Abstract: The embodiments relate to a body coil, to a magnetic resonance device, and to a method for operating a magnetic resonance device. The body coil includes at least one antenna unit and at least one pre-amplification unit, wherein the pre-amplification unit is arranged at a feed point of the antenna unit, wherein the pre-amplification unit has an input reflection factor at the feed point of the antenna unit whose value is greater than 0.7.

Abstract: A modular system is provided for fabricating a control computer for a selected magnetic resonance (MR) apparatus in a group of MR apparatuses having different design features. The modular system includes commonality modules for implementing functions that are identical for all MR apparatuses in the group, and scaling modules for implementing functions that can be provided to the required extent, dependent on the design features, for all MR apparatuses in the group. All modules have predefined interfaces to the other modules. The commonality modules and the scaling modules are each implemented as a hardware unit, and are combined with at least one variability module of the modular system implemented as a hardware unit designed specifically for the design features, to form a real-time unit of the control computer.

Abstract: A method and a magnetic resonance tomography system are provided. The magnetic resonance tomography system is activated for transmitting a gradient field by an amplifier and a control with a gradient signal for creating the gradient field. The magnetic resonance tomography system includes a number of transmit segments activated for simultaneous transmission of radio-frequency pulses in each case of one or of a number of different frequencies by an amplifier and a control to excite a region in an examination object in each case.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance (MR) method and system are provided for generating real-time prospective motion-corrected images using fast navigators. The real-time motion correction is achieved by using a 2D EPI navigator that is obtained using a simultaneous multi-slice blipped-CAIPI technique. The navigator parameters such as field of view, voxel size, and matrix size can be selected to facilitate fast acquisition while providing information sufficient to detect rotational motions on the order of several degrees or more and translational motions on the order of several millimeters or more. The total time interval for obtaining and reconstructing navigator data, registering the navigator image, and providing feedback to correct for detected motion, can be on the order of about 100 ms or less. This prospective motion correction can be used with a wide range of MR imaging techniques where the pulse sequences do not have significant intervals of “dead” time.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate to a system for correcting an error, which can correct the error of a measurement device and a transformer data unit through calibration using an emulator even if the measurement device and the transformer data unit are connected in a random combination. In some embodiments, the system for correcting an error includes a measurement device connected to a secondary output line of a transformer to measure current that is output from the transformer, a transformer data unit configured to determine a usage rate and an overload state through calculation of a load amount for a capacity of the transformer in accordance with the current that is measured by the measurement device, and an emulator connected to the measurement device and the transformer data unit to perform error correction between the measurement device and the transformer data unit through performing calibration at least once.

Abstract: The waveguide structure is for determining Direction-of-Arrival of a signal received by first and second antennas spaced-apart from one another. The waveguide structure has a first input port connectable to the first antenna and connected to a first splitter; a second input port connectable to the second antenna and connected to a second splitter, the second input port being located adjacent to the first input port; a third splitter; and a fourth splitter. The waveguide structure has branches that connect input ports, splitters and output ports such that each output port provides a superposition of the signal received via the first antenna and the signal received by the second antenna. The waveguide structure has a phase shifting system that imparts at least a relative phase shift between the corresponding branches leading away from each corresponding splitter and has at least one cross-over junction formed between two of the branches.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for determining a user context based on one or more wireless signals. In particular, location data can be determined by a user device. The user device can then detect beacon data broadcast by a first set of beacon devices, and subsequent to detecting the first beacon data, second beacon data broadcast by a second set of beacon devices. The location data can be compared with the first beacon data and the second beacon data to determine a user context. In particular, a context can be determined based at least in part on whether the location data is indicative of a changing location of a user, and whether the second beacon data corresponds to a change in beacon data from the first beacon data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for uniquely identifying areas within a facility for location services. The methods involve: operating a plurality of beacons disposed within the facility; emitting, from a first beacon of the plurality of beacons, a first beam having a first beamwidth in a manner so as to communicate at least a unique identification code associated with a first physical area of the facility; changing a value for a beamwidth parameter to modify an area of coverage for the first beacon; and emitting, from the first beacon, a second beam having a second beamwidth in a manner so as to communicate at least the unique identification code associated with the first area of the facility, where the second beamwidth is different from the first beamwidth. The changing is performed autonomously by the first beacon or in response to the first beacon's reception of a command from a remote beacon receiver.

Abstract: A system for providing remote target identification is provided that includes a radar system and an electro-optical detector. The radar system is configured to locate a remote target. The electro-optical detector is configured to detect an optical signal transmitted from the target when the target is located. The optical signal includes identifying data for the target.

Abstract: An antenna system (100) comprising a single antenna element having first (111) and second (112) antenna ports arranged to pass a respective first and second antenna signal. The first and second antenna signals being derived from a first common antenna signal (J1) and arranged to be essentially equal in envelope. An antenna pattern of the system being arranged to be selectable between a first antenna pattern having a first polarization and a second antenna pattern having a second polarization substantially orthogonal to the first polarization. The first antenna pattern being selected by setting the first and second antenna signal to have the same polarity on first (111) and second (112) antenna ports, the second antenna pattern being selected by setting the first and second antenna signal to have substantially opposite polarities on first (111) and second (112) antenna ports.

Abstract: A Radar Calibration Processor (“RCP”) for calibrating the phase of a stepped-chirp signal utilized by a synthetic aperture radar (“SAR”) is disclosed. The RCP includes a periodic phase error (“PPE”) calibrator, first non-periodic phase error (“NPPE”) calibrator in signal communication with the PPE calibrator, and a second NPPE calibrator in signal communication with the first NPPE calibrator.

Abstract: An antenna array is provided for monitoring an object. The antenna array includes an emitting antenna module, a first receiving antenna module, a second receiving antenna module and a third receiving antenna module. The emitting antenna module emits a detecting signal, wherein the detecting signal contacts the object, and is reflected by the object as a return signal. The first receiving antenna module receives the return signal. The second receiving antenna module receives the return signal. The third receiving antenna module receives the return signal, wherein any one of the antenna modules has a phase difference of 90 degrees with the nearest neighboring antenna module.

Abstract: The invention relates to a distance measurement apparatus for measuring the time of flight of electromagnetic signals, having at least: a transmitter for transmitting coded transmission signals according to a pattern specified by a coder, a receiver for detecting the signals reflected by at least one object as receive signals, a counter unit having a time counter for writing time counter values, which are generated in each case with the transmission of the transmission signals and the receipt of the receive signals, into at least one register, and a control and evaluation unit for calculating the time of flight on the basis of decoding the receive signals and reading the register of the counter unit.

Abstract: An acoustic window for passage of desired acoustic waveforms therethrough is provided. The acoustic window includes at least a pair of structural septa. At least one core layer is sandwiched between the septa and includes a cellular reinforcement and transmission medium encapsulating the cellular reinforcement. The acoustic window may be included on the hull of a surface or submergible vessel, in order to provide a hydrodynamic fairing over sonar or other acoustic equipment.

Abstract: To acquire a beat frequency necessary for target extraction, target speed estimation, and Doppler influence detection by preventing the necessary beat frequency from overlapping unnecessary frequencies in a heterodyne processing result, an apparatus includes a wave receiver that receives a reflected wave of a chirp wave reflected from a target, and outputs a reception wave signal, a dual-sweep signal generator that generates a dual-sweep signal of the chirp wave, having a frequency which does not overlap that of the chirp wave, and a heterodyne processor that generates a beat frequency by multiplying the reception wave signal and the dual-sweep signal as a heterodyne signal.

Abstract: A device for measuring a surface speed and a liquid level of a fluid is disclosed. The device includes a RF transceiving module for alternatively transmitting a first FMCW signal and a first CW signal to the fluid, and receiving a second FMCW signal and a second CW signal reflected from the fluid. A processor is used for calculating the liquid level of the fluid based on a frequency difference between the first FMCW signal and the second FMCW signal, and for calculating the surface speed of the fluid based on a frequency difference between the first CW signal and the second CW signal. Since the device integrates functions of measuring the surface speed and the liquid level of a fluid, it reduces an occupied room and facilitates a synchronization of data transmission.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus outputs from a first antenna pair transmission signals (St11) and (St12) whose phase difference (??1) changes over time. A target object simultaneously receives the transmission signals (St11) and (St12) from a target-side antenna and returns to the measurement apparatus information (D?) according to the positional relationship between the target object and the measurement apparatus determined from a reception signal (Sr1). The measurement apparatus outputs from a second antenna pair transmission signals (St21) and (St22) whose phase difference (??2) changes over time. The target object simultaneously receives the transmission signals (St21) and (St22) from the target-side antenna and returns to the measurement apparatus the information (D?) corresponding to the positional relationship between the target object and the measurement apparatus determined from a reception signal (Sr2).

Abstract: A system for providing remote target identification is provided that includes a radar system and an electro-optical device. The radar system is configured to locate a remote target that has an optical identification (ID) system. The radar system is also configured to generate a target location when the target is located. The electro-optical device is configured to receive the target location from the radar system and to obtain optical data from the optical ID system based on the target location. The optical data includes an identity of the target.

Abstract: Systems and methods relating to SAR image processing and object detection within a SAR image. A sea clutter model in which the texture random variable is drawn from a finite and discrete set of values is used in the processing of SAR derived images. SAR images are divided into sub-images, each sub-image being processed in turn. A statistical test is applied to each sub-image to determine whether it contains pixels representing only non-clutter information. The statistical test is based on the sea-clutter model, parameters of which are derived and adapted from each sub-image. The model is designed such that it will not permit more than a pre-determined number of false alarms. Pixels in each sub-image with information other than clutter are clustered, according to proximity, into object detections. Detections from all sub-images are combined to provide global object detection and to group clusters that may have split across sub-image boundaries.

Abstract: A radar device includes: an aperture surface including element antennas and phase shifters; an antenna phase control unit for calculating phase amounts based on a beam orientation direction and a rotation angle of the aperture surface; an antenna driving control unit for setting a rotation angle to a rotation mechanism; a signal processing unit for detecting a target with the use of the radar receiver, setting at least one of the rotation angle of the aperture surface or the beam orientation direction in the antenna driving control unit and the antenna phase control unit, and calculating the level of competing cluttering with the use of an antenna pattern, to thereby determine propriety of the rotation angle; and a pattern calculating unit for calculating the antenna pattern from the rotation angle of the aperture surface and from the beam orientation direction.

Abstract: Sonar devices for detecting underwater objects are provided whereby a set of angled ultrasound transducers are employed to sense ultrasound signals from a plurality of different spatial regions. The angled ultrasound transducers may include a first pair of side-viewing ultrasound transducers and a second pair of ultrasound transducers configured for interrogating forward and reverse directions. The ultrasound signals from the set of angled ultrasound transducers may be processed to identify the presence of underwater objects in each spatial region, and the resulting identified underwater objects may be displayed, on a per-region basis, on a user interface. The ultrasound signals may additionally or alternatively be processed to generate a topographical model of the bed surface, and to generate a topographical surface image based on the three-dimensional topographical model. The topographical surface image may be displayed as a fly-over animation.

Abstract: An optical phased array formed of a large number of nanophotonic antenna elements can be used to project complex images into the far field. These nanophotonic phased arrays, including the nanophotonic antenna elements and waveguides, can be formed on a single chip of silicon using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes. Directional couplers evanescently couple light from the waveguides to the nanophotonic antenna elements, which emit the light as beams with phases and amplitudes selected so that the emitted beams interfere in the far field to produce the desired pattern. In some cases, each antenna in the phased array may be optically coupled to a corresponding variable delay line, such as a thermo-optically tuned waveguide or a liquid-filled cell, which can be used to vary the phase of the antenna's output (and the resulting far-field interference pattern).

Abstract: A marker system includes at least one emitter. The emitter(s) emit light responsive to a flow of electrical current there through. The marker system includes a device for acquiring an incoming signal and a circuit for processing the incoming signal. The circuit for processing the incoming signal monitors the device for acquiring the incoming signal to determine if the incoming signal includes any of a plurality of incoming Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) and/or munitions-targeting signals. The circuit emits one of a plurality of responses by sending electrical current selectively through the emitter(s) and/or other feedback devices based upon which of the plurality of incoming Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) and/or munitions-targeting signals is detected by the means for processing.

Abstract: A satellite modem, a GPS device, and a method are provided. The satellite modem requests current location information from a GPS device and waits no more than a preconfigured amount of time to receive the current location information. When the satellite modem receives the current location information, the satellite modem determines whether the current location information indicates a location in which the satellite modem is authorized to operate. When the satellite modem determines that the current location information indicates a location in which the satellite modem is not authorized to operate, the satellite modem performs at least one action from a group of actions including preventing the satellite modem from operating normally, permitting the satellite modem to operate with a reduced functionality, and transmitting a message to a network management center indicating that the satellite modem is not located at an authorized location.

Abstract: A portable position tracking apparatus including a power supply, a position sensor that receives signals and uses the signals to determine an absolute position of the apparatus, a trigger sensor that detects a trigger, and an electronic processing device in communication with the position and trigger sensor that monitors the power supply to determine an available power, determines the trigger in response to a signal from the trigger sensor, in response to detection of the trigger, uses the available power to control operation of the position sensor to thereby selectively determine the absolute position, and stores an indication of a position of the apparatus in a store at least partially in accordance an absolute position.

Abstract: A method for determining a spatially resolved extent of error for position finding with a global navigation satellite system for a target area of interest using field data from a plurality of field apparatuses, particularly motor vehicles, each having a receiver for the global navigation satellite system and which are at least intermittently situated in the target area, comprising the following steps: ascertainment by the field apparatuses of at least one field data record comprising a current GNSS position in the target area and an error value associated with said position, transmission of the field data records to a central computation device, updating of an error map containing the extents of error for various positions and/or subareas of the target area by statistical evaluation of the field data records in the central computation device.

Abstract: The present invention discloses one or more compounds that oscillate between a first state and a second state due to absorption of high energy, with the oscillations facilitating prevention of solarization of a glass system for reuse while generating scintillations for determining existence of high radiation energy. The generation of scintillations have a duration that is commensurate with a duration of the irradiation of the glass system, and cease when irradiation is ceased without affecting the glass system.

Abstract: A wave guide face plate for transmitting an image formed in a scintillating material included as part of a transmitting medium is disclosed. The transmitting medium includes a random distribution of different refractive index regions in two orthogonal dimensions, and an essentially consistent refractive index in a third orthogonal dimension. The third orthogonal direction is aligned with a transmission axis of the wave transmitter extending from an input location to a wave detector location. The transmission efficiency of the wave guide faceplate is improved in situations where the entry angle of the input radiation is different from the axis of the wave transmitter as compared to conventional faceplates.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to obtain a radiation detector and a radiation imaging system that can perform one-shot energy subtraction method at low cost. The radiation detector of the invention includes a phosphor (Fa), a phosphor (Fb) having a different fluorescence lifetime from the phosphor (Fa), a light receiving element that uses an internal photoelectric effect, and a controller that controls the light receiving element to perform, for one-shot X-ray irradiation, a plurality of times of reading of morphological image information at a time interval.

Abstract: A radiation detector system is provided including a semiconductor detector, plural pixelated anodes, and at least one processor. The plural pixelated anodes are disposed on a surface of the detector. At least one of the pixelated anodes is configured to generate a collected charge signal corresponding to a charge collected by the pixelated anode and to generate a non-collected charge signal corresponding to a charge collected by an adjacent anode to the pixelated anode. The at least one processor is configured to determine a collected value for the collected charge signal in the pixelated anode; determine a non-collected value for the non-collected charge signal in the pixelated anode corresponding to the charge collected by the adjacent anode; use the non-collected value for the non-collected charge signal to determine a sub-pixel location for the adjacent anode; and use the collected value to count a single event in the pixelated anode.

Abstract: The invention provides novel Compton camera detector designs and systems for enhanced radiographic imaging with integrated detector systems which incorporate Compton and nuclear medicine imaging, PET imaging and x-ray CT imaging capabilities. Compton camera detector designs employ one or more layers of detector modules comprised of edge-on or face-on detectors or a combination of edge-on and face-on detectors which may employ gas, scintillator, semiconductor, low temperature (such as Ge and superconductor) and structured detectors. Detectors may implement tracking capabilities and may operate in a non-coincidence or coincidence detection mode.

Abstract: A tool for detecting radiation includes a semiconductor detector material that interacts with ionizing radiation, an electrode that collects charge carriers generated in the detector material from an interaction with the ionizing radiation. A shaping circuit forms electrical pulses having a shape that depends on the amount of collected charge. A counting circuit counts the number of pulses and includes a counter and an incrementing element that increments the counter when a comparison parameter exceeds a threshold. The counting circuit further includes a duration-measuring element that measures a pulse duration (f) for each pulse and a peak-detecting element that determines a maximum amplitude (H) of each pulse. A combining element combines maximum amplitude and the pulse duration (f) to establish the comparison parameter. The comparison parameter is the product (H×t) of a maximum amplitude of the pulse and the corresponding pulse duration.

Abstract: A device for detecting radiation particles comprising at least one sensor for sensing radiation particles, capable of supplying an electrical pulse when it is traversed by at least one radiation particle, and at least one detection circuit comprising a voltage-controlled oscillator to which said electrical pulse originating from the sensor is supplied as the control voltage. The voltage-controlled oscillator is a ring oscillator.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a neutron measurement apparatus has: a neutron detector; a gamma ray detector; a neutron detector signal processing unit which performs Fourier transform on the signals received for a prescribed period, generates neutron detector signal frequency data in a frequency domain, calculates the neutron-detection signal power spectrum and stores it; a gamma-ray detector signal processing unit which performs Fourier transform on the signals received for a prescribed period, generates gamma ray detector signal frequency data in a frequency domain, calculates gamma ray detector signal power spectrum and stores it; and a neutron calculation unit which generates a neutron signal by removing a part contributed by the gamma ray detector signal power spectrum from the neutron detector signal power spectrum.

Abstract: Embodiments of an autonomous seismic node that can be positioned on the seabed are disclosed. The autonomous seismic node comprises a pressurized node housing substantially surrounded and/or enclosed by a non-pressurized node housing. The seismic node may be substantially rectangular or square shaped for node storage, handling, and deployment. One or more node locks may be coupled to either (or both) of the pressurized node housing or the non-pressurized node housing. The pressurized node housing may be formed as a cast monolithic titanium structure and may be a complex shape with irregularly shaped sides and be asymmetrical. In other embodiments, a non-pressurized housing may substantially enclose other devices or payloads besides a node, such as weights or transponders, and be coupled to a plurality of protrusions.

Abstract: A cable for land based seismic array system includes a plurality of fibers, an aramid strength member, and a thermo-plastic polyurethane (TPU) Jacket, wherein a total number of the plurality of fibers is greater than or equal to 48, a diameter of the cable is less than 10 millimeter (mm), and a weight of the cable per unit distance is less than 50 kilogram (Kg)/kilometer (Km).

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing survey time while enhancing acquired seismic data quality are provided. Data corresponding to plural source lines are acquired simultaneously, using sources at cross-line distance at least equal to their illumination width, with at least one source being towed above a streamer spread.

Abstract: Seismic data recorded on an ocean bottom node (OBN) is used to determine observed direct arrival times at the OBN from a set of seismic source shots having a time span that is only a portion of an entire span time for a shot line. The observed direct arrival times for each shot in the set of seismic source shots are compared statistically with a plurality of predicted direct arrival times for each shot in the set of seismic source shots to derive a statistical measure of differences across all shots. Each predicted direct arrival time is associated with a unique proposed position of the OBN. The unique proposed position that minimizes the statistical measure of differences between the observed direct arrival times and the predicted direct arrival times is selected for each shot in the set of shots as a corrected OBN position.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to an apparatus and method of transferring seismic equipment to and from a marine vessel and subsurface location. In one embodiment, a marine vessel is provided. The marine vessel includes a deck having a plurality of seismic sensor devices stored thereon, two remotely operated vehicles, each comprising a seismic sensor storage compartment, and a seismic sensor transfer device comprising a container for transfer of one or more of the seismic sensor devices from the vessel to the sensor storage compartment of at least one of the two remotely operated vehicles.

Abstract: Embodiments, including apparatuses, systems and methods, for attaching autonomous seismic nodes to a deployment cable. In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a seismic node having a direct attachment mechanism configured to directly attach the seismic node to a deployment line, the direct attachment mechanism being configurable between an open and/or unlocked position and a closed and/or locked position to release and retain the deployment line.

Abstract: A ground tracking apparatus for connection to a locator or other measurement device and configured to determine position, motion, and/or orientation information is disclosed. The ground tracking apparatus may include a ground follower assembly including one or more wheels, which may be detachably coupled to a buried object locator system to capture three-dimensional positional and orientation information during a locate process, as well as provide output data or information to be integrated with maps, photographs, drawings, or other data or information.

Abstract: A transmitter system for providing current to a utility when performing a locate operation is disclosed. The transmitter system may include a tray apparatus, a transmitter module for generating an output current for provision to the utility so as to generate a magnetic field for detection by a utility locator disposed on or in the tray apparatus, and a sonde antenna node, a satellite antenna node, or a combined satellite navigation and sonde antenna node.

Abstract: Methods of combining mineral composition and laboratory test results for reservoir rock samples to predict future responses to secondary and tertiary oil recovery treatments are disclosed. Particular, SEM and EDS will be combined to produce a mineral map, including mineral distribution around the rock's pore space, for comparison with laboratory data to predict and/or interpret how certain mineral distributions will respond to various fluid-rock interactions.

Abstract: Various methods and apparatuses for facilitating cleaning of submerged geophysical equipment using sound waves transmitted at ultrasonic frequencies are disclosed. In some embodiments, one or more transducers may be configured to transmit sound at one or more ultrasonic frequencies. The sound at ultrasonic frequencies may be transmitted in the vicinity of submerged geophysical equipment, such as a sensor streamer towed behind a survey vessel. Obstructions (e.g., barnacle larvae) adhering to surfaces of the geophysical equipment may be loosened or removed altogether when ultrasonic transmissions occur within its vicinity. The transducers used to transmit the ultrasonic frequencies may be implemented in various ways, such as being attached to a remote operated vehicle, a cleaning unit, or as being an integral component of the geophysical equipment.

Abstract: An improved inflow performance model that provides the performance of oil wells having any slant angle within the entire azimuth of 0-90 degrees, in saturated and under saturated reservoirs. A generalized model is formulated by normalizing the coefficients of inflow performance relationship (IPR) model by performing a linear regression analysis. The generalized model is further modified to account for skin factor and is also integrated with a straight line IPR to be suitable for determining the performance of under saturated oil wells. For the case of flowing bottom-hole pressures above bubble point pressure, the straight line IPR model is used to determine the flow rate of the oil well, whereas for the case of having bottom-hole pressure below the bubble point pressure, the generalized IPR model is used to determine the flow rate performance of the well.

Abstract: A method for estimating precipitation values and associated uncertainties is provided. In an embodiment, precipitation records that indicate the occurrence and intensity of precipitation at specific locations are received by a weather computing system. The weather computing system uses the gauge information to separately create multiple realizations of precipitation occurrence fields and precipitation intensity fields. The weather computing system may model the occurrence of precipitation by proposing a value for each point independently and using the proposed value to update all prior proposals. The weather computing system may model the intensity of precipitation by modeling the spatial correlation of precipitation intensity and sampling from distributions at each location to determine the intensity of precipitation at each location. The weather computing system may then combine the precipitation intensity and occurrence fields into one or more final estimate fields.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hail sensor having an impact surface, on which precipitation can impinge, and at least one converter, which is arranged and formed in such a way that, in the event of a deflection of the impact surface as a result of precipitation striking the impact surface, the converter outputs a corresponding converter output signal. The impact surface is formed from wires or wire sections, cords or cord sections, or the like which are guided at at least approximately equal distances from one another and do not cross, which are each assigned a converter and which are arranged in such a way that, between the wires, cords, or the like, there is a distance through which liquid precipitation can easily pass after striking the impact surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process comprising the steps of reacting a reactive mixture comprising at least one silicone-containing component, at least one hydrophilic component, and at least one diluent to form an ophthalmic device having an advancing contact angle of less than about 80°; and contacting the ophthalmic device with an aqueous extraction solution at an elevated extraction temperature, wherein said at least one diluent has a boiling point at least about 10° higher than said extraction temperature.

Abstract: A coated substrate includes a sapphire substrate and an anti-reflective coating comprising a silicon-based material, wherein the anti-reflective coating has refractive index of 1.23 to 1.45 and a Mohs hardness of at least 4. A method of coating a sapphire substrate with an anti-reflective coating includes applying a liquid formulation to a sapphire substrate to form a coated substrate, and curing the coated substrate at a temperature of at least 500° C. to form an anti-reflective layer on the sapphire substrate.

Abstract: A mold apparatus of a lens array and a method for using the same are provided. The mold apparatus includes an upper pressing die, a lower pressing die and a plate structure. The upper pressing die includes a plurality of upper engaging portions. The lower pressing die includes a plurality of lower engaging portions. The plate structure includes a plurality of through holes. A glass article is installed at the through hole. The glass article includes a first sectional width W1. The through hole includes an upper opening and a lower opening. The upper opening corresponds to the upper pressing die. The lower opening corresponds to the lower pressing die. The upper opening includes a second sectional width W2. The lower opening includes a third sectional width W3. Wherein W1?W2 or W1?W3; the glass articles are extruded by the mold apparatus to manufacture the lens array.