Abstract: A network management system can include multiple network interfaces. For example, the network management system can include a first network interface that can receive a stream of network packets associated with users. The network management system can include a second network interface for transmitting the received stream of network packets. The network management system can shape the stream of network packets before transmission. The network management system can assign the network packets into classes. The classes may have a configured hierarchical relationship. The classes may also have an operational hierarchy based on bandwidth usage during operation. The network management system can shape the stream of network packets based on operational hierarchy of classes and configured hierarchical relationship.

Abstract: Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of routing Diameter requests. The method includes: receiving an initial request from a client, the initial request including a session identifier, an initial destination realm, and request content; determining a Diameter route for the initial request based on the destination realm and the request content; forwarding the initial request according to the Diameter route; receiving a response to the initial request; extracting an origin realm or host from the response; and storing the origin realm or host in association with the session identifier. Various exemplary embodiments relate a Diameter Routing Agent (DRA) configured to perform the above method. Various exemplary embodiments relate to a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium encoded with instructions for performing the method.

Abstract: A method and system for determining an optimal route from a node to a given sink node in a network is described. Sink node periodically transmits routing information containing an indicator of recency. This indicator of recency is periodically updated. Routing information is received by a plurality of nodes in the network. Each node receiving routing information compares the indicator of recency contained in the routing information with an indicator of recency stored at the node to determine whether the received routing information is more recent than the stored routing information. An optimal route to the sink node is determined based on this comparison. Each node also periodically transmits routing information based on stored routing information to other nodes.

Abstract: A client interface unit receives a pause frame transmitted from a client device compatible with a relatively low communication rate. A data rate conversion unit generates a plurality of pause frames in accordance with a pause time designated by the received one pause frame and transmits the plurality of pause frames to a frame processing unit compatible with a relatively high communication rate. The frame processing unit stops transmitting a frame destined to the client device in accordance with the plurality of pause frames.

Abstract: A network switching device includes a macroflow sub-plane that performs packet-based routing in the network switching device and a microflow routing sub-plane that performs flow-based routing in the network switching device. The microflow routing sub-plane receives a first data packet, determines that the first data packet is associated with a first flow page, wherein the first flow page comprises a plurality of flow entries, determines that the first flow page is not resident in a routing table of the microflow routing sub-plane, and requests the first flow page from a software defined network (SDN) controller.

Abstract: A method for predicative traffic steering over a software defined network (SDN). The method includes programming network elements in the SDN to forward an incoming traffic flow to an application-layer analysis device; receiving application-layer analysis results from the application-layer analysis device, wherein the application-layer analysis results provide association between at least one network-layer parameter, at least one application-layer parameter, and at least one application-layer service associated with the at least one application-layer parameter; and steering subsequent incoming traffic flows to at least one server configured to provide the at least one application-layer service based on the application-layer analysis results.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a plurality of packets is sent from an origin device along a communication path toward a destination device. Each packet includes a lifespan indicator which is incrementally increased for each subsequently sent packet. A plurality of response messages are received at the origin device from a plurality of intermediate devices, respectively. A plurality of secure path objects included in the plurality of response messages, respectively, is determined. Additionally, the plurality of secure path objects are validated based on validation information accessible by the origin device. Validation results of the plurality of secure path objects are checked to determine whether a packet that is sent from the origin device and received by the destination device travels along a particular communication path as dictated by control plane information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for, among other things, a utilization based load balancing system which controls the distribution of queries to an information retrieval system made up of a network of server clusters. In one embodiment, a server cluster allocates computational resources among computational tasks. These computational tasks are replicated across a given server cluster, typically such that those computational tasks requested more frequently have more replicas, and more resources allocated to them to fulfill the requests. The system applies a utilization metric to determine how much capacity a given task has available and uses this determination to determine the capacity available for the cluster as a whole. Load balancing is achieved by re-directing queries to another cluster in response to the utilization value for a given cluster reaching a threshold.

Abstract: A medical device communication method that may be implemented within a variety of medical devices including but not limited to infusion pumps. The method may be implemented with a protocol stack for at least intra-device communication. Embodiments provide connection-oriented, connectionless-oriented, broadcast and multicast data exchange with priority handling of data, fragmentation, and reassembly of data, unique static and dynamic address assignment and hot swap capability for connected peripherals or subsystems.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method, routing bridge, and system for sending a packet, which are applied to the field of communications technologies, and are invented to reduce a signaling overhead of a TRILL network. The method includes: receiving, by a first transit RB, a Nickname of an edge RB sent by a second transit RB; constructing, an address advertisement message, where the address advertisement message includes a virtual IP address and a virtual MAC address of the first transit RB; and sending, the address advertisement message to the edge RB according to the Nickname of the edge RB, so that the edge RB sends, after receiving the address advertisement message, a free ARP packet to a server that accesses the TRILL network through the edge RB, where the free ARP packet includes a correspondence between the virtual MAC address and the virtual IP address.

Abstract: Private network address obfuscation and verification methods and apparatus that may obfuscate private network source addresses embedded in packet header addresses when sending packets from private networks onto or over external, public networks, and that verify incoming packets to the private networks using the obfuscated private network addresses embedded in the incoming packet header destination addresses. Obfuscating the private network addresses embedded in outgoing packets and verifying incoming packets according to the obfuscated content embedded in the destination addresses may help keep the private network addresses of endpoints on the private network hidden in the packet header content on public networks and difficult to detect by entities on the public networks, which may, for example, make malicious activities such as denial of service (DoS) attacks on the private network impractical.

Abstract: In one example, a server executes a virtual router configured to receive an inner packet output by a virtual machine associated with a virtual network. The virtual router is further configured to offload, to a physical network interface card of the server that executes the virtual router, segmentation of the inner packet into a plurality of outbound tunnel packets each having a tunnel header for output by the physical network interface card to a physical network underlying the virtual network.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes an input port, a first Characterize/Classify/Table Lookup and Multiplexer Circuit (CCTC), a second CCTC, and an exact-match flow table structure. The first and second CCTCs are structurally identical. The first and second CCTs are coupled together serially. In one example, an incoming packet is received onto the integrated circuit via the input port and packet information is supplied to a first characterizer of the first CCTC. Information flow passes through the classifier of the first CCT, through the Table Lookup and Multiplexer Circuit (TLMC) of the first CCT, through the characterizer of the second CCT, through the classifier of the second CCT, and out of the TLMC of the second CCT in the form of a Flow Id. The Flow Id is supplied to the exact-match flow table structure to determine whether an exact-match for the Flow Id is found in the flow table structure.

Abstract: A packet relay device has a packet receiving unit, a switch, a packet sending unit, an associative memory, and a packet search unit. The packet search unit has action registers which hold information specifying an action to be executed, holds address range information including consecutive address ranges of the associative memory and the action registers in association with each other, and registers a plurality of flow entries at a plurality of addresses in the same address range. The flow entries have conditions identifying the flows associated with the same action. The device inputs header information of the packets into the associative memory, determines the action to be executed in accordance with information read out from the action register corresponding to the address range including an address output from the associative memory, and executes the determined action.

Abstract: A regenerator system is provided for dynamic and asymmetric bandwidth capacity adjustment when exchanging data between a first remote network device and a second remote network device. The regenerator includes first and second couplers in communication with the first and second remote network devices, respectively, using a first communication medium that provides multiple communication channels, and at least one redirecting device operable to selectively configure at least one of the channels for either transmission of a signal from the first remote network device to the second remote network device, or transmission of the signal from the second remote network device to the first remote network device.

Abstract: This system includes: plural first information processing apparatuses on which a virtual machine that belongs to either of plural subnets; plural second information processing apparatuses on which a virtual router used for communication between subnets; a controller that controls communication paths within a subnet, deployment of the virtual machine and deployment of the virtual router; and plural switches that connects the plural first information processing apparatuses, the plural second information processing apparatuses and the controller.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and an apparatus for maintaining tokens, and relate to the field of communications technologies, so as to solve a problem of a burst excess of data to be transmitted and improve QoS. The method of the present invention includes: obtaining a peak information rate (PIR) of a network node; splitting the PIR into a first rate and a second rate; obtaining, according to the first rate, the first number of added tokens corresponding to a first period, and obtaining, according to the second rate, the second number of added tokens corresponding to a second period; adding tokens according to the first period and the first number of added tokens, and adding tokens according to the second period and the second number of added tokens.

Abstract: A source network device of a cloud computing network receives a packet destined for a destination virtual machine provided in a destination cloud computing device. The packet is received from a source virtual machine provided in a source cloud computing device. The source network device associates, to the packet, a source shaping resource of the source network device, where the source shaping resource includes a bandwidth that matches or exceeds a bandwidth associated with the source virtual machine. The source network device adds, to the packet, a header that identifies an address of the source virtual machine, an identifier associated with the source shaping resource, and the bandwidth associated with the source virtual machine. The source network device provides, via the source shaping resource, the packet and the header to the cloud computing network for transmission to the destination virtual machine.

Abstract: Fixed, differentiated quality of service (QoS) is supplied for packetized traffic (e.g., voice and data) intended for femto cell coverage when transmitted concurrently with external broadband traffic. Quality of Service differentiation is supplied without an external implementation. Femto cell coverage is prioritized over concurrent packetized traffic to deliver a rich user experience for delay and jitter sensitive applications. A passthrough configuration for a femto access point (AP) facilitates supplying hard QoS for data packet streams, or flows, intended for femto cell coverage or non-femto-cell coverage. The femto AP receives a consolidated packet stream through backhaul link(s) and distinguishes flow(s) for femto coverage and flow(s) for auxiliary broadband coverage. The femto AP routes the flow(s) intended for femto with hard QoS according to QoS policy which can be determined by a network operator or a subscriber.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a wireless signal (FIGS. 3A-3C) is disclosed. A data stream is divided (306) into a first data stream and a second data stream. The first data stream is encoded (300) at a first data rate. The second data stream is encoded (320) at a second data rate different from the first data rate. A first part of the encoded first data stream is transmitted from a first transmit antenna (308). A second part of the encoded first data stream is transmitted from a second transmit antenna (312).

Abstract: Systems and methods for extracting user identifiers over encrypted communication traffic are provided herein. An example method includes monitoring multiple flows of communication traffic. A sequence of messages is then sent to a user in accordance with a first temporal pattern. A flow whose activity has a second temporal pattern that matches the first pattern is then identified among the monitored flows. The identified flow is then associated with the user.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a packet output unit that performs normal transmission of a normal packet and retransmission of at least one retransmission packet, a feedback receiver that receives a retransmission request that designates a retransmission packet to request retransmission, and a controller that determines that the retransmission packet for the received retransmission request is to be transmitted or is scheduled to be transmitted based on an amount of data scheduled to be transmitted for a predetermined period.

Abstract: A control method by an information processing system including a plurality of computers and a plurality of switch devices, the control method includes storing, by a first processor, degeneration information indicating a path in which a transmission rate is decreased and a decreasing ratio of a transmission rate in a first memory when a first switch device which include the first processor detects the path and the first switch device is set as a point of origin; determining, by a second processor, whether a plurality of packets pass through the path, based on the degeneration information when the plurality of packets are transmitted from a computer including the second processor; determining a length of a gap based on the decreasing ratio when it is determined that the plurality of packets pass through the path; and transmitting the plurality of packets with a transmission interval based on the length.

Abstract: A method is provided for congestion control in a network node (114; 510; 900) of a communication network. The network node handles a plurality of data connections for conveying data packets travelling between a core side and a terminal side of the communication network. The method is performed in the network node and comprises detecting (210) a condition indicative of a congestion for any of the data connections, selecting (220), among the data connections, a data connection (RABdrop) for which a bit-rate reduction is to be caused, and determining (230) a number (Xi) of data packets to be discarded for the selected data connection. The determined number depends on a time-integrated difference between experienced and targeted bit-rates for the selected data connection. Then, the reduction of the bit-rate is initiated (240) for the selected data connection by causing discarding of the determined number of data packets.

Abstract: An Island-Based Network Flow Processor (IB-NFP) receives packets of many flows, and classifies them as belonging to an ordering context. These packets are distributed to a set of Worker Processors (WPs), so that each packet of the context is processed by one WP, but multiple WPs operate on packets of the context at a given time. The WPs use an atomic ticket release functionality of a transactional memory to assist in determining when to release packets to another set of Output Processors (OP). The packets are indicated to the set of OPs in the correct order, even though the WPs may complete their processing of the packets in an out-of-order fashion. For a packet that is indicated as to be released, an OP generates a “transmit command” such that the packet (or a descriptor of the packet) is then put into a properly ordered stream for output from the IB-NFP.

Abstract: Embodiments include a method, system, and computer program product for maintaining continuous availability. An embodiment of the present invention includes receiving a unit of work data. The unit of work data is distributed among the plurality of workloads using either an active/standby configuration, an active/query configuration, an active/partitioned configuration, or an active/active configuration. A primary workload is selected from a plurality of workloads to process the unit of work data based on a workload distribution rule. It is determined if the primary workload is capable of processing the unit of work data based on user configurable settings. If the primary site is capable of processing the unit of work data then the unit of work data is transmitted to the primary workload. Otherwise the unit of work data is transmitted to a secondary workload. The unit of work data is replicated between the primary workload and the secondary workload.

Abstract: With the advent of virtualization technologies, networks and routing for those networks can now be simulated using commodity hardware. For example, virtualization technologies can be adapted to allow a single physical computing machine to be shared among multiple virtual networks by providing one or more virtual machines simulated in software by the single physical computing machine, with each virtual machine acting as a distinct logical computing system. In addition, as routing can be accomplished through software, additional network setup flexibility can be provided to the virtual network in comparison with hardware-based routing. In some implementations, virtual network setup can be abstracted through the use of resource placement templates, allowing users to create virtual networks compliant with a customer's networking policies without necessarily having knowledge of what those policies are.

Abstract: A dynamic planning method for server resources of a data center is provided. The data center includes multiple pods and each pod includes multiple racks configurable with multiple servers. In the method, a rack having a remaining space larger than or equal to d is searched from the pods and used for configuring d servers. If the rack cannot be configured with the d servers, a single pod reallocation is executed on one of the pods to empty a rack so that the remaining space of the rack is larger than or equal to d and configurable with the d servers. If there is no rack that can be emptied, a cross-pod reallocation is executed to empty corresponding server positions of corresponding racks in the pods so that the remaining space of the corresponding server positions is larger than or equal to d and configurable with the d servers.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed herein for managing network bandwidth in a distributed system having multiple endpoints that upload data to a central server or server cluster. One embodiment provides a computer-implemented method that includes receiving a logical topology of the network that is determined based on network measurements. The method further includes resolving a convex optimization problem over the logical topology to determine a bandwidth allocation scheme for the endpoints uploading data. In addition, the method includes controlling bandwidth consumption by the endpoints based on the determined bandwidth allocation scheme.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a method, corresponding system, and corresponding apparatus for handling Quality of Service (QoS) for one or more network file shares associated with one or more Network Attached Storage (NAS) servers. Some embodiments may determine an actual value for a QoS parameter for network file shares, through a benchmark test procedure. Some embodiments may assign a QoS policy to the network file shares. Some embodiments may associate the QoS policy with the QoS parameter. Some embodiments may control the QoS policy at the NAS servers. Some embodiments may determine a current speed capability of one or more network interface controllers (NICs) associated with the NAS servers. Some embodiments may also compare the current speed capability of the NICs to the given actual value for the given QoS parameter resulting from the benchmark test procedure.

Abstract: A number of users interface with a network via a multiplex module, on a communication path established between the multiplex module and a point of presence. Some users may be served by one or more first channels of the communication path while one or more remaining users may be served by one or more additional channels of the communication path. Users having a basic service level agreement may be served by the first channels while users having an extended service level agreement may be served by the one or more additional channels. Allocation of users to distinct channel types based on their service level agreements may apply at a primary point of presence or may apply at a redundant point of presence.

Abstract: Provided are a method, a system, and a computer program product in which a plurality of switches are maintained in a cascaded configuration. A switch relays a switch fabric internal link services (SW-ILS) to generate a pair of exchanges comprising a first exchange and a second exchange at the switch. In response to a termination of the first exchange of the pair of exchanges, the second exchange of the pair of exchanges is terminated.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for reducing latency in coordinated networks are provided. The apparatus and methods relate to a protocol that may be referred to as the Persistent Reservation Request (“p-RR”), which may be viewed as a type of RR (reservation request). p-RR's may reduce latency, on average, to one MAP cycle or less. A p-RR may be used to facilitate Ethernet audiovisual bridging. Apparatus and methods of the invention may be used in connection with coaxial cable based networks that serve as a backbone for a managed network, which may interface with a package switched network.

Abstract: A network device receives a packet that includes a plurality of sets of fields. Sets of fields of the packet are parsed and the field sets are evaluated as soon as they are available to determine whether a processing decision can be made on the packet. Additional field sets may be parsed from the packet and obtained in parallel with determining whether a processing decision can be made, but once it is determined that a processing decision can be made, the evaluating of field sets is terminated such that any further field sets of the packet are ignored for purposes of making a processing decision for the packet.

Abstract: A system for efficient routing of an OAM) frame in an Ethernet switch receives an OAM frame at a first port; building a first classification key dependent on an OAM frame header; classifies in a context of the first port to create a first classification; resolves action dependent on the first classification; modifies the first classification key to create a second classification key; classifies the frame in a context of the second port to create a second classification; sends the second classification key to an OAM engine coupled to the Ethernet switch for modification into a third classification key; receives the third classification key from the OAM engine; modifies the third classification key into a final classification key; modifies the header of the OAM frame with the final classification key; and sends the modified OAM frame to a switching fabric of the Ethernet switch.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a method, network node, and non-transitory machine-readable storage medium including the following: receiving a packet; evaluating a flow processing table comprising a plurality of rules to determine whether a rule of the plurality of rules is applicable to the received packet, wherein: a rule of the plurality of rules includes a matching rule that identifies one or more flows to which the rule applies and at least one action that identifies at least one action to be taken when the rule applies; generating a new rule to be added to the flow processing table when the after failing to identify a rule of the plurality of rules as applicable to a received packet, including: evaluating at least one flow rule generation table to identify a first set of packet header fields and a set of processing actions; installing the new rule in the flow processing table.

Abstract: Particular embodiments provide systems and methods to reduce the average power consumption per subscriber. Particular embodiments select windows of time when network components are under-utilized by subscribers of the network. During periods of under-utilization of a network component, subscribers may be consolidated onto a smaller number of network components by increasing the service group size. The consolidation increases the service group size, which has the effect of lowering bandwidth per subscriber. However, the bandwidth use per subscriber may be lower during this time. The use of the smaller number of network components allows the energy for these components to be used more efficiently. When the subscriber network demands increase, the distribution system places the network components into an active power state and redistributes the subscribers to the newly-activated components. This decreases the service group size, such as back to the original size.

Abstract: A communication method executed by a processor included in a relay device, the communication method includes receiving a target packet among a plurality of segmented packets generated by dividing a transmission packet, the plurality of segmented packets including a same identifier as that of the transmission packet; storing the target packet into a memory, when no error is detected from the target packet; discarding one or more packets stored in the memory and including a same identifier as that of the target packet, when an error is detected from the target packet; generating a discard request including an identifier of the transmission packet, and information requesting to discard a packet including the identifier, when the discarded one or more packets do not include a head packet among the plurality of segmented packets; and transmitting the discard request to a transmission destination to which the head packet is transmitted.

Abstract: Accelerating network convergence may be provided. Consistent with embodiments of the disclosure, a mapping server may be configured to map an interconnection of various network elements comprising at least the following: a wireless host, at least two access switches, a plurality of distribution switches, a core switch, a mobility controller, and a mapping database. The mapping server may then receive an indication from the mobility controller that the wireless host has roamed from a first access switch to a second access switch. In response to the indication, the mapping server may remap the interconnection of network elements in the mapping database to update network routing information associated with the wireless host.

Abstract: A receive buffer of the type that receives information at regular time slots and is required to indicate any status changes to a micro control unit (MCU), the receive buffer including: a slot status field for storing slot status information at each timeslot for the receive buffer; a receive interrupt flag for sending a signal to the MCU for indicating a change of the slot status field on receipt of the information at each timeslot; characterized in that the receive buffer also includes: an empty slot recognition bit for determining if an empty slot is received and generating an indicator thereof, wherein the indicator is passed to the MCU instead of the useless empty slot status field.

Abstract: A first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer system includes FIFO control logic and first and second storage partitions. Each storage partition includes a corresponding single-port memory bank and a prefetch buffer. The FIFO control logic alternates processing of PUSH commands between the first and second storage partitions. Additionally, the FIFO control logic anticipates POP commands based on the FIFO order and the alternating PUSH arrangement by initiating prefetches of data so that data to be accessed by a POP command is available at either the prefetch buffer (if the prefetch has completed) or the output of the single-port memory bank (if the prefetch has not yet completed) of the corresponding storage partition at the time the POP command is received, thereby enabling the output of the data for the POP command in the same clock cycle in which the POP command is received.

Abstract: A switching device includes a plurality of ports and a switching core, which is coupled to transfer data packets between ingress and egress ports. Switching logic maintains a descriptor queue containing respective descriptors corresponding to the data packets that have been received and queued by the ports, and responsively to the respective descriptors, instructs the switching core to transfer the queued data packets between the ports. Port logic, which is associated with each port, is configured, upon receipt of a data packet from the network at the port, to signal the switching logic to place a descriptor corresponding to the data packet in the descriptor queue and, upon identifying the data packet as meeting a predefined criterion, to convey a request to the switching logic, bypassing the descriptor queue, to instruct the switching core to transfer the data packet immediately to an egress port.

Abstract: A method for receiving a packet descriptor including a priority indicator and a queue number indicating a queue stored within a first memory unit, storing a packet associated with the packet descriptor in a second memory, determining a first amount of free memory in the first memory unit, determining if the first amount of free memory is above a threshold value, writing the packet from the second memory to a third memory when the first amount of memory is above the threshold value and the priority indicator is equal to a first value, not writing the packet from the second memory unit to the third memory unit if the first amount of memory is below the threshold value or when the priority indicator is equal to a second value. The priority indicator is equal to a first value for high priority packets and a second value for low priority packets.

Abstract: An intelligent notification filtering method is disclosed. The intelligent notification filtering method is suitable for a handheld communication device performing a wireless projection. The intelligent notification filtering method includes following steps: establishing a high-priority list automatically; in response to the handheld communication device receiving an incoming notification event, determining whether the incoming notification event is listed in the high-priority list or not; interrupting the wireless projection on the handheld communication device and displaying contents of the incoming notification event, if the incoming notification event is listed in the high-priority list; and, keeping on performing the wireless projection by the handheld communication device and setting the incoming notification event pending, if the incoming notification event is not listed in the high-priority list. In addition, a handheld communication device is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: Methods, servers, clients, and systems for releasing instant messaging key-value data are provided. A server receives a request packet for pulling key-value data sent from a client during a login. The request packet at least contains a full-amount pulling time-stamp, an increased-amount pulling time-stamp, and a data-altering serial number. The server selects a pre-set data releasing mechanism according to parameters contained in the request packet, to release full amount key-value data to the client or to release increased amount key-value data to the client, or not to release the key-value data, such that, according to a returned result from the server, the client updates local cache data to display to a user.

Abstract: A system comprising at least one server computer having at least one processor programmed to: receive, over a network, activity data of a first user measured by an activity monitoring device; process the activity data of the first user to update a value of an activity metric for the first user; responsive to updating the value of the activity metric for the first user, identify a change in an inequality relationship between the value of the activity metric for the first user and a value of the activity metric for a second user; and, responsive to identifying the change in the inequality relationship, trigger, over the network, a first user device to prompt the first user to generate a message to the second user for display on a second user device.

Abstract: System and methods are provided for receiving identification information from remote user devices associated with users. The identification information serves to obtain corresponding stored user profiles. Users are engaged with pre-existing primary communication channels for each user based upon their profiles. Each such primary channel facilitates electronic communication between a corresponding enterprise data source and users. For each respective primary channel in a subset of the primary channels of a first user, a corresponding plurality of sub-channels is generated based upon their profile. A sub-channel enables secure bidirectional communication between (i) the remote user device associated with a first user and (ii) the enterprise data source associated with the primary channel to which the sub-channel is associated.

Abstract: A method of displaying a message on a chat window is provided. The method includes selecting a cartoon image group including a plurality of cartoon cut images, receiving a chat content, selecting a cartoon cut image from the selected cartoon cut image group, and displaying the selected cartoon cut image including the received chat content in some areas of the selected cartoon cut image on a messenger chat window.

Abstract: A method for identifying a conversation thread among electronic communications. The method includes a computer processor identifying that a user is accessing a first electronic communication from a plurality of electronic communications. The method further includes a computer processor analyzing meta-data of the first electronic communication to identify a unique identifier included in the meta-data. The method further includes a computer processor determining that the unique identifier is associated with content included in the first electronic communication that was copied from a second electronic communication. The method further includes a computer processor providing the user that is accessing the first electronic communication access to the second electronic communication.

Abstract: A data communication apparatus which does not have a function for receiving, via a mail server, e-mail sent by an external device includes a setting unit configured to set a POP account for the mail server, a reading unit configured to read a document to generate image data, a sending unit configured to send the generated image data as an e-mail via the mail server after performing authentication based on the POP account set by the setting unit, and a notification unit configured to transmit to the mail server, a delete instruction to delete an e-mail stored in a mailbox on the mail server.