Abstract: Provided are a method and a device for decoding a Picture Order Count (POC), and a method and a device for coding a POC, and electronic equipment. The method for decoding the POC includes that: parameters for Most Significant Bit (MSB) and Least Significant Bit (LSB) used in an alignment operation on the POC are acquired; an MSB value and an LSB value of a POC value of a current picture are determined according to the parameters for MSB and LSB; and the POC value of the current picture is calculated according to the MSB value and the LSB value. By means of the technical solution, the problems in the related art that the accuracy in decoding and outputting a multilayer video bitstream cannot be ensured and an extra overhead of network resources is increased in multilayer video coding and decoding processes are solved.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for removing ringing artifacts from a coded image. For each block of coded image data, a direction is identified by selecting a directional block divided into a plurality of pixel lines in one predetermined direction of a set of at least four predetermined directions. The directional block may have a constant value across each pixel line. A parameter related to a sum of a mean-square difference between a pixel value and the pixel average of pixels falling on a pixel line in the directional block that includes the location of the pixel may be calculated for each direction of the set. The direction of the set having a minimum summed mean-square difference is selected as the direction for the block based on the calculated parameter values. A non-linear filter is then applied to each block based on the identified direction for the block.

Abstract: Provided are a method and device for coding an image, a method and device for decoding an image. The method for coding the image includes that: coding mode parameters and parameter groups of one coding block are divided into multiple types of coding mode parameters and parameter groups corresponding to the multiple types of coding mode parameters according to a specified rule respectively; Quantization Parameters (QPs) included in the multiple types of coding mode parameters are determined according to a preset target bit rate; a QP of the coding block is determined according to reconstruction quality for the coding block; a coding mode parameter to be used is selected from the multiple types of coding mode parameters according to the QP of the coding block, a parameter group corresponding to the selected coding mode parameter is set, and a QP difference is calculated; and the coding mode parameter, the parameter group used by the coding block and the QP difference are written into a video bitstream.

Abstract: To improve image quality, a rate control encoding method using skip mode information is disclosed. The method includes calculating a skip mode occurrence frequency with respect to frames inside a window previous to a current window and comparing the calculated skip mode occurrence frequency with a reference value. In the case that the calculated skip mode occurrence frequency exceeds the reference value, an allocation number of bits with respect to an intra frame inside the current window is allocated to be more than an initial target number of bits and frames inside the current window are encoded. In the case that the calculated skip mode occurrence frequency does not exceed reference value, the allocation number of bits is allocated to be equal to the initial target number of bits and the frames inside the current window are encoded.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for video encoding to generate a partitioned bitstream without buffering transform coefficient and/or prediction data for subsequent coding units are disclosed. An encoder incorporating an embodiment according to the present invention receives first video parameters associated with a current coding unit, wherein no first video parameters associated with subsequent coding units are buffered. The encoder then encodes the first video parameters to generate a current first compressed data corresponding to the current coding unit. A first memory address in the first logic unit is determined and the encoder provides the current first compressed data at the first memory address in the first logic unit.

Abstract: A method of content adaptive encoding video comprising segmenting video content into segments based on predefined classifications or models. Based on the segment classifications, each segment is encoded with a different encoder chosen from a plurality of encoders. Each encoder is associated with a model. The chosen encoder is particularly suited to encoding the unique subject matter of the segment. The coded bit-stream for each segment includes information regarding which encoder was used to encode that segment. A matching decoder of a plurality of decoders is chosen using the information in the coded bitstream to decode each segment using a decoder suited for the classification or model of the segment. If scenes exist which do not fall in a predefined classification, or where classification is more difficult based on the scene content, these scenes are segmented, coded and decoded using a generic coder and decoder.

Abstract: An encoding processing method for an image segmentation manner includes obtaining a size of a to-be-encoded image block and a serial number value of a used segmentation manner in a depth modeling mode 1 (DMM1) encoding process; obtaining an initial value corresponding to the size of the image block, and obtaining, through calculation, an absolute value of a difference between the initial value and the serial number value of the segmentation manner, where value=k?2a-x, x is a quantity of bits that need to be saved, k is a quantity of all segmentation manners corresponding to the size of the image block, and a is a quantity of bits required for representing all the segmentation manners; and encoding the absolute value using a-x bits, to obtain encoding information of the segmentation manner of the image block.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for display stream compression pixel format extension using subpixel packing are disclosed. In one aspect, the method involves packing pixel values arranged in an O-channel format for encoding by an M-channel codec. The method may further involve receiving a set of input pixel values, each input pixel value including O input subpixel values arranged in the O-channel format. The method may involve rearranging each of the input subpixel values into a set of output pixel values, each set of output pixel values comprising M output subpixel values arranged in an M-channel format, O having a greater value than M, wherein at least a portion of the rearranged M output subpixels maintain their relative spatial positioning from prior to being rearranged from the O input subpixel values. The method may also involve providing the output pixel values to the M-channel codec.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an image encoding device and an image encoding method, and an image processing device and an image processing method that enable easier bitstream concatenation. A structure according to the present disclosure includes: a setting unit that sets header information related to a hypothetical reference decoder in accordance with information about a position and information about reference, the information about a position and the information about reference being of the current picture of image data to be processed; and an encoding unit that encodes the image data and generates a bitstream containing the encoded data of the image data and the header information set by the setting unit. The present disclosure can be applied to image processing devices or image encoding devices, for example.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for processing a video, comprising: a video central processing unit which communicates with a host, receives a bitstream and parses header information; and a free scan module which generates free scan information by a free scan of a video bitstream inputted from the host according to the control of the video central processing unit, wherein the video central processing unit rearranges the bitstream on the basis of the header information and the free scan information and performs task scheduling so as to perform parallel decoding of the rearranged bitstream by a predetermined unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for processing a video, comprising: a step in which a video central processing unit communicates with a host, receives a bitstream, parses header information, and generates a plurality of tasks for parallel processing; a step in which free scan information is generated by a free scan of a video bitstream inputted from the host according to the control of the video central processing unit; and a step in which a plurality of video processing units process the plurality of tasks on the basis of the free scan information and the parsed header information by receiving the control of the video central processing unit.

Abstract: A motion compensator includes a divider, a frame memory transfer controller, and a motion compensation processor. Based on information about a coding unit CU and prediction unit PU provided by a decoder, the divider determines whether or not to divide the PU. Next, based on a motion vector of the PU yet to be divided, reference image information, and information about divided blocks locations, the frame memory transfer controller determines the storage location of the reference image of a reference picture in a frame memory on the basis of each of the blocks divided, thereby obtaining reference image data. The motion compensation processor performs motion compensation operation on a motion compensation control block basis to generate a predicted image. Then, a reconstructor obtains a restored image based on a residual image generated by an inverse frequency transformer.

Abstract: A moving picture coding apparatus includes a motion estimation unit (101) for performing motion estimation by fixing the one of two reference pictures as a reference picture indicated by an inputted default reference picture number DefRefNo and a variable length coding unit (107) for performing variable length coding on coded residual data ERes, a prediction type PredType, a reference picture number RefNo2 and motion vectors MV1, MV2 on a block-by-block basis, and outputting them as coded moving picture data Str.

Abstract: A moving picture coding apparatus includes a motion estimation unit (101) for performing motion estimation by fixing the one of two reference pictures as a reference picture indicated by an inputted default reference picture number DefRefNo and a variable length coding unit (107) for performing variable length coding on coded residual data ERes, a prediction type PredType, a reference picture number RefNo2 and motion vectors MV1, MV2 on a block-by-block basis, and outputting them as coded moving picture data Str.

Abstract: A moving picture coding apparatus includes a motion estimation unit (101) for performing motion estimation by fixing the one of two reference pictures as a reference picture indicated by an inputted default reference picture number DefRefNo and a variable length coding unit (107) for performing variable length coding on coded residual data ERes, a prediction type PredType, a reference picture number RefNo2 and motion vectors MV1, MV2 on a block-by-block basis, and outputting them as coded moving picture data Str.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to encoding and decoding frames of a video stream. Video frames are encoded as intra-coded frames (Iframes) and predictive coded frames (P/Bframes) and transmitted. When a receiver of the encoded frames is unable to decode a frame, due to transmission problems or otherwise, the encoded video stream can be recovered without requiring a full Iframe to be generated at one time. Instead, intra-coded data is provided by the transmitter in slices. Specifically, frames with only portions of intra-coded data (Islices) are transmitted in sequence until enough intra-coded data is provided to the receiver to recover a frame and resume decoding. The intra-refresh frames may also contain slices predictively encoded (Pslices) based on restricted search spaces of preceding intra-refresh frames.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques for 3D video coding. In particular, this disclosure is related to techniques for advanced residual prediction (ARP) in 3D-HEVC. According to one techniques of this disclosure, when performing inter-view ARP for a bi-directionally predicted block, the video coder may determine a motion vector for a first corresponding block as part of performing ARP for a first prediction direction and reuse that determined motion vector when performing ARP for a second prediction direction. According to another technique, for a bi-directionally predicted block, a video coder may apply ARP in only one direction for a chroma component of a block but apply ARP in two directions for a luma component of the block. According to another technique, a video coder may selectively apply ARP to chroma components based on block size. These simplifications, as well as other techniques included in this disclosure, may reduce overall coding complexity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for low-latency illumination compensation in a three-dimensional (3D) and multi-view coding system are disclosed. According to the present invention, the encoder determines whether to enable or disable the illumination compensation for the current picture or slice based on a condition related to statistic associated with a selected reference picture or slice respectively, or related to high-level coding information associated with the current picture or slice respectively. The high-level coding information associated with the current picture or slice excludes any information related to pixel values of the current picture or slice respectively. The illumination compensation is them applied according to the decision made by the encoder. A similar low-latency method is also applied for depth lookup table (DLT) based coding.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a system and method for multi-layered image and video delivery using reference processing signal. A multi-layered encoder and a multi-layered decoder, both comprising at least one enhancement layer processor that uses reference processing and a base layer processor are provided. A multi-layered encoder and a multi-layered decoder that use reference processing and are capable of frame-compatible 3D video delivery are also described.

Abstract: Circuitry configured to generate an ROI mask by determining whether each of quantized wavelet coefficients constituting quantized image data is associated with an ROI or a non-ROI in an original image on the basis of the scaling amount of the Max-shift method, generate first image data by performing inverse quantization on the quantized image data after being scaled down, generate second image data having a specified decomposition level by performing inverse wavelet transformation on the first image data, generate a restored ROI mask having the same decomposition level as that of the second image data by performing a predetermined process on the ROI mask once or a plurality of times, generate masked image data by applying the restored ROI mask to the second image data, and perform the inverse wavelet transformation on the masked image data until a decomposition level becomes zero.

Abstract: Techniques related to dominant motion compensated prediction for next generation video coding are described.

Abstract: A method of reducing blocking artifacts associated with pixels of a block boundary of an image. Pixel values of pixels from a first block and a neighboring block, being located on opposite sides of a block boundary, are evaluated. A first offset for the two pixels of each block located next to the block boundary is calculated, after which the first offset is compared to a first threshold value. If abs[first offset]<first threshold, the pixel values of consecutive pixels from the first block and the pixel values of consecutive pixels from the second block are modified by applying normal filtering on the respective pixels, while if instead abs[first offset]>=first threshold, the pixel values of consecutive pixels from the first block and the pixel values of consecutive pixels from the second block are modified by applying weak filtering or no filtering at all on the respective pixels.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of encoding a division block in video encoding and a method of decoding a division block in video decoding. An input picture is divided into encoding unit blocks. The encoding unit blocks are divided into sub-blocks. The sub-blocks are encoded by selectively using at least one of intra prediction encoding and inter prediction encoding. A decoding process is performed through a reverse process of the encoding method. When pixel values of an encoding unit block are encoded in video encoding, the flexibility in selecting an encoding mode is increased and the efficiency of encoding is increased.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods for adaptively reducing blocking artifacts in block-coded video are disclosed. In one implementation, a system includes processing logic at least capable of deblock filtering at least a portion of a line of video data based, at least in part, on edge information and texture information to generate at least a portion of a line of deblocked video data, and an image data output device responsive to the processing logic.

Abstract: A video server comprises memory to store video content obtained from multiple camera views; one or more streaming components configured to stream video content to a client application; and one or more frame feeder components. A frame feeder component is configured to access first video content corresponding to a first camera view and provide the first video content to a streaming component; access, in response to a request received at the video server to stream second video content corresponding to a second camera view, intermediate video content corresponding to one or more camera views intermediate to the first and second camera views; and access the second video content, and provide the intermediate video content and the second intermediate video to the streaming component.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an encoding apparatus encodes each of items of image data captured in the same space by a plurality of cameras. A streaming apparatus changes items of encoded image data into streams, respectively. A resolution setting apparatus determines a resolution of each item of image data within the streams. A stream selection apparatus selects one or more streams from a plurality of streams within a transmission capacity. A stream synthesis apparatus synthesizes a selected stream and a stream which carries a control signal into one stream, and outputs a synthesized stream.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for transmitting a broadcast signal. The method for transmitting a broadcast signal according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a step for generating service guide information, including access information of a broadcast service, and content data, wherein the service guide information includes a service fragment indicating the information on the broadcast service, a content fragment indicating the information on the content data, and/or a component fragment indicating the information on components included in the broadcast service; a step for encoding the generated service guide information and the content data; and a step for transmitting the encoded service guide information and the content data.

Abstract: A media processing tool adds custom data to an elementary media bitstream or media container. The custom data indicates nominal range of samples of media content, but the meaning of the custom data is not defined in the codec format or media container format. For example, the custom data indicates the nominal range is full range or limited range. For playback, a media processing tool parses the custom data and determines an indication of media content type. A rendering engine performs color conversion operations whose logic changes based at least in part on the media content type. In this way, a codec format or media container format can in effect be extended to support full nominal range media content as well as limited nominal range media content, and hence preserve full or correct color fidelity, while maintaining backward compatibility and conformance with the codec format or media container format.

Abstract: A satellite broadcast system is used to transmit streams of variable bit-rate content using fixed bit-rate channels that correspond to respective satellite transponder carriers. High bandwidth content is transmitted over multiple transponder carriers in parallel with a combined bandwidth sufficient for the peak bit-rate of the high bandwidth content, whereas multiple streams of low bandwidth content can be transmitted over a single transponder carrier simultaneously by multiplexing the low bandwidth content. High bandwidth content may be multiplexed with low bandwidth content rather than assigning all high bandwidth content to be transmitted exclusively over dedicated high bandwidth transponders.

Abstract: In embodiments, apparatuses, methods and storage media are described that are associated with presentation of video data during pause. In embodiments, upon receipt of a pause command, a video presentation engine may repeatedly present a multi-frame segment of video content until a resume command is received. In embodiments, the multi-frame segment may begin at a point when the pause command is received or at an earlier point. Sound may be selectively played, in embodiments, along with the multi-frame segment. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein may provide for facilitating management of recorded digital video. An example method may involve a computing device (a) initiating playback of a recorded digital video file, (b) during playback of the recorded digital video file, receiving a request to stop playback, (c) responsive to receiving the request: (i) determining a stop point in the recorded digital video file and (ii) initiating a prompt asking whether or not to delete a portion of the recorded digital video file preceding the stop point, (d) responsive to the prompt, receiving a request to delete the portion preceding the stop point, and (e) responsively deleting the portion. In a further aspect, the computing device may also provide for display a visual representation of the stop point, an amount of the digital video file preceding the stop point, and an amount of the digital video file remaining after the stop point.

Abstract: A system for extracting and monitoring media tags within video content includes at least one server in communication with a plurality of content sources, the server receiving video content from the content sources, a recorder saving the video content, a detector receiving at least one frame of the video content, the detector detecting one or more unknown text within the frame and creating one or more images, each image associated with one of the one or more unknown text, the detector generating metadata associated with the one or more unknown text appearing in the frame, and an optical character recognition engine scanning the one or more images and converting the one or more images into one or more known text. The server further determines that the one or more known text is a media tag.

Abstract: A device is configured to perform a method that detects a trigger marker for an action corresponding to a segment of a multimedia signal. A fingerprint is generated based on the segment of the multimedia signal at a trigger time point. The generated fingerprint is stored in a database and communicated to the device. During playback of the multimedia signal, fingerprints of segments of the multimedia signal are generated and matched against fingerprints in the database. When a match is found, one or more associated actions for the segment are retrieved by the device. The trigger time point may be determined as a time point near or at the segment of the multimedia signal with the matched fingerprint. In this way, trigger markers for actions may be enabled without modifying the multimedia signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for providing a content, the method including extracting at least one still image from video included in the content, extracting audio, which corresponds to the still image, and generating a script corresponding to the audio, adding a caption to the still image based on the generated script, and providing the content in response to a request of consumption to the content and providing the caption-added still image for the video that is streaming in real time.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to transmitting and receiving media channels, such as audio and video channels. These channels may be transmitted as packets from one or more transmitting devices to one or more receiving devices for playout. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure include systems, methods, and computer-readable media for determining latency of a data network for synchronized playout of received signals. Additionally, certain embodiments of the present disclosure include a systems, methods, and computer-readable media for synchronizing playout among devices connected to a data network.

Abstract: When switching sources, resolutions or refresh rates in a video distribution network, switching times are reduced by maintaining video lock and security authentication between a video switcher and a video sink. The scaler maintains video lock and security authentication by continuing to generate video timing data during switching events. The scaler also facilitates an aesthetically pleasing transition by generating image content data prior to and after the switching event.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing a subscription to a plurality of content providers and the irretrievably referring users to an interface of the content provider to directly consume media programs provided by the content providers is disclosed. The method irretrievably passes users to content providers so that the user can view media programs from those content providers using the content provider's application, while providing a central source for users to locate media programs available from a plurality of content providers and to subscribe for access to such media programs. This construct permits content providers to retain control over the user viewing experience and to encourage the user to view further media programs from the same content provider.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes identifying a plurality of segments of media content, each of the plurality of segments including a plurality of media frames, generating segment metadata for each of the plurality of segments, the segment metadata including a segment identifier, transmitting a broadcast stream including the plurality of segments and the segment metadata for each of the plurality of segments, and making the plurality of segments available for retrieval via a unicast stream using the segment identifiers.

Abstract: A system and method provides video recommendations for a target video in a video sharing environment. The system selects one or more videos that are on one or more video playlists together with the target video. The video co-occurrence data of the target video associates the target video and another video on one or more same video playlists and frequency of the target video and another video on the video playlists is computed. Based on the video co-occurrence data of the target video, one or more co-occurrence videos are selected and ranked based on the video co-occurrence data of the target video. The system selects one or more videos from the co-occurrence videos as video recommendations for the target video.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, system having a controller to receive from a set-top box (STB) a request for assistance, identify a subscriber account associated with the STB, identify from the subscriber account a subscription grade, select one of a plurality of subscriber support services according to the subscriber grade, and establish communications between the STB and the selected subscriber support service. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A system for providing a distributed architecture for mobile streaming content delivery is disclosed. In particular, the system may include bypassing a master head end facility and its accompanying fiber distribution network to deliver a content stream directly to mobile cell sites. In order to do so, the system may receive, at a cell cite, a content stream directly from a content satellite and then format the content into a format suitable for delivery to a subscriber device. The system may receive, such as via a radio access network, a request from the subscriber device to access the content stream. In response to the request from the subscriber device, the system may deliver the formatted content stream to the subscriber device. The distributed architecture may also allow for delivering the content stream jointly with voice data services, such as those provided in a Long-Term Evolution network or other network.

Abstract: A content access device and system may allow portable remote devices to be paired with a variety of different devices, allowing remote control through a network connection. Content access devices may expose application program interfaces, allowing incoming network traffic to control operation of the device much in the same way that a local infrared remote would. Routing content commands through an external application server may also yield other benefits, such as allowing more customized selection of information and advertising content to users based on their viewing history.

Abstract: An apparatus is described that implements a method for browsing through radio-television services, each of said radio-television services belonging to a respective broadcaster from among a plurality of broadcasters, and being contained in a respective broadcasting multiplex among a plurality of broadcasting multiplexes, said method comprising the steps of identifying for each radio-television service to which broadcaster and/or to which multiplex of the plurality of broadcasters and/or broadcasting multiplexes belong, selecting a service by way of selection means from among the plurality of receivable services and sequentially selecting through the selection means radio-television services belonging to the same broadcaster, or to the same multiplex, of the selected radio-television service.

Abstract: A receiving system includes a communication input system to receive a program and a marker file. The program has a total duration when the program is presented in its entirety. The marker file includes a plurality of markers indicating locations of contents-of-interest in the program. The system includes a data storage system to store the program and the marker file. The system includes a user control to receive requests to present the contents-of-interest indicated by the plurality of markers. The system includes one or more processors to determine the locations of the contents-of-interest in the program from the plurality of markers. The system includes a presentation output interface to present the contents-of-interest on a user interface. The presentation of the contents-of-interest skips some content in the program. The contents-of-interest are presented over a shortened duration that is less that the total duration of the program when presented in its entirety.

Abstract: Clock synchronization and presentation synchronization are appropriately achieved in the case where transmission is performed by carrying, on a broadcast signal, a transmission media packet obtained by fragmenting transmission media such as video and audio. A clock of 27 MHz synchronized with time information acquired from a time information server is generated. Time information including frequency information of the clock of 27 MHz and synchronized with the time information acquired from the time information server is generated. A transmission medium is encoded. The encoded transmission medium is fragmented in a predetermined unit, and a transmission media packet including each fragment is generated. A stream that includes, on time division basis, the transmission media packet, a packet including the time information, and a packet having a control signal is carried on a broadcast wave and transmitted.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a networked amplifier in an audio video distribution system that converts a digital audio signal to and from an analog audio signal used in a video and audio system that uses a TCP/IP LAN (local area network) using TCP/IP as the communication protocol. The networked amplifier includes a network controller where the controller includes an embedded controller with a processor, memory, and storage functioning as a web server. Further included is a digital signal processor (DSP) that includes a pre-amplifier, amplifier, and an electronic crossover for frequency division. Also included are analog sensors that used for receiving and or gathering control information that enables internal auto adjustment. And further included is an analog driver circuitry.

Abstract: Digital video data and digital multiple-audio data are extracted from a source, using a hardware processor in a content source device within a premises. The extracted digital video data is processed for display on a main display device in the premises; and the extracted digital multiple-audio data is processed into a primary soundtrack in a primary language, to be listened to within the premises in synchronization with the displayed extracted digital video data. The primary soundtrack corresponds to the displayed extracted digital video data, in the primary language. The extracted digital multiple-audio data is processed into at least one secondary audio asset, different than the primary soundtrack; and the at least one secondary audio asset is transmitted to a personal media device within the premises, for apprehension by a user of the personal media device in synchronization with the displayed extracted digital video data.

Abstract: A display device simultaneously displays at least the following: a video depicting an item in a scene; a tag in a first position overlaid on the video, the tag being associated with the item depicted in the video, wherein the tag includes descriptive text information describing the item depicted in the video; and a visually perceptible indicator extending between a proximity where the item is depicted in the video and a proximity of the first position. The tag undergoes continuous motion relative to at least a portion of the video scene from the first position to a second position different from the first position, while the display device displays the video and the tag overlaid on the video while the tag undergoes continuous motion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for playing content stored in a storage device connected through at least one interface, including detecting a first storage device and a second storage device connected a second playback device, requesting first information related to the detected second storage device, receiving the first information from the second playback device, and playing at least one content included in the first storage device or the second storage device, wherein the first information includes at least any one of an identifier (ID) of the second playback device, an ID of the second storage device, and a content ID list.

Abstract: An example method may include receiving a first video transport stream comprising video content associated with a first program, and receiving a second video transport stream comprising video content associated with a second program. The method may also include generating a first video output signal based on the first video transport stream, where the first video output signal includes instructions to display content of the first video output signal via emitted light having a first polarization direction. The method may also include generating a second video output signal based on the second video transport stream, where the second video output signal is configured to be displayable on a graphic display simultaneously with the first video output signal, and where the second video output signal includes instructions to display content of the second video output signal via emitted light having a second polarization direction.