Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-based resource partition between two radio base stations (RBSs) with which a User Equipment (UE) is to perform dual connectivity and an associated radio network node. The method comprises the step of forming at least two non-overlapping Uplink (UL) subframe sets and at least two non-overlapping Downlink (DL) subframe sets. The method further comprises the step of allocating at least one of the UL subframe sets and at least one of the DL subframe sets exclusively to each of the RBSs.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for eliminating interference from a convoluted signal comprising several signals of different radio access technologies (RATs), such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) signal and wireless local area network (WLAN) signal, in an unlicensed or shared radio frequency spectrum band are described. In accordance with the present disclosure, a dual-radio mobile device may utilize a multiple radios to assist in the operation of interference cancellation. Specifically, in some examples, a first radio (e.g., WLAN radio) may process the received convoluted signal to reconstruct a first signal (e.g., WLAN signal). The reconstructed first signal may be utilized by a second radio (e.g., LTE radio) to identify a second signal (e.g., LTE signal) in the received convoluted signal by cancelling or removing the reconstructed first signal from the convoluted signal.

Abstract: A computing device operating according to a frequency division multiplexed protocol in which communication occurs over a signal formed from a plurality of sub-channels selected from anywhere in a frequency spectrum. A computing device may select sub-channels cognitively by using information about sub-channels previously deemed suitable or unsuitable by that computing device or other computing devices. A described technique for determining sub-channel suitability includes analyzing radio frequency energy in the sub-channel to detect signals generated by another computing device or high noise levels. Information may also be used to cognitively select sub-channels to be analyzed, such as by first selecting for analysis previously-used sub-channels.

Abstract: An OFDM receiving apparatus is provided for estimating a signal-to-noise ratio of a code-division multiplexed sounding signal transmitted over a wide channel of a wireless communication system. The apparatus separately determines the noise power level and the signal power associated with the sounding signal. Namely, the noise power level is determined in the frequency domain based on a noise covariance matrix. Further, the sounding signal's power level is determined, in the time domain, based on power delay profile of the wide channel over which the sounding signal has been transmitted.

Abstract: Techniques for communications using optical fiber are disclosed. An optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) node includes an interface to a first fiber pair connecting a first trunk station and a second trunk station. The OADM node further includes an interface to a second fiber pair connecting the first trunk station and the second trunk station with a branch station. The OADM node includes a plurality of filters configured to provide connectivity between the first trunk station, the second trunk station and the branch station. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: An optical line terminal (OLT) in a time and wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) passive optical network (PON). The OLT comprises a first optical port, a second optical port, and a processor. The first optical port is configured to couple to a plurality of optical network units (ONUs) via an optical distribution network (ODN). The second optical port is configured to couple to the ONUs via the ODN. The processor is coupled to the first optical port and the second optical port and is configured such that, responsive to receiving information indicating that the first optical port has experienced a greater power loss over time than the second optical port, the OLT assigns to the first optical port a first wavelength with a power greater than the power of a second wavelength assigned to the second optical port.

Abstract: An optical signal transmission method includes: obtaining a signal identifier of data to be sent; obtaining corresponding optical frequency slot distribution information according to the signal identifier; and determining a corresponding carrier according to the obtained optical frequency slot distribution information, using the determined carrier to carry the data to be sent to generate an optical signal, and sending the generated optical signal. The optical signal transmission method provided in the present invention does not fix the optical frequency slot distribution into a wavelength identifier, the number of optical frequency slots is not limited by the wavelength identifier field length, and the data to be sent can be transmitted in an optical network by being carried on the carrier determined according to multiple optical frequency slots.

Abstract: The present invention includes novel techniques, apparatus, and systems for optical WDM communications. Tunable lasers are employed to generate respective subcarrier frequencies which represent subchannels of an ITU channel to which client signals can be mapped. In one embodiment, subchannels are polarization interleaved to reduce crosstalk. In another embodiment, polarization multiplexing is used to increase the spectral density. Client circuits can be divided and combined with one another before being mapped, independent of one another, to individual subchannels within and across ITU channels. A crosspoint switch can be used to control the client to subchannel mapping, thereby enabling subchannel protection switching and hitless wavelength switching.

Abstract: We disclose an optical transport system configured to transport data using a PDM-modulation format, in which each of two orthogonal polarizations is independently amplitude-modulated, and the relative phase between the carrier waves of the two polarizations may also be modulated. This modulation format enables the optical receiver to perform direct optical detection using a Stokes-vector detector to fully recover the encoded data.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide an anti-jamming method in a satellite communication (SATCOM) system. A waveform modulation is performed on a waveform of a source data to provide a modulated waveform transmitted to a transmitter and then to a receiver. The modulated waveform transmitted from the receiver is demodulated to provide a demodulated waveform. In response to interference, a game reasoning process is performed on the demodulated waveform to provide an anti-jamming adaptive waveform. By performing a game-optimal waveform modulation on the anti-jamming adaptive waveform, a frequency hopping process is used to guide the data transmission, such that the source data is transmitted with a minimal probability of being interfered.

Abstract: Embodiments of a method and apparatus for assigning electromagnetic-spectrum (ES) jamming assets are generally described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes dividing an electronic warfare (EW) support area into a grid. The method may further include determining a vulnerability area (VA) of the entity based on planned route information of the entity within the EW support area. The VA may include portions of the grid. The method may further include assigning a first jamming asset to the VA based on a coverage capability of the first jamming asset. The coverage capability may include a number of contiguous portions of the grid.

Abstract: A radio communication device may include: a transmitter configured to transmit data at a data rate which is based on a pre-determined maximum data rate which is pre-determined by another radio communication device; a determination circuit configured to determine a quality indicator which is indicative of a quality of the transmission of the data; and a data rate changing circuit configured to change the data rate to a changed data rate based on the determined quality indicator. The transmitter may further transmit at the changed data rate.

Abstract: An adaptive modulation coding method includes obtaining an estimated signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and a packet error rate (PER) of a communication link of a user terminal; setting a first adjustment amount of the SINR of the communication link according to the PER of the communication link; calculating an effective SINR of the communication link according to the estimated SINR of the communication link and the first adjustment amount of the SINR of the communication link; and determining a modulation coding scheme of the communication link according to the effective SINR of the communication link.

Abstract: A method for receiving information for interference cancellation of a user equipment (UE) includes detecting downlink control information including interference control information for a specific resource block (RB) scheduled for the UE by using an index of the specific RB, wherein the interference control information for the specific RB includes control information related to interference signal in the specific RB and indicates that the interference control information for the specific RB is the same as interference control information for one or more RBs having a series of indices subsequent to the index of the specific RB, and performing cancellation of interference signal corresponding to the interference control information in the specific RB and the one or more RBs using the interference control information for the specific RB.

Abstract: A method includes decoding, by a receiver device, a spread spectrum coded stream of information including a multiple codeword blocks. The decoding includes determining a number of invalid codewords in a particular block of codewords. Based on a first particular number of invalid codewords in the particular block of codewords, the particular block of codewords is demapped, and parity codewords of the particular block of codewords are discarded. Based on a second particular number of invalid codewords in the particular block of codewords, a subset of syndrome components is computed using one or more coding enumerations with an update procedure for the subset of syndrome components, if all of the subset components are zero an erroneous bit is found, otherwise coding enumerations continue, the particular block of codewords is demapped, and parity codewords of the particular block of codewords are discarded.

Abstract: A transmitter including a noise signal generator and a summing element is provided. The noise signal generator is configured to receive multiple noise settings and output multiple noise signals corresponding to the multiple noise settings. The summing element is configured to receive a transmit data signal and the multiple noise signals, sum one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal, and output to a transmit driver configured to generate one of a single-ended and a differential signal based on the sum of the one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal.

Abstract: A method for performing high-integrity data transmission is provided. The method obtains a first set of data at a first transmitter and a second set of data at a second transmitter; develops a first key for the obtained first set of data and a second key for the obtained second set of data; and when the first key matches the second key, provides a receiver indication of validity of the first set of data. In certain embodiments, the method stores the first key and the second key within a predetermined window of time. In some embodiments, when the first key matches the second key, the method also synchronizes operation of the first transmitter and the second transmitter.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for transmitting broadcast signals thereof are disclosed. The apparatus for receiving broadcast signals, the apparatus comprises a receiver to receive the broadcast signals, a demodulator to demodulate the received broadcast signals by an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) scheme, a frame parser to parse a signal frame from the demodulated broadcast signals, a bit deinterleaver to bit deinterleave data in the parsed signal frame and a decoder to decode the bit deinterleaved data.

Abstract: The disclosed is a data transmission method and apparatus configured to establish a frequency hopping-retransmission mechanism in a CFP of a superframe and switch a channel accordingly. The method provided by an embodiment includes: selecting two channels as a prescribed channel and a spare channel; dividing a CFP of a superframe into three SCFPs, where a second SCFP is used to re-transmit data that a node fails to transmit in a first SCFP, a third SCFP is used to re-transmit data that the node fails to transmit in the second SCFP, and a timeslot position of each node in the first SCFP is the same as in the second SCFP; broadcasting a beacon frame on the prescribed channel in a beacon period of the superframe, where the beacon frame includes channel selection information and timeslot division information; receiving data from the node; and transmitting an acknowledgement frame.

Abstract: A method and apparatus may be used for supporting multiple hybrid automatic repeat request (H-ARQ) processes per transmission time interval (TTI). A transmitter and a receiver may include a plurality of H-ARQ processes. Each H-ARQ process may transmit and receive one TB per TTI. The transmitter may generate a plurality of TBs and assign each TB to a H-ARQ process. The transmitter may send control information for each TB, which may include H-ARQ information associated TBs with the TBs. The transmitter may send the TBs using the associated H-ARQ processes simultaneously per TTI. After receiving the TBs, the receiver may send feedback for each of the H-ARQ processes and associated TBs indicating successful or unsuccessful receipt of each of the TBs to the transmitter. The feedback for multiple TBs may be combined for the simultaneously transmitted H-ARQ processes, (i.e., TBs).

Abstract: A base station, a terminal, a band allocation method, and a downlink data communication method are disclosed, with which bands can be efficiently allocated. In a base station in which a plurality of unit bands can be allocated to a single communication, when a data receiver acquires terminal capability information transmitted by a terminal in the initial access unit band and the bandwidth available for communication indicated by the terminal capability information can accommodate a plurality of unit bands, a unit band group which includes the initial access unit band as well as the unit bands adjacent thereto is allocated to the terminal, and a communication band movement indication, which indicates the movement of the center frequency in the communication band of the terminal toward the center frequency in the unit band group, is transmitted to the terminal using the initial access unit band.

Abstract: Disclosed are a load modulation-based beamspace MIMO transmission method and apparatus. The beamspace MIMO transmission apparatus may include a plurality of impedance loading circuits each including a plurality of imaginary impedance devices, a beamspace MIMO control unit calculating loading values of the plurality of imaginary impedance devices, corresponding to a spatial multiplexing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) sample, and an RF chain unit generating a first signal having a predetermined carrier frequency.

Abstract: A method of transmitting, by a transmitter, information in a wireless communication system, the method includes generating first and second symbols; generating first and second transmit vectors on the basis of an Alamouti code from the first and second symbols; and transmitting the first transmit vector through a first antenna and transmitting the second transmit vector through a second antenna. The first transmit vector consists of a first transmit symbol and a second transmit symbol. The second transmit vector consists of a third transmit symbol and a fourth transmit symbol. The first, second, third, and fourth transmit symbols are transmitted based on first and second resource indexes. The first symbol is a first modulation symbol for first information, and the second symbol is a second modulation symbol for second information.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an interference rejection combining module, at least partially implemented in hardware. The interference rejection combining module determines a covariance based on a Hermitian transpose of a signal received on a subcarrier of a symbol that is not a pilot symbol.

Abstract: In a mobile communication system in which a plurality of base stations included in a CoMP cooperating set allocate a communication resource to a user terminal to perform communication, each of the plurality of base stations comprises a receiver that receives information on resource allocation to the user terminal in another base station included in the CoMP cooperating set, from the other base station; and a reporting unit that reports information on another specific base station included in the CoMP cooperating set to a CoMP management apparatus managing the CoMP cooperating set when the receiver does not normally receive the notification from the other specific base station.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a data transmission method and system, a base station, and a user equipment (UE). The method includes: obtaining, by a base station, a second number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) according to a first number of PRBs, where the second number of PRBs is smaller than the first number of PRBs, and the first number of PRBs is exactly divisible by the second number of PRBs; sending, by the base station, indication information to a UE, where the indication information is used to indicate the second number of PRBs or an encoded bit repetition multiple, and the encoded bit repetition multiple is equal to the first number of PRBs divided by the second number of PRBs; and obtaining, by the UE, the encoded bit repetition multiple according to the indication information, and performing data transmission according to the encoded bit repetition multiple.

Abstract: Technology for communicating a short message service (SMS) communication in a packet switched (PS) domain of a serving general packet radio service (GPRS) support node SGSN in a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). One method comprises receiving, at the SGSN, a request message from a user equipment (UE) indicating that the UE supports PS based SMS and performs a circuit switched (CS) registration only to receive SMS service via a CS domain; and sending, from the CN control node, an accept message to the UE indicating that SMS over a non-access stratum (NAS) is supported by the SGSN.

Abstract: A method for a terminal for receiving a downlink signal according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a step of receiving a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) on the basis of CSI-RS configuration information elements containing quasi co-location cell-specific reference signal (QCL CRS), wherein the terminal receives the CSI-RS by means of a QCL assumption on the basis of the QCL CRS information, and if the information contained in the QCL CRS information and the information known to the terminal corresponding to the information contained in the QCL CRS are not in agreement, then the information known to the terminal is applied preferentially.

Abstract: The present application discloses a method for enabling a terminal to report channel status information in a base station cooperative wireless communication system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for transmitting and receiving a control channel, a base station, and a user equipment. The method for transmitting a control channel includes: determining m PRB pairs used for transmitting a control channel to be transmitted; when a distributed transmission mode is used for transmission, determining an aggregation level L of the control channel to be transmitted; determining, according to the aggregation level L, a first control channel candidate at the aggregation level L; and placing control information of the control channel to be transmitted, on physical resources to which the first control channel candidate is mapped, and transmitting the control information. The present invention improves multiplexing efficiency of control channels of different modes.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there are provided a base station device, a terminal device, a communication method, and an integrated circuit capable of performing communication more efficiently when the terminal device transmits an uplink signal based on scheduling by the base station device. The terminal device includes a setting unit that sets a first uplink-downlink configuration, a second uplink-downlink configuration, and a third uplink-downlink configuration, a reception unit that monitors a physical downlink control channel accompanied with a downlink control information format which is used to schedule a physical downlink shared channel in a downlink subframe based on the third uplink-downlink configuration and includes information making a request for transmitting a sounding reference signal, and a transmission unit that transmits or drops the sounding reference signal and transmit an HARQ-ACK for transmission with the physical downlink shared channel.

Abstract: In a terminal, a control unit transmits a bundle response signal using a resource in a basic region of an uplink control channel in an uplink unit band of a unit band group when no error is detected in each of a plurality of pieces of downlink data of the unit band group, the uplink control channel in the uplink unit band being associated with a downlink control channel in a basic unit band that is a downlink unit band in which a broadcast channel signal including information relating to the uplink unit band is transmitted, and the control unit transmits the bundle response signal using a resource in an additional region of the uplink control channel when an error is detected in each of the plurality of pieces of downlink data.

Abstract: Embodiments are provided herein for increasing low density signature space for multiplexed transmissions for a plurality of users. The embodiments include generating a virtual signature using a combination operation on a plurality of basic signatures. The generated virtual signatures are provisioned as basic resource units (BRUs) for transmissions for corresponding users. The combination operation is a row-wise or column-wise permutation for combining, in each of the virtual signatures, rows or columns of corresponding basic signatures. The rows or columns represent sequences of frequency bands at one time interval or sequences of allocated time intervals at one frequency band. Alternatively, the combination operation is intra-basic resource unit (BRU) hopping. The embodiments also include generating a plurality of BRU sets comprised of virtual signatures. Each of the BRU sets is provisioned for a corresponding user.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may transmit feedback information on an uplink control channel. The WTRU may also transmit in response to a trigger condition and instead of a transmission of scheduling information, in a transmission time interval (TTI) on the uplink control channel, a predetermined sequence. In the TTI, an uplink data channel may not transmitted by the WTRU.

Abstract: A method of receiving an acknowledgement (ACK) signal from at least one access terminal (AT) in a wireless communication system is disclosed. More specifically, the method includes transmitting at least one packet via a packet data channel from an access network (AN), receiving at least one ACK signal from the at least one AT using same channelization resources, wherein each AT is assigned a code specific to each AT, and identifying the ACK signal corresponding to the transmitted packet from the received at least one ACK signal.

Abstract: A method for transmitting ACK/NACK information in response to a downlink transmission in a relay node (RN) of a wireless communication system; and the RN therefore are discussed. The method according to one embodiment includes receiving downlink transmissions in downlink subframes; and transmitting the ACK/NACK information for the downlink transmissions in one uplink subframe associated with the downlink subframes. The downlink subframes and the uplink subframe are configured for a time division duplex (TDD). Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources are configured by a higher layer, and each of the PUCCH resources corresponds to each of the downlink subframes. Each of the downlink subframes associated with the one uplink subframe is sequentially mapped to each of the PUCCH resources starting from a downlink subframe among the downlink subframes that is closest in time to the one uplink subframe.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes systems and methods for creating and/or deploying access points for a wireless network in a multi-unit building or for a private residential neighborhood. Additionally, described herein are methods for operating a wireless network in a multi-unit building that was either deployed according to the concepts described herein or was pre-existing.

Abstract: A system for providing power back-off includes a channel monitor to measure channel conditions associated with a communication channel between a receiver and a transmitter operating at multiple carrier frequencies. A system monitor retrieves one or more system characteristics associated with the receiver and the transmitter. A mapping module maps measured values of the channel conditions to a number of time slots. A power back off (PBO) module determines a value for an optimal PBO for each time slot based on the measured values of the channel conditions for that time slot and the system characteristics. The communication channel includes a cyclo-stationary channel, and the time slots correspond to a time period of the cyclo-stationary channel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for transceiving a signal in a wireless communication system. A method for transceiving a signal in a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: transmitting a downlink signal from a base station to a terminal; receiving an uplink signal transmitted from the terminal; and cancelling a self-interference signal on the basis of the transceived downlink signal or the uplink signal, wherein the transmission periods for the downlink signal and the uplink signal comprise dedicated transmission periods, and in the dedicated transmission period, signal transmission periods of the base station and the terminal are differentiated.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate to techniques for network assisted interference cancellation (NAIC). An example method generally includes receiving network assisted interference cancellation (NAIC) information from a potentially interfering neighbor base station, and performing interference cancellation, suppression or mitigation when processing a signal from a serving base station using the NAIC information.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) for a backplane serializer/deserializer (SerDes) system, comprising a first transmitter configured to send first data at a data rate to a second receiver in a second IC, a first receiver configured to receive second data at the data rate from a second transmitter in the second IC, wherein each of a first link and a second link is to the first transmitter, the first receiver, the second transmitter, and the second receiver, and wherein both the first link and the second link combined are configured to transfer the first data from the first transmitter to the second receiver and transfer the second data from the second transmitter to the first receiver at the data rate.

Abstract: A symbol clock recovery circuit for recovering a symbol clock in an M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) signal. The recovery circuit includes a largest magnitude comparison circuit that selects a largest magnitude signal value from a group of M signal values aligned with a hypothesis symbol boundary location and the average of that largest magnitude value is compared with a threshold, or with results from other boundary location hypotheses, or with both, to determine the true position of the symbol boundary.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to integrated circuits. More particularly, the present invention provides a circuit and method for regulating a voltage for a high speed serializer/deserializer (SerDes) device. But it will be recognized that the technique can be used for regulating memory devices (e.g., DDR 4 SDRAM devices, DDR4 register devices, DDR4 controller devices), and other high speed data applications. In various embodiments, phase-interpolator is implemented in conjunction with a delay-lock loop (DLL) and an SR latch, where one or more outputs of the DLL is used by the SR latch. Additionally, such techniques can be used for a variety of applications such as network and/or computer storage systems, computer servers, hand held computing devices, portable computing devices, computer systems, network appliances and/or switches, routers, and gateways, and the like.

Abstract: Clock recovery techniques (CRT) useful in a wide variety of communication systems based on wireless, optical and wireline links, include: a hybrid PLL (HPLL) enabling 1-50,000 frequency multiplication with very low output jitter independent of reference clock quality, a software controlled clock synthesizer (SCCS) for high accuracy phase & frequency synthesis producing synchronized low jitter clock from external time referencing clocks, waveforms or messages, receiver synchronization techniques (RST) contributing more accurate synchronization of receiver clock to OFDM composite frame combined with much faster acquisition time and better stability of the receiver clock.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a frequency divider and a radio communications device. The frequency divider includes a shift register unit and an output frequency synthesizing unit; the shift register unit includes multiple cyclically cascaded basic units; a basic unit at each level includes 2N D flip-flops connected in series and a multiplexer, outputs of the 2N D flip-flops connected in series are separately connected to the multiplexer; an output of the multiplexer is connected to an input of a next-level basic unit; the output frequency synthesizing unit superposes an output signal of the first D flip-flop of the basic unit at each level to generate a frequency division output signal.

Abstract: A phase rotator corrects the IQ imbalance in a wireless transceiver. The phase rotator is a part of a compensation system that detects and separates reception impairment images from transmission impairment images. The disclosed phase rotator introduces a phase shift between the transmission channel and the reception channel without perturbing the phase mismatch and the gain mismatch in the reception path. The phase rotator includes a first local oscillation (LO) circuit that generates a first LO signal at a first carrier frequency and a second LO circuit that generates a second LO signal at a second carrier frequency that deviates from the first carrier frequency for a phase rotation period. The phase rotation period is sufficiently long such that the frequency deviation can introduce a prescribed phase shift between the first LO signal and the second LO signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a multiple value packing scheme for homomorphic encryption are described, including at a server, generating a plurality of encrypted payloads, each having a plurality of data values; and at a client, receiving each of the encrypted payloads having the plurality of data values; and multiplying one or more of the data values of one of the encrypted payloads by one or more other data values in one or more of the other encrypted payloads, to generate a product that represents the summation of data values corresponding to the multiplied one or more data values of the encrypted payloads and the one or more of the other data values in the one or more other encrypted payloads.

Abstract: A flexible aes instruction set for a general purpose processor is provided. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a “one round” pass for aes encryption or decryption and also includes instructions to perform key generation. An immediate may be used to indicate round number and key size for key generation for 128/192/256 bit keys. The flexible aes instruction set enables full use of pipelining capabilities because it does not require tracking of implicit registers.

Abstract: A flexible aes instruction set for a general purpose processor is provided. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a “one round” pass for aes encryption or decryption and also includes instructions to perform key generation. An immediate may be used to indicate round number and key size for key generation for 128/192/256 bit keys. The flexible aes instruction set enables full use of pipelining capabilities because it does not require tracking of implicit registers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for the virtualization of cryptographic resources which enables memory speed encryption and decryption that is not bound by the speed at which processor resources can compute the result of a symmetric-key algorithm. This is achieved through a time-memory tradeoff via empty space at provisioning time. When implementing the apparatus, un-initialized memory is filled with the output of a symmetric-key algorithm uniquely keyed for the specific set of data that is going to be written to the provisioned area. Since the provisioning operation stores cryptographically structured data, rather than redundant data, plaintext that is xor'ed into memory is automatically encrypted and ciphertext that xor'ed into memory is automatically decrypted without the need for additional cryptographic computation. This reduced computation requirement enables cryptographic function to be implemented at the ends of communication, rather than the middle, and treated as a virtualized resource.