Abstract: A fuel injection valve includes a body including a first chamber that supplies fuel of a first pressure, a second chamber that supplies fuel of a second pressure, and an injection hole, a valve chamber member including a valve chamber connectable to the first chamber and the second chamber, a control chamber member including a control chamber connectable to the first chamber, a needle pressed by pressure of fuel in the control chamber in a direction that causes fuel injection from the injection hole to stop, an actuator, a valve element that selectively connects the first chamber, second chamber, and the valve chamber according to the actuator extending and contracting, and a transmission mechanism that when the actuator extends, transmits the force to the needle as a force in a direction that causes fuel to be injected from the injection hole.

Abstract: An outboard motor includes a crankshaft, a first bank including a plurality of first cylinders, a second bank including a plurality of second cylinders, a plurality of first injectors, a plurality of first spark plugs, a plurality of second injectors, and a plurality of second spark plugs. Each of the first and second cylinders includes a combustion chamber, an intake port, and an exhaust port. The first injectors and the first spark plugs are alternately disposed in a vertical direction. The second injectors and the second spark plugs are alternately disposed in the vertical direction in a reverse order to that of the first injectors and the first spark plugs. When the crankshaft is seen from a horizontal direction, the first cylinders and the second cylinders are disposed symmetrically about a point of symmetry arranged on an axis of the crankshaft.

Abstract: A nozzle plate has a plurality of blades in the area that surrounds the nozzle hole on the outer plane of the bottom wall part. When the fuel is injected from the nozzle hole and the pressure in the vicinity of the nozzle hole is reduced, the plurality of blades guide a flow of air from the radially outward side of the bottom wall part to the radially inward side of the bottom wall part and generates a swirling flow of the air about the center of the bottom wall part. The swirling flow of the air about the center of the bottom wall part changes to a helical flow by receiving kinetic momentum from fine particles of the fuel injected from the nozzle hole and the helical flow of the air transports the fine particles of the fuel.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine including a starter is shown. A method for monitoring the starter includes determining electrical energy consumed by pinion and motor solenoids operative to activate and rotate a pinion gear of an electrically-powered motor meshingly engageable to a starter ring gear portion of a flywheel of the engine during an engine starting event. Current ringing in the pinion and motor solenoids is monitored during the engine starting even, and a fault is identified in the pinion and motor solenoids based upon the current ringing and the electrical energy consumption of the starter during the engine starting event.

Abstract: A lawn care device may include an engine to selectively power the lawn care device, a frame supporting the engine of the lawn care device, an ignition system for selectively powering the lawn care device based at least in part on operation of an ignition interface controlled by a processor (310), an optical isolator (320) which detect the operational presence of the processor (310) and a shutdown circuit (300) which is able to ground out the ignition coil (360) as a function of the conductive state of the optical isolator (320); the shutdown circuit being powered by an ignition coil (360) of the ignition system to generate a failsafe condition in response to failure or loss of the processor (310).

Abstract: An HT cooling system cools at least a cylinder block with HT cooling water. An LT cooling system cools an intake port with LT cooling water that is at a lower temperature than the HT cooling water. A controller performs an ignition retard control that involves correcting the ignition timing based on the result of detection of a knock by a knock sensor, and a cooling enhancement control that involves enhancing cooling by the LT cooling system in the case where a knock is detected compared with the case where no knock is detected. The way of cooling by the HT cooling system is unchanged whether a knock is detected.

Abstract: A control device for an internal combustion engine includes a knock control system, a cooling system, and an electronic control unit. The knock control system is configured to ignite a spark plug an ignition crank angle obtained by retarding the ignition crank angle in response to an occurrence of the knocking. The electronic control unit is configured to supply a command value corresponding to a target value of a cooling parameter to the cooling system such that the cooling system performs cooling of the internal combustion engine according to the command value. The electronic control unit is configured to correct the command value based on a KCS learned value such that as the KCS learned value increases, a correction amount for correcting the command value increases in correction amount in a direction in which a cooling capacity of the cooling system increases.

Abstract: An igniter for a spark ignition system includes a support body fabricated from an electrically insulating material and a metal casing disposed outwardly of and at least partially surrounding the support body. The metal casing has a structure for connecting the metal casing to ground. At least two rod-shaped first electrodes are supported one relative to another by the support body and are electrically isolated one from the other by the support body. Each first electrode has a first end that protrudes from a first end of the support body at a spark forming end of the igniter. The support body is disposed at least partly within an axial channel of a generally cylindrically-shaped second electrode. The second electrode projects past the support body at the spark forming end of the igniter and cooperates with the first ends of the at least two first electrodes to define at least two spark gaps. The second electrode is electrically isolated from the metal casing by an air gap.

Abstract: A method for operating an ignition system for an internal combustion engine, including a first voltage generator and a bypass, is described. The bypass may include, for example, a boost converter for maintaining a spark generated with the aid of the first voltage generator. A speed of an internal combustion engine used with the ignition system is ascertained and the operating mode of the bypass is modified in response to the speed change.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a runner unit of a tidal power plant, and more particular to a device for reversing a blade of the runner unit. The device according to the invention is lighter and more efficient with respect to known solutions which involve articulated mechanisms as it is based on an auxiliary servomotor including a reciprocating linear rack which acts on the blade to be reversed.

Abstract: An ocean current power generation system which uses an inlet pipe to guide the ocean current to a pool at the sea surface for power generation, the ocean current's kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy when the water flows into the pool and stored therein, an outlet pipe or path drains the stored water back to the sea and a generator or turbine is installed at the drainage path to generate electric power.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for a modular hydrokinetic turbine. An apparatus includes modular vertically floating units tethered to shore with a generator residing above a waterway and a plurality of vertically oriented blades submerged in the waterway to convert a latent kinetic energy of a moving waterway into electricity.

Abstract: A bulkhead assembly for a wind turbine blade is described, where the bulkhead is substantially formed from a flexible sheet material. In one aspect, the flexible sheet material can be attached to the larger assembly using a releasable connection, e.g. a zipped connection, to allow for relatively easy installation and removal, e.g. for repair or other service operations. At least a portion of the sheet material may be transparent, to allow for easy inspection of the interior of the wind turbine blade. In one aspect, the bulkhead assembly is arranged to couple to, or is formed integrally with, the root flange of a wind turbine blade. The use of such a flexible material to form the blade root end bulkhead allows for ease of handling and manufacturability over prior art systems.

Abstract: Wind turbine consisting of an anchoring to the ground or to a base and a mast, the natural oscillation frequency of which is purposely adjusted to the frequency of appearance of the air vortices or eddies produced after the collision of a laminar and stationary airflow against the surface thereof. The aeroelastic energy thus absorbed is converted into electrical energy due to the use of materials with high electromechanical coupling.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy generator uses the fluid flow principles of vortex shedding and transverse galloping to generate oscillatory motion of a beam, and alternators, optionally located near both ends of the beam, generate electrical power when the beam is in motion.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a system and method for reducing vibrations of a tower (e.g. a tubular steep tower or a lattice tower structure) of a wind turbine. The method includes continuously determining a torsional movement of the tower based at least in part on measurements obtained from one or more sensors. Another step includes continuously determining, via a controller, a control command for one or more pitch drive mechanisms of the wind turbine based on the torsional movement. Thus, the method also includes operating the one or more pitch drive mechanisms based on the control command so as to dampen the torsional movement of the tower.

Abstract: A wind power generation apparatus includes a sensor which senses a quantity of light transmitted through a lubricant supplied to a gear box internal to a nacelle, and a monitor which monitors a state of the lubricant based on an output of the sensor. The monitor calculates as a normal standard deviation ?normal a standard deviation of the sensor output value in a normal operation in which a foreign matter is not introduced in the lubricant, generates as a threshold value for abnormality determination ?sh the calculated normal standard deviation ?normal multiplied by a real number, and stores the generated threshold value ?sh. And the monitor determines whether a foreign matter is introduced in the lubricant based on a result of comparing the sensor output value's standard deviation ? with threshold value ?sh.

Abstract: A machine for near-adiabatic compression/expansion of gas comprises two or more stages. Each stage utilises the oscillatory motion of liquid through a set of tubes to transfer power between a displacer part and a converter part. In the converter part, each of several vertical gas compression/expansion cylinders admits an oscillating column of liquid which rises and falls to act as a liquid piston. The surface of said liquid piston is thermally isolated from the gas above it by a cover-block floating atop the liquid. The cover-block also acts to minimise the transport of gas molecules into the liquid or liquid molecules into the gas. The displacer part transforms power between the oscillatory motion of the liquid and mechanical shaft power. The machine is suited to converting slow speed mechanical power into the form of (near-) adiabatically compressed gas and has potential applications in wind wave and tidal generation.

Abstract: A pumping device configured to directly drive a reciprocating member to pump a fluid. In one embodiment, the pumping device comprises a body forming an internal chamber. The reciprocating member may be disposed in the body, the reciprocating member having a first end, a second end, and an axis. The embodiment may further include a drive system magnetically coupled with the reciprocating member, the drive system comprising a first conductive body affixed relative to the reciprocating member. The drive system may be configured to induce a first magnetic field by energizing the first conductive body. The reciprocating member may be configured to induce a second magnetic field in a manner that causes the reciprocating member to move between a first position and a second position to fill and evacuate the internal chamber with a fluid.

Abstract: A monitoring system for a fluid pump having a fluid end and a power end is provided. The monitoring system includes an inlet pressure sensor attached to an inlet manifold of the fluid end. The inlet pressure sensor generates a signal indicative of an inlet pressure of a fluid being supplied to the fluid end. The monitoring system includes a discharge pressure sensor attached to the fluid end. The discharge pressure sensor generates a signal indicative of a discharge pressure of the fluid exiting the fluid end. The monitoring system includes at least one accelerometer attached to the fluid end. The accelerometer generates a signal indicative of vibrational data of the fluid pump. The monitoring system includes a controller which receives signals from the inlet pressure sensor, the discharge pressure sensor and the accelerometer and determines a possible failure mode of the fluid pump.

Abstract: An electric pump includes: a motor rotor having a cylindrical yoke; a pump portion having outer and inner rotors; a shaft transmitting a rotational force from the motor rotor to the pump portion; a motor housing in which a coil portion is fixed to an inner peripheral surface and the motor rotor is housed on the inside of the coil portion; and a pump main body housing the pump portion, wherein the pump main body has a bearing portion supporting a portion of the shaft between the motor rotor and the inner rotor, and the inner rotor has a first recessed portion of a diameter greater than that of the shaft on a side facing the bearing portion and a part of the bearing portion is inserted into the first recessed portion to be disposed.

Abstract: A compressor includes a cylinder, a shaft including a main shaft and an eccentric part, a roller part having an inner circumferential surface fitted on an outer circumferential surface of the eccentric part so as to make an orbital motion, a blade part along with the roller part partitioning inside of the cylinder chamber into low and high pressure chambers, and sliding bearing parts fixed to the cylinder and including cylindrical surfaces supporting the main shaft. A relation (?Ds??Dr)/2<? is satisfied. ?Ds is an inside diameter of the inner circumferential surface of the cylinder chamber, ?Dr is an outside diameter of the outer circumferential surface of the roller part, and ? is an eccentricity of a central axis of the eccentric part relative to a central axis of the main shaft. Central axes of the cylindrical surfaces are eccentric relative to a central axis of the inner circumferential surface.

Abstract: A rough vacuum pump system includes a primary vacuum pump and a secondary vacuum pump. The primary vacuum pump is an oil-free positive displacement pump, and has an inlet opening, an outlet opening, a compression stage between the inlet and outlet openings, and an intermediate gas passageway that connects to a gas flow path running through the compression stage. The secondary vacuum pump is connected to the intermediate gas passageway of the primary vacuum pump. The compression ratio of the primary and secondary vacuum pumps operating in combination is greater than that of the compression ratio of either of the primary and secondary vacuum pumps operating individually. A vacuum apparatus includes a tracer gas detector connected to an inlet of the primary vacuum pump.

Abstract: A scroll compressor that includes a housing and scroll compressor bodies disposed in the housing. A motor is disposed within the housing and operably connected to a drive shaft for driving one of the scroll compressor bodies. The drive shaft is rotationally supported at one end by a crankcase which includes a bearing housing and a bearing. The crankcase includes a plurality of openings or gas passages passing through the crankcase, as well as a plurality of generally cylindrical sections positioned respectively between adjacent openings. The cylindrical sections define contact regions which can engage an inner periphery of the housing when the crankcase is mounted therein.

Abstract: A bearing system includes a stationary element, a housing, a shaft, a first and second thrust collars, a first and second bearing units, and a mechanical component. The housing includes a first end portion and a second end portion contacting the stationary element. The shaft and second thrust collar are disposed within the housing. The first and second thrust collars are spaced apart from each other and coupled to the shaft. The first bearing unit is disposed between the first thrust collar and a first side of second thrust collar. The first bearing unit contacts the first thrust collar and coupled to the first end portion. The second bearing unit is disposed between a second side of second thrust collar and second end portion. The second bearing unit contacts second thrust collar. The mechanical component extends along the shaft and contacts the second bearing unit and second end portion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a numerical affinity pump sensorless conversion signal processing technique, e.g. based upon processing the pump differential pressure, flow rate and power at pump maximum speed published by pump manufacturers, as well as the pump affinity law in order to obtain instant pump differential pressures and flow rate directly and numerically. The sensorless converter technique may be applied to any form of pump characteristics distributions simple or complicated, since there is no need to reconstruct and to solve any pump and system characteristics equations. As a result, the computation accuracy is significantly improved.

Abstract: A method for actively damping oscillations in a compression process, the method being performed by a controller. The method includes acquiring process data from a compression process, performing oscillation frequency estimation of any detected oscillations in the process data, generating a damping signal based on the oscillation frequency estimation, and providing the damping signal to an electrical drive of the compression process.

Abstract: A fan assembly and associated methods are shown. Fan assemblies and methods include a fluid passage region defined between a fan motor and an outer housing. Example assemblies and methods include a number of hollow vanes located within the fluid passage region to permit an air flow between the fan motor and air external to the outer housing. In selected examples, fan motor cooling is facilitated using configurations described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of household appliances and provides a type of multipurpose fan. The fan comprises a front fan cover, a rear fan cover, blades, a motor, and a handle. The front fan cover and the rear fan cover fit together to form a fan cover, a protrusion mirrored along the center line of the fan is disposed on the bottom of the fan cover, a foldable connecting part is disposed on the bottom of the rear fan cover, and a foldable mounting part that can be fitted with the foldable connecting part is disposed on the top of the handle. The handle further comprises a handle housing, a battery, a battery cover, a line group, an adjusting knob, an anti-slip pad, and an elastic metal bar, where the battery, line group, and adjusting knob are disposed inside the handle housing, an opening is set in the handle housing at a position corresponding to the adjusting knob, and the elastic metal bar comprises a short edge and a long edge.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling an auxiliary power unit (APU) are provided. The systems and methods may comprise detecting an operating condition of the APU, determining an optimal APU frequency in response to the operating condition, and setting an angular velocity of the APU to the optimal APU frequency.

Abstract: A fan is provided. The fan includes a first power terminal, a second power terminal, a filter, a motor driver, a motor, a current sensor, and a controller. The filter includes an amplifying element, a resistor, and a capacitor, wherein a first terminal of the amplifying element is electrically connected to the first power terminal, a second terminal of the amplifying element is electrically connected to a first terminal of the resistor, and the capacitor is electrically connected between the second power terminal and a third terminal of the amplifying element. The motor is electrically connected to the third terminal of the amplifying element. The current sensor detects the current flowing through the motor and correspondingly generates a current sensing signal. The controller outputs a first control signal to the resistor according to the current sensing signal such that the amplifying element operating in an active region.

Abstract: A compressor housing of a supercharger includes: a housing body housing an impeller therein, and having an inner circumferential recess in a recessed shape on an annular inner circumferential surface along an outer circumference of the impeller; and a sliding member in an annular shape disposed in the inner circumferential recess, an inner circumferential surface of the sliding member having a shroud surface that faces the impeller. The housing body includes a diffuser surface that is disposed circumferentially outward of the shroud surface in a manner as to be continued to the shroud surface. Joint portions in which the housing body and the sliding member are joined through a friction stir welding are provided at a boundary between an outer circumferential end of the sliding member and an inner circumferential end of the diffuser surface of the housing body.

Abstract: An object is to provide a seal structure capable of reducing abrasion of a seal ring without increasing the number of components and of minimizing generation of abrasion powder. A seal structure to seal clearance between an outer peripheral surface 8a of a rotary shaft 8 and an inner peripheral surface 6a of a bearing housing 6 includes: a first seal groove 22A formed on the outer peripheral surface 8a of the rotary shaft 8; a second seal groove 22B disposed between the first seal groove and the impeller; a first seal ring 26 to be mounted to the first seal groove; and a second seal ring 28 to be mounted to the second seal groove.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a turbo fan, which is capable of implementing high efficiency of ventilation and reducing noise by providing a bended portion being bended in a reverse direction against a rotational direction of a wing between a leading edge and a tailing edge thereof to reattach an air separation generated at a negative pressure surface of the wing, and an air conditioner having the same.

Abstract: A compressor airfoil of a turbine engine having a geared architecture includes pressure and suction sides that extend in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position. The airfoil has a relationship between a camber angle and span position that defines a curve with a decreasing camber angle from 80% span to 100% span.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas turbine engine comprising a tubular containment casing surrounding a rotary fan blade assembly. The radially outer perimeter (and optionally the radially inner perimeter) of the radial cross-sectional profile of the containment casing is non-circular e.g. polygonal, corrugated, fluted or wavy.

Abstract: A fan assembly is shown. Examples of fan assemblies shown include asymmetric vanes. In one example, the vanes are substantially identical, but are located asymmetrically with respect to one another. In one example the vanes are asymmetric with respect to one another. In one example, the vanes are both asymmetrically located and are asymmetric with respect to one another. Fan assemblies and vanes are further shown that include hollow vanes. Passages in the hollow vanes may allow external air to contact a fan motor and/or mix with a primary flow.

Abstract: A fan structure comprising a base, a fan inlet funnel coupled to the base, the fan inlet funnel having an inner surface for conducting air flow into a fan inlet and an outer surface and a plurality of external ribs coupled to the outer surface of the fan inlet funnel.

Abstract: An oil-cooled gas compressor provided with a compressor body, an oil separator that separates out oil from a compressed gas, a gas pipe for sending the compressed gas, from which oil has been separated out by the oil separator, to a user, and an oil pipe for returning, to the compressor, the oil separated out by the oil separator. An air-cooled heat exchanger for cooling the aforementioned oil, a controllable-speed cooling fan for blowing cooling air at said air-cooled heat exchanger, and a waste-heat-recovery heat exchanger, provided upstream of the air-cooled heat exchanger, for recovering heat from the oil flowing through the abovementioned oil pipe, are also provided. The speed of the cooling fan is controlled so as to bring the temperature of the compressed gas discharged from the compressor body to within a prescribed range.

Abstract: A laser piston position sensor for determining the position of a piston within an accumulator, the laser piston position sensor configured to attach to an end of the accumulator, and the accumulator having an aperture in the end thereof exposing the piston within the accumulator to the laser piston position sensor. The laser piston position sensor including a sensor housing enclosing a cavity containing a low pressure gas, and defining an opening from the cavity toward the accumulator, a laser sensor positioned within the cavity for emitting a laser toward the piston of the accumulator via the opening in the sensor housing and the aperture in the accumulator, and a transparent lens positioned between the laser sensor and the accumulator to allow passage of the laser from the laser sensor to the piston, and to separate gases in the accumulator from gases in the cavity of the sensor housing.

Abstract: A compression limiter for limiting compressive force applied by a fastener when fastening a component to a body. The compression limiter includes a sleeve and a diaphragm. The sleeve is formed in a cylindrical shape with openings at both ends. The diaphragm is coupled to an inner surface of the sleeve. The diaphragm is deformable between a first configuration and a second configuration. The first configuration defines a slit on the diaphragm with a width less than a diameter of the fastener. The second configuration expands the slit according to the diameter of the fastener so that the fastener is retained within the sleeve because of an elastic force applied by the diaphragm.

Abstract: A cable lock and seal device comprising a body and a cover with which complementarily forms a block enclosing there within a passage and a chamber. The body is integral with a base in which one end of a cable may be secured. The other free end of the cable may be inserted into the passage which is preferably curved and traverses the assembled body-and-cover block. The chamber is adapted with a ramp rising towards the passage, a slot for retaining a spring which second end is disposed to urge a locking wheel up the ramp against said passage. The urging of the locking wheel by the biasing means up the ramp is restrained when the locking wheel's axle engages a rib on the chamber wall to limit the wheel's further entry into the passage upon sufficiently engaging said cable and preventing its withdrawal by reversing its insertion.

Abstract: A securing device includes a cover member having a first surface, a second surface disposed opposite the first surface, a first end, and a second end disposed opposite the first end, a resilient member, and a first friction region disposed on the first surface of the cover member. The resilient member is at least partially disposed between the first surface and the second surface of the cover member and is movable between at least a first resting configuration and a second resting configuration. The cover member is adapted to at least partially wrap around an elongated bar when the resilient member is positioned in the second configuration such that the friction region contacts the elongated bar and exerts a frictional force thereon to limit movement of the cover member in an axial direction of the elongated bar.

Abstract: A connecting system for connecting a pile to a structural member has a core portion, a first interface portion, and a second interface portion. The core portion defines a system axis. The first interface portion defines a reference plane and is adapted to be connected to the core portion and the structural member. The second interface portion is adapted to be connected to the core portion and the pile. The second interface portion fixes a position of the system axis relative to the pile. The core portion allows adjustment of a position of the reference plane relative to the system axis.

Abstract: According to an aspect, a fixing structure includes: a supporting plate; a substrate arranged on a first surface of the supporting plate, the substrate including a component that is arranged on a surface opposite to the supporting plate and projects toward opposite to the supporting plate; a male screw that is fixed to the supporting plate so that a first end projects from the first surface to pass through the substrate, and a second end opposite to the first end does not project from a second surface opposite to the first surface of the supporting plate; and a female screw that is screwed with the first end of the male screw projecting from the substrate.

Abstract: A push-pull latch assembly for mounting to a cantilevered post. The latch assembly comprises a handle that is slidably and axially insertable into a handle base which is mountable to a member such as a pick mechanism housing. The handle base includes a pair of cantilevered, opposed latched arms having opposed catches for engagement with a groove positioned adjacent to a free end of a cantilevered post. The handle includes triangular rails having inner and outer ramps used to separate the opposed latch arms. The outer ramp separates the latch arms when the handle is inserted into the handle base. The inner ramp separates the latch arms during removal of the latch assembly from the cantilevered post. An axial pushing force engages the latch assembly to the groove and an axial pulling force disengages the latch assembly from the groove allowing for latch assembly removal.

Abstract: A mechanical-coupling device is described. The mechanical-coupling device includes a toggle bolt with a fixture in a bolt head that remateably mechanically couples to an attachment tool. The device may further include an anchor nut having an anchor wing or tab. During mechanical coupling of the anchor nut to the bolt with a mounting material, such as a wall, countertop or sink, between the bolt head and the anchor nut, the fixture may convey a pulling force, from the attachment tool, that results in fixing a position of the anchor nut with the anchor wing or tab in a deployed position. Moreover, the fixture may convey a rotational torque, from the attachment tool, about a symmetry axis of the bolt that rotates the bolt relative to the fixed position of the anchor nut so that a distance between the bolt head and the anchor nut decreases.

Abstract: A fastener device for fastening an article on a support plate, and the resulting assembly, which fastener device comprises: a hollow body that is secured to the support plate; a slider that is secured to the article and that is suitable for being engaged in the hollow body; and blocking means. The blocking means comprise both at least one side opening that passes through the hollow body and also an elastically-deformable blocking tab that is carried by the slider and that, during engagement of the slider in the hollow body, is for deploying sideways into the side opening and for bearing simultaneously beneath the support plate so as to oppose any longitudinal removal of the slider, and against the slider so as to oppose any longitudinal thrust of the slider, and thus define a first blocking position.

Abstract: A ceramic fastener is constructed according to a method where the ceramic fastener has an outer shell of a strong ceramic material such as alumina or zirconia, and the outer shell has an interior bore filled with a glass-ceramic material.

Abstract: A decorative wingnut for a vehicle air cleaner. The wingnut provides a 1/64 scale model of the vehicle itself as the turning handle. At the center of the bottom surface of the handle, a socket is provided with female threads which may be used on the standard air cleaner stud size of 1/4?×20 threads per inch. The wingnut provides a decorative element for restored and customized antique vehicles.