior of the filter element to an interior of the filter element by a fluid to be filtered. The fluid after filtration is drained from the interior of the filter element in an axial direction of the filter element. The filter element has a closure tube arranged in the interior of the filter element. The closure tube has a diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the interior of the filter element. The closure tube has a fluid-tight wall and the fluid after filtration is drained in the axial direction through the closure tube.

Abstract: A filter element disclosed herein includes a center tube defining a central reservoir and including an interior sidewall. The filter element further includes an end plate and a pocket defining a port extending from the end plate into the central reservoir. The pocket includes an inner wall, an outer wall, and a plurality of projections extending from the outer wall of the pocket toward the interior sidewall of the center tube.

Abstract: A water pitcher system that includes a water receiving aperture configured to allow water to be delivered into an interior water storage volume defined by a base and at least one upwardly extending wall extending upward from the base. The at least one upwardly extending wall includes an inner fluid facing wall section having an inner fluid facing surface and an outer user facing wall section having an exterior, user facing surface where the inner fluid facing wall section and the outer user facing wall section are each composites of a plastic substrate and a glass layer, typically deposited by vapor deposition or blow-molding, onto the plastic substrate. The inner fluid facing surface and the outer user facing surface are the glass layers.

Abstract: An apparatus for extending turndown in a gas-liquid separator is presented. The apparatus includes a first mist extractor with a first operating range and a second mist extractor with a second operating range. The mist extractors are generally of the same type, with the second operating range being different than the first operating range. A gas stream containing entrained liquid droplets flows through the first mist extractor and then through the second mist extractor. Each mist extractor coalesces and captures the liquid droplets within its own operating range, expanding the overall operating range of the separator. Additional mist extractors may be added to cover any gap between the first and second operating ranges.

Abstract: A filter system for intake air of an internal combustion engine has a housing with a cover. A filter element is arranged in the housing. An inlet feeds a medium to be filtered into the housing and an outlet discharges the medium from the housing. The filter element has a filter body with first end face and opposite second end face. The filter element has an open first end plate at the first end face and a second end plate at the second end face. A support tube is arranged concentrically about a longitudinal axis in the housing and attached with a first end to the housing. The support tube is arranged in the interior of the filter element and radially supports the filter body. The second end plate rests on the second end of the support tube and on an inner cover contour of the cover with anti-rotation action.

Abstract: A filter element, in particular a flat filter element (10) for installation in a filter housing of a filter for a fluid, in particular an air filter, in particular for an internal combustion engine, in particular in a motor vehicle, and a filter are described. The filter element (10) comprises open filter bellows (16) made of a filter medium (18), which has an oncoming flow side (28) and an outgoing flow side (30) for the fluid to be filtered. The filter element (10) has at least two hand grip elements (46) for gripping the filter element (10).

Abstract: A system for large-scale, distributed remediation of particulate air pollution using existing building HVAC cooling towers is described herein. The system consists of a generator section which captures, redirects, and accelerates exhaust air from a cooling tower, a venturi inlet and nozzle, and at least one air scrubber stage. In another embodiment, a portion of the exhaust air from an HVAC cooling tower fan is used to draw atmospheric air directly into a scrubber unit that fits compactly at the top of the exhaust assembly of the cooling tower.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyimide-based macromolecular compound which is produced by using DOCDA and one or more diamines selected from the group consisting of MDA, ODA, PDA, TDA, TrMPD, TeMPD and MBCA; and a gas-separation asymmetrical hollow-fiber membrane comprising the same. The polyimide-based macromolecular compound according to the present invention can advantageously be used in the production of a gas-separation hollow-fiber membrane having an asymmetrical structure since the said compound is highly viscous due to a high molecular weight in addition to having outstanding gas permeability and high selectivity while having excellent high heat resistance, chemical resistance, and mechanical properties and being outstandingly soluble in polar organic solvents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an adsorption-type air drying system, of which the object is to simplify the flow paths of the system, reduce the number of the components such as a valve intricately controlled according to the state of operation, and decrease the cost for constructing the system. Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide an adsorption-type air drying system which may be used under various pressure conditions, and smoothly operated regardless of the pressure change of the system by way of a structure compensating for the pressure loss generated during non-purge operation.

Abstract: An air temperature and humidity control device is provided including a heat pump and a humidity controller. The heat pump has a condenser, a first evaporator, a compressor, and a second evaporator. The humidity controller includes a first contactor fluidly coupled to the second evaporator. The first contactor includes at least one contact module having a porous sidewall that defines an internal space through which a liquid desiccant flows. A liquid source is coupled to the first contactor such that a second liquid provided by the liquid source flows through the first contactor adjacent an external side of the porous sidewall. Heat and/or water vapor transfers between the second liquid and the liquid desiccant.

Abstract: A method for drying natural gas or other industrial gases is disclosed in which such gas streams are dehydrated to very low water dew points using a dry liquid desiccant. The method comprises a continuous process with the liquid desiccant regenerated to by heating and the use of a stripping agent to provide two levels of regeneration which are used in sequential contacting of the gas stream. This disclosure reduces energy and capital costs relative to existing methods.

Abstract: The invention relates to an SCR catalytic convertor system and a method for operating a reductant metering process of an SCR catalytic converter system (14) of an internal combustion engine (10), wherein the SCR catalytic converter system (14) has a first SCR exhaust emission control device (16), an SCR catalytic converter (18) arranged downstream of the SCR exhaust emission control device, and a reductant metering device (20) for metering a reductant into the exhaust gas flow upstream of the first SCR exhaust emission control device (16), wherein the reductant metering process is controlled at least depending on a temperature of the first SCR exhaust emission control device (16) and of the SCR catalytic converter (18) arranged downstream, wherein (I) if the temperature of the first SCR exhaust emission control device (16) is greater than or equal to a predetermined minimum temperature (T_SPF min) and the SCR catalytic converter (18) arranged downstream is less than a predetermined minimum temperature (T_SCR

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for reducing the ionic strength or the concentration of certain polyvalent ions in aqueous dispersions of organic binding agents or inorganic solid bodies by electrodialysis, and a cell package suitable for use in the method. This method permits stabilization of aqueous compositions of the dispersed components by regulating the ionic strength or the concentration of certain polyvalent ions thereby increasing the durability and throughput times of coating baths. More particularly, the method is used in removing polyvalent metal cations from anionically stabilized aqueous binding agent dispersions.

Abstract: A cycling ultra-thin channel filtration (cUTF) method, system and module are disclosed for concentration and purification of biomolecules. In one embodiment, a cUTF system includes a cUTF module and a cycle controller to load a feed aliquot of a feed stream into the cUTF module inducing permeation of the feed stream to build a boundary layer by pressurizing the feed stream, to stop permeation and to recover a retentate aliquot in a repeating cycle.

Abstract: This disclosure provides water processing apparatuses, systems, and methods for recovering water from wastewater such as urine. The water processing apparatuses, systems, and methods can utilize membrane technology for extracting purified water in a single step. A containment unit can include an ionomer membrane, such as Nafion®, over a hydrophobic microporous membrane, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The containment unit can be filled with wastewater, and the hydrophobic microporous membrane can be impermeable to liquids and solids of the wastewater but permeable to gases and vapors of the wastewater, and the ionomer membrane can be permeable to water vapor but impermeable to one or more contaminants of the gases and vapors. The containment unit can be exposed to a dry purge gas to maintain a water vapor partial pressure differential to drive permeation of the water vapor, and the water vapor can be collected and processed into potable water.

Abstract: A method for sealing a membrane module by introducing a seal or a sealing mass between a head plate holding a tube bundle and a mounting ring holding the head plate. Alternatively, a sealing mass containing quartz sand is proposed for sealing cracks in the head plate.

Abstract: A membrane is provided including a coating layer having cellulose nanofibers produced from oxidized cellulose microfibers and an electrospun substrate upon which the coating layer is applied. The nanofibers of the electrospun substrate have a diameter greater than that of the cellulose nanofibers. The membrane also has non-woven support upon which the electrospun substrate is disposed. Microfibers of the non-woven support have a diameter greater than that of the nanofibers of the electrospun substrate. Application of electrospun membrane is in microfiltration area, while the cellulose nanofiber membrane serves in ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis after chemical modification.

Abstract: Fiber webs which are used in filter media are described herein. In some embodiments, the fiber webs include fibrillated fibers and optionally non-fibrillated fibers, amongst other optional components (e.g., binder resin). In some embodiments, the fiber webs include limited amounts of, or no, glass fiber. The respective characteristics and amounts of the fibrillated fibers are selected to impart desirable properties including mechanical properties and filtration properties (e.g., dust holding capacity and efficiency), amongst other benefits.

Abstract: A process for continuously producing hydrogen-containing water for drinking includes (a) filtering and purifying water as a raw material; (b) degassing the purified water supplied to a degasser; (c) dissolving hydrogen gas in the degassed water supplied to a hydrogen dissolution device; (d) sterilizing the hydrogen-dissolved water supplied to a sterilizer; (e) filling the hydrogen-containing water supplied to a filling device in a sealed container and transferring the filled water product to a heat sterilizer; and (f) heat-sterilizing the water product supplied to the heat sterilizer, wherein part of the hydrogen-containing water obtained in step (d) is returned to the degasser in step (b) and the water is circulated through steps (b) to (d).

Abstract: An energy-saving static stirring apparatus for automatically stirring a fluid includes a deflector adapted for stationary placement in a container that holds a fluid for boiling. The deflector may include at least one friction contact point for frictionally engaging the container to prevent movement of the deflector. An inner portion of the deflector may be configured for placement proximate to a center of the container. An outer portion of the deflector may be configured for placement proximate to a side of the container. One or more deflector ramps define one or more vent openings to impart lateral movement to heated fluid currents and/or vapor bubbles moving upwardly away from a heat source below the container and to redirect the fluid currents and/or vapor bubbles into a swirling motion that stirs the fluid without movement of the deflector.

Abstract: Provided are electrokinetically-altered fluids (e.g., gas-enriched (e.g., oxygen-enriched) electrokinetic fluids) comprising an ionic aqueous solution of charge-stabilized oxygen-containing nanostructures in an amount sufficient to provide, upon contact with a cell, modulation of at least one of cellular membrane potential and cellular membrane conductivity. Further provided are the methods of making the electrokinetically-altered ionic aqueous fluid compositions. Particular aspects provide for regulating or modulating intracellular signal transduction associated by modulation of at least one of cellular membranes, membrane potential, membrane proteins such as membrane receptors, including but not limited to G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), and intercellular junctions (e.g., tight junctions, gap junctions, zona adherins and desmasomes). Other embodiments include particular methods of producing the electrokinetically-altered fluids.

Abstract: Provided herein is a clamp and method of use thereof for agitating, mixing, or shaking a fluid container using a mechanical agitator, such as a hand motion shaker. The clamp includes: at least one grip adapted to attach to at least a portion of a fluid container; at least one base comprising a high friction portion configured to contact a bottom portion of the fluid container; a supporting member extending between the grip and the base; and a mounting structure for connecting the support member to a mechanical agitator. The fluid container may be a flask including an elongated narrow neck portion extending from a bulbous portion, which has a larger inner diameter than the narrow neck portion. A method of clamping a fluid container and an assembly including a clamp and a mechanical agitator are also provided.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an organic-inorganic composite material includes a flocculation and fusion step to flocculate and fuse composite particles in a liquid medium, the composite particles being formed by inorganic fine particles being coated by coating layers. In one embodiment, an average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is 1 nm or larger and 30 nm or smaller.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing beads comprising a material capable of gelation, said method comprising the steps of: (i) combining (a) a liquid composition comprising a material capable of gelation; and (b) a first hydrophobic phase; (ii) subjecting the liquid composition and the first hydrophobic phase, to means for emulsification in a first reactor by addition of external mechanical energy creating an emulsion comprising individual droplets comprising the material capable of gelation in the first hydrophobic phase (wherein the material capable of gelation provides a discontinuous phase and the first hydrophobic phase provides a continuous phase); (iii) stabilizing the droplets by transferring the emulsion from the first reactor to a stabilization reactor wherein the emulsion obtained in step (ii) is subjected to means for gelation in order to obtain gelation within 5 minutes or less, and the beads are formed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and an apparatus for extracting a long fiber, and in particular an endless fiber, embedded in a resin matrix forming a wound composite part, wherein the fiber is extracted as one single part by unwinding after a pyrolisis treatment for a decomposition of the matrix.

Abstract: Using a device for producing nanocarbon, a fluidized bed is formed by supplying a low hydrocarbon and oxygen to a fluid catalyst, and nanocarbon and hydrogen are produced by a decomposition reaction of the low hydrocarbon accompanied by a self-combustion of the low hydrocarbon and the oxygen. The device includes: a fluidized bed reactor for containing the fluid catalyst and for causing the self-combustion thereof while being supplied with the low hydrocarbon and the oxygen; a gas supplying unit connected to the fluidized bed reactor for supplying the low hydrocarbon and the oxygen to the fluidized bed reactor; an exhaust gas path connected to the fluidized bed reactor for exhausting an exhaust gas in the fluidized bed reactor to outside; and a supplying unit connected to the fluidized bed reactor for supplying the fluid catalyst to the fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: Embodiments of a series-coupled fluidized bed reactor unit are provided. In one embodiment, the reactor unit includes primary and secondary reactors. The primary reactor includes a reaction vessel, a gas distributor fluidly coupled to the reaction vessel, and a cyclonic plenum assembly. The cyclonic plenum assembly includes a plenum assembly housing, which is fluidly coupled to the gas distributor and which has an annular sidewall; and a gas/solids inlet pipe, which fluidly couples a partially-reacted gas outlet of the secondary reactor to the plenum assembly housing. The gas/solids inlet pipe is tangentially positioned with respect to the annular sidewall of the plenum assembly housing to induce vortex flow within the plenum assembly housing of the partially-reacted gas received from the secondary fluidized bed reactor through the gas/solids inlet pipe to promote the cyclonic separation of entrained solids from the partially-reacted gas prior to entry into the gas distributor.

Abstract: An aqueous calco-magnesian suspension comprising solid particles fitting the general formula a Ca(OH)2.b Mg(OH)2.c MgO in an aqueous phase at a concentration greater than or equal to 200 g/kg, wherein a, b and c represent mass fractions, the sum of which has a value from 90 to 100% and an additive which is simultaneously a viscosity reducer and a viscosity increase moderator, wherein said additive is a phosphonate or a phosphonic acid.

Abstract: A method for preparing acetazolamide sodium powder for injection is provided. The method includes steps of providing an acetazolamide sodium solution; and aseptically spray drying the acetazolamide sodium solution to obtain the acetazolamide sodium powder.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing antibodies against a protein of interest, through which highly specific antibodies against all proteins can be effectively and rapidly prepared with low cost, and the epitope to which the antibody is directed can be determined, so that a library covering epitopes on the surface of the proteins of interest and a library of antibodies against all the epitopes can be established. The antibodies are proved to be useful in detection, protein function investigation and antibody pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to control reaction rates of chemical reactions. Methods can include mixing chemical reactants to provide a reaction mixture, at least one chemical reactant being magnetic; and applying a magnetic field to the reaction mixture, the magnetic field being applied to effect a control of the rate of a chemical reaction between the reactants in the reaction mixture, the magnetic field being effective to change the reaction rate over a chemical reaction between the same reactants at the same pressure and temperature where the reaction mixture is not exposed to the magnetic field.

Abstract: An apparatus for the treatment of a liquid comprising includes a chamber having at least one inner surface. The chamber is at least 80 percent enclosed. The apparatus also includes an ultraviolet (UV) transmissive tube and the UV transmissive tube disposed within the chamber and adapted for the passage of the liquid therethrough. The apparatus further includes an UV lamp and the UV lamp being disposed within the UV transmissive tube. A reflective material is interspersed between the chamber and the transmissive tube, and the reflective material is adapted so as to reflect at least a portion of light emitted by the UV lamp. Additionally, the reflective material is at least 80 percent reflective.

Abstract: Systems and methods for fabricating bodies (e.g., porous bodies) are described. Various aspects provide for reactors and the fabrication of reactors. Some reactors include surfaces that provide for heterogeneous reactions involving a fluid (and/or components thereof). A fluid may be a gas and/or a liquid. A contaminant in the fluid (e.g., a dissolved or suspended substance) may react in a reaction. A contaminant may be filtered from a fluid. Some reactors provide for independent control of heat transfer (between the fluid, the reactor, and the environment) with respect to mass transfer (e.g., fluid flow through the reactor).

Abstract: Various aspects of the present invention pertain to methods of sorption of various materials from an environment, including radioactive elements, chlorates, perchlorates, organohalogens, and combinations thereof. Such methods generally include associating graphene oxides with the environment. This in turn leads to the sorption of the materials to the graphene oxides. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention also include a step of separating the graphene oxides from the environment after the sorption of the materials to the graphene oxides. More specific aspects of the present invention pertain to methods of sorption of radionuclides (such as actinides) from a solution by associating graphene oxides with the solution and optionally separating the graphene oxides from the solution after the sorption.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an adsorbing agent which, on the basis of the total weight of the adsorbing agent, comprises the following components: 1) a Si—Al molecular sieve having a BEA structure, in an amount of 1-20 wt %, 2) at least one binder selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, stannic oxide, zirconium oxide and alumina, in an amount of 3-35 wt %, 3) a silica source, in an amount of 5-40 wt %, 4) zinc oxide, in an amount of 10-80 wt %, and 5) at least one promoter metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, iron and manganese, based on the metal, in an amount of 5-30 wt %, wherein at least 10 wt % of the promoter metal is present in a reduced valence state. The adsorbing agent exhibits improved activity and stability, and at the same time, is capable of significantly improving the octane number of the product gasoline.

Abstract: Compositions containing a porous organic polymer and a monovalent metal cation are provided for separation/purification of olefins and paraffins. The compositions can be stable and recyclable. The compositions can contain acidic functional group having monovalent metal cations associated therein. The monovalent metal cations can include Ag(I) and Cu(I), capable of strong cation-pi binding to ethylene and other olefins. The compositions can have a large surface area greater than about 20 m2/g. The compositions can be used to separate/purify mixtures of ethylene and ethane. The compositions can have an ethylene/ethane adsorption selectivity of about 20 to 500 at 296 K. Methods of making the compositions are provided. Methods can include synthesizing the porous organic polymer, grafting acidic functional groups onto the polymer, and cation exchange with a salt or acid of a monovalent metal cation. Methods of olefin/paraffin separation are provided capable of achieving purities over 99%.

Abstract: A mineral wool batt for use as a plant growth medium, particularly in applications for growing vegetation (including plants) in which water retention and/or the avoidance of water run-off is of interest. The mineral wool batt has an absorbent layer which comprises needled mineral wool fibers; superabsorbent particles in the absorbent layer may be sandwiched between a denser upper and/or lower barrier layer(s) which assist in preventing their escape.

Abstract: Diesel oxidation ZPGM catalyst systems are disclosed. ZPGM catalyst systems may oxidize toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that may be included in exhaust gases. ZPGM catalyst systems may include: a substrate, a washcoat, and an impregnation layer. The washcoat may include at least one carrier material oxides. The impregnation layer may include at least one ZPGM catalyst, carrier material oxides and OSMs. Suitable known in the art chemical techniques, deposition methods and treatment systems may be employed in order to form the disclosed ZPGM catalyst systems.

Abstract: A method is described for preparing a catalyst suitable for use in a steam reforming process, including the steps of: (i) spraying a slurry containing a particulate catalyst compound, including one or more catalytic metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Au, on to the surface of a shaped support in a pan coater to form a coated shaped support material having the catalytic metal in a surface layer, (ii) drying and optionally calcining the coated shaped support material to form a catalyst precursor, and (iii) optionally reducing the metal or metals in the catalyst precursor to a lower oxidation state to form the catalyst. The egg-shell catalyst is useful for performing a steam reforming reaction.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a substrate comprising nanomaterials for treatment of gases, washcoats for use in preparing such a substrate, and methods of preparation of the nanomaterials and the substrate comprising the nanomaterials. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a substrate comprising nanomaterial for three-way catalytic converters for treatment of exhaust gases.

Abstract: The effect of firing (calcination) cycle on metallic substrates in ZPGM catalyst systems is disclosed. ZPGM catalyst samples with washcoat and overcoat are separately fired in a normal, slow and fast firing cycles to determine the optimal firing cycling that may provide an enhanced catalyst performance, as well as the minimal loss of washcoat adhesion from the samples.

Abstract: A method for oxidizing a carbonaceous material, the method comprising contacting the carbonaceous material with an effective amount of a catalytic material of formula AxMyWOz, and initiating the oxidization of the carbonaceous material at a first temperature lower than a second temperature at which the carbonaceous material is initiated to oxidize without a catalyst, wherein A is at least one of cesium and potassium, M is different from A and is at least one of cesium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and bismuth, 0?x?1, 0?y?1, 2.2?z?3, when x=0, y>0, and when y=0, x>0.

Abstract: Synergies resulting from combinations of catalyst systems including Copper-Manganese material compositions and PGM catalysts are disclosed. Variations of catalyst system configurations are tested to determine most effective material composition, formulation, and configuration for an optimal synergized PGM (SPGM) catalyst system. The synergistic effect of the selected SPGM catalyst system is determined under steady state and oscillating test conditions, from which the optimal NO/CO cross over R-value indicates enhanced catalytic behavior of the selected SPGM catalyst system as compared with current PGM catalysts for TWC applications. According to principles in the present disclosure, application of Pd on alumina-based support as overcoat and Cu—Mn spinel structure supported on Nb2O5—ZrO2 as washcoat on suitable ceramic substrate, produce higher catalytic activity, efficiency, and better performance in TWC condition, especially under lean condition, than commercial PGM catalysts.