Abstract: Disclosed are nanotopography-based methods and devices for interacting with a component of epithelial tissue and increasing the permeability of the tissue. Devices include structures fabricated on a surface to form a nanotopography. A random or non-random pattern of structures may be fabricated such as a complex pattern including structures of differing sizes and/or shapes. Microneedles may be beneficially utilized for delivery of an agent to a cell or tissue. Devices may be utilized to directly or indirectly alter cell behavior through the interaction of a fabricated nanotopography with the components of epithelial tissue.

Abstract: The invention is a sensor device attached to a transdermal patch or other form of transdermal delivery device (TDD) which is (1) capable of determining the quantity of drug remaining within the TDD and (2) determining the quantity or dose delivered from the TDD to a patient in real time. The preferred embodiment is a sensor capable of transmitting acoustical energy between an ultrasonic generator, through a medicine-containing TDD, providing a density measurement of the solution within the TDD and thereby calculating the dose remaining within the patch, and leading to a calculation of the dose delivered to the patient.

Abstract: A cap for medical fluid lines and the like includes a hollow body within which a male or female connector accessible at one end of the body is coaxially housed. The connector is configured to inviolably obstruct the passage through the body. A unidirectional coupling locks in rotation the connector with respect to the body in the direction corresponding to the screwing of the connector, and a complementary connector, and to enable free rotation of the connector in the opposite direction. The connector can be possibly locked in rotation with respect to the body in the unscrewing direction, only following a positive command.

Abstract: A cutaneous medical device having a main part containing an electrical energy source that can generate an electric current and electronic components that form part of an electric circuit; and at least one removable cutaneous electrode comprising an electric plug. The electrode is intended to be in electric contact with a user. The electrode also includes at least one base which is positioned on a first face of the main part and can be electrically connected to the at least one removable cutaneous electrode.

Abstract: An anchoring unit for an implantable lead includes a body, a plurality of anchoring members, and at least one connecting element coupling together at least two of the anchoring members that are positioned adjacent to one another. The body is configured and arranged for positioning along a portion of an outer surface of a lead. The body has a first end, a second end, and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween. The first end is configured and arranged for placement on the lead so that the first end is positioned more distally on the lead than the second end. Each anchoring member has a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of each anchoring member extends from the body and the distal end of each anchoring member anchors to patient tissue upon implantation of the anchoring unit into the patient.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to implantable capsules for stimulation. One implantable capsule includes a tubular body and a distal member provided at its distal end with an anchoring device adapted to penetrate into a tissue of a wall of an organ of a patient and a distal electrode, the body accommodating a set of functional elements of the capsule and including a proximal electrode. The capsule includes an electrically insulating member between the body and the distal member to isolate the distal member of said body.

Abstract: A system for transcranial stimulation of a subject includes an electrode arrangement including a plurality of electrodes coupled to at least one electrode drive arrangement, wherein the plurality of electrodes are operable to contact onto skin of the subject, for example a head region of the subject, wherein at least one electrode includes a plurality of electrode elements which are operable in combination to deliver a current of their corresponding at least one electrode to the subject, and wherein the at least one electrode drive arrangement is arranged to excite and/or monitor in operation the electrode elements in an individually controlled and/or monitored manner, and the at least one electrode drive arrangement is operable substantially to even out current distribution between the plurality of electrode elements of the at least one electrode when in contact onto skin of the head region of the subject.

Abstract: A method for generating a signal shape (w1) for an electro-stimulation signal (w1) for healing wounds by electro-stimulation by way of an electrode (E1) which has an encoding member (6) with a code word (cw) which identifies therapeutic treatments, and is coupled to indicators (i1, i2) which indicate which treatments have to be activated. The signal shape (w1) is formed systematically from base signals capable of being parameterized such as a DC signal and two pulse trains, the parameters and the timing of which are formed systematically and applied where necessary, in accordance with the combined therapies. The generation of signal shapes for a plurality of electrodes is also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described and illustrated for percutaneously implanting a stimulation lead for treating sleep-related disordered breathing.

Abstract: In a device, system and method for electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve to treat or prevent disorders in a patient, the device comprises a handheld device having one or more electrode interfaces for contacting the outer skin surface of a patient, and a power source and a signal generator coupled to the electrode/interfaces for applying one or more electrical impulses to a deep nerve within the patient, such as the vagus nerve. In certain embodiments, the device further comprises a filter situated in series between the signal generator and the electrode/interfaces for filtering out undesired high frequency components of the electrical impulses to create a cleaner, smoother signal. The filter may comprise an electrically conductive medium and/or a low-pass filter between the signal generator and the electrode/interface.

Abstract: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system having a recharging system with self-alignment, a system for mapping current fields using a completely wireless system, multiple independent electrode stimulation outsource, and IPG control through software on Smartphone/mobile device and tablet hardware during trial and permanent implants. SCS system can include multiple electrodes, multiple, independently programmable, stimulation channels within an implantable pulse generator (IPG) providing concurrent, but unique stimulation fields. SCS system can include a replenishable power source, rechargeable using transcutaneous power transmissions between antenna coil pairs. An external charger unit, having its own rechargeable battery, can charge the IPG replenishable power source. A real-time clock can provide an auto-run schedule for daily stimulation. A bi-directional telemetry link informs the patient or clinician the status of the system, including the state of charge of the IPG battery.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and devices for improving cognitive function. In some embodiments, cognitive function is improved by detecting neuronal activity in the CA3 region of a patient's hippocampus and stimulating the CA3 region of the patient's hippocampus responsive to the neuronal activity detected.

Abstract: A system for treating a patient comprises a stimulator for stimulating brain tissue, a controller for setting stimulation parameters and a diagnostic tool for measuring patient parameters and producing diagnostic data. The stimulation parameters comprise test stimulation parameters and treatment stimulation parameters. The stimulator delivers test stimulation energy to the brain tissue based on at least one test stimulation parameter and delivers treatment stimulation energy to the brain tissue based on at least one treatment stimulation parameter. One or more treatment stimulator parameters are determined based on the diagnostic data produced by the diagnostic tool The system is constructed and arranged to treat a neurological disease or a neurological disorder. Methods of treating a neurological disease or neurological disorder are also provided.

Abstract: A tissue stimulation system and computer software and method of monitoring a neurostimulation lead having a plurality of electrodes implanted within a patient (e.g., adjacent the spinal cord) is provided. Neurostimulation lead models are provided, each of which includes estimated electrical parameter data (e.g., electrical field potential data) corresponding to a predetermined position of the neurostimulation lead. Electrical energy is transmitted to or from the electrodes, and electrical parameter data (e.g., electrical field potential data) is measured in response to the transmitted electrical energy. The measured electrical parameter data is compared with the estimated electrical parameter data of each of the neurostimulation lead models, and a position of the neurostimulation lead is determined based on the comparison.

Abstract: An Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) operable as a Deep Brain Stimulator (DBS) is disclosed which is mountable to the skull of a DBS patient, and which therefore is much closer to the site of intended therapy. The IPG includes an electronics section, a charging coil section, a connector block section configured to connect to the proximal end of implanted leads, and an electrode wire section connecting the connector block section to the electronics section. The electronic section includes a housing that is positionable into a hole formed in the patient's skull. Once so positioned, the housing may be affixed to the skull via bone screws. The charging coil section may be separate from and non-overlapping with the electronics section, or the charging coil section may encircle the electronics section.

Abstract: A connector for an implantable electrical medical device includes a connector lumen defined in an elongated connector housing and adapted for receiving a portion of a lead. Connector-contact assemblies are disposed in the connector lumen. Each of the connector-contact assemblies includes a contact housing. Multiple connector contacts are arranged along perimeters of inner surfaces of the contact housings such that the connector contacts are not in electrical contact with one another. Each of the connector contacts includes a biasing structure that physically contacts terminals disposed along the lead when the lead is received by the connector lumen. For each connector contact of a particular connector-contact assembly, the biasing structure extends around no more than 70% of the perimeter of the inner surface of the contact housing and is circumferentially-offset from the biasing structures of the remaining connector contacts of the connector-contact assembly.

Abstract: An implantable pulse generator (IPG) allowing for trial stimulation in a fully implanted solution is disclosed. At the time the leads are implanted, a micro IPG having lead connection block(s) is also implanted and connected to the leads. To keep the micro IPG suitably small, it preferably does not include a battery, and is instead powered continuously via magnetic induction using a magnetic field produced by an external charger, such as a charging patch. A coil in the micro IPG picks up and rectifies this magnetic field to provide power to stimulating electronics in the IPG. Because of its small size (e.g., ?10 cm3), implantation of the micro IPG can occur at the same time the leads are implanted in the patient without inconvenience. Should stimulation therapy with the micro IPG prove effective, a larger, permanent IPG can later be implanted and connected to the implanted leads.

Abstract: A medical device such as an external defibrillator delivers electrical therapy using a special pulse sequence. The special pulse sequence includes a defibrillation shock that is automatically followed by a quick succession of automatic post-shock anti-tachycardia (APSAT) pacing pulses. Because of the pacing pulses, the defibrillation shock can be of lesser energy than an equivalent defibrillation shock of a larger energy. Accordingly, the external defibrillator can be made physically smaller and weigh less, without sacrificing the therapeutic effect of a larger external defibrillator that would deliver a defibrillation shock of higher energy. As such, the defibrillator is easier to configure for transporting, handling, and even wearing.

Abstract: A hair restoration apparatus (100) restores hair loss and prevents further loss. The apparatus (100) includes a restoration insert (102). The restoration insert (102) includes a magnet substructure (104). A magnet array (106) is formed within the magnet substructure (104). The array (106) includes individual therapy magnets (108). The substructure (104) provides a base for the therapy magnets (108) to be positioned in close proximity to the scalp of a user (112).

Abstract: Described herein are shaped coil TMS electromagnets formed by two bent magnetic coil loops joined at a vertex having an angle between the outer coil regions of the coils that is typically less than 120 degrees (e.g., between about 45 and about 70 degrees, 60 degrees, etc.). The vertex region shaped to optimize the magnetic field projected from the TMS electromagnet. For example, the vertex region may be horizontal or vertical. In some variations the vertex region is formed by re-arranging the conductive windings forming the two coils so that they are no longer arranged in the same columnar structure that they are in the other portions of the bent magnetic coil loops. These TMS electromagnets may be well suited for use in deep-brain Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a system and method for X-ray imaging. The method of calculating scatter in an X-ray image may include forming a modulated X-ray image. The method of forming the modulated X-ray image may include acquiring X-rays through a collimator module and an imaged object in sequence to generate an X-ray image group; the acquisition may be performed during a movement of the collimator module in a first direction and the X-ray image group may include a plurality of X-ray images acquired at different times during the movement of the collimator; extracting sub-zones from the plurality of X-ray images in the X-ray image group; combining the sub-zones in the first direction to form the modulated X-ray image. In the present disclosure, an intensity distribution of the X-rays may be adjusted flexibly using a collimator without adding any extra hardware. In addition, scatter components in the X-ray images may be calculated to eliminate the scatter in the X-ray images finally.

Abstract: Photon-based radiosurgery is widely used for treating local and regional tumors. The key to improving the quality of radiosurgery is to increase the dose falloff rate from high dose regions inside the tumor to low dose regions of nearby healthy tissues and structures. Dynamic photon painting (DPP) further increases dose falloff rate by treating a target by moving a beam source along a dynamic trajectory, where the speed, direction and even dose rate of the beam source change constantly during irradiation. DPP creates dose gradient that rivals proton Bragg Peak and outperforms Gamma Knife® radiosurgery.

Abstract: Ultrasound generation produces in general an acoustic field, characterized by both inertial and non-inertial acoustic cavitation, a process by which non-linear oscillation of a microbubble and its associated micro streaming and radiation force generated by ultrasound can lead to intense heating effects in a material, solution or biological cell which comes into contact with a conventional ultrasound transmission. Typically an ultrasound signal contains both an acoustic vibration effect, a resonance effect where a material receiving the ultrasound transmission resonates in response to the transmission, and unfortunately in many applications a damaging cavitation effect and a damaging thermal effect. This invention is both a method and an apparatus to reduce the damaging effects of ultrasound in both the thermal and mechanical effects and to provide a safer ultrasonic process which can be used in sonochemistry applications, material science and for biological or medical applications.

Abstract: A system, method, and graphene device. The graphene devices includes one or more graphene layers configured to emit a wave to a site of a body of a user. The device further includes a frame housing the one or more graphene layers. The device further includes a driver connected to the one or more graphene layers to communicate an electronic signal to the one or more graphene layers that is converted to the wave. The device further includes a power source connected to the driver for powering the driver to generate the electronic signal.

Abstract: A device for therapeutic treatment which comprises a HIFU transducer for generating and transmitting HIFU pulses to a target. The HIFU transducer is operable in at least a probing mode, during a probing phase, and in a treatment mode, during a treatment phase. In the probing phase the HIFU transducer is operated with at least one probing operation characteristic. The probing operation characteristic includes emission of a pulse with a focal point. During the treatment phase, the HIFU transducer operates with at least one treatment operation characteristic different from the probing operation characteristic. The device further comprises a detector designed to detect a change of tissue properties caused by the HIFU pulses in the target during the probing phase. The device further comprises a computer or microprocessor for determining at least one probing parameter necessary to achieve the change of tissue properties detected by the detector during the probing phase.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates a focused ultrasound operation apparatus suitable for providing a controllable rotation angle. The focused ultrasound operation apparatus includes: a handpiece provided for manipulation by an operator; a cartridge of a body-insertion type which is detachably coupled to the handpiece and includes an ultrasound emitting portion. In particular, the handpiece includes: a rotation module portion provided for the operator to rotate the cartridge coupled to the handpiece; a case arranged outside the rotation module portion; and a cartridge rotation angle adjustor to adjust a rotation angle of the cartridge with respect to a rotation motion around a center axis in a body-insertion direction of the cartridge, interacting with a rotation of the rotation module portion.

Abstract: A respirator system having a vortex tube with an arcuate hot leg. A respirator helmet has an inlet hose. A vortex tube with an arcuate hot leg and an inlet port is coupled to the respirator helmet. A compressed air source is coupled to the inlet port to supply air to the vortex tube in the range of 110 liter/minute (l/min) to 425 l/min and in the range of 40 pounds per square inch (psi) and 80 psi. This portable arrangement provides effective temperature control within the respirator system.

Abstract: A storage system includes a storage tank adapted to store a fluid therein, a flame arrestor being positioned downstream from the storage tank, a thermal valve being positioned downstream from the flame arrestor, and a flare stack being positioned downstream from and in fluid communication with the thermal valve. An outlet port of the storage tank is in fluid communication with an inlet port of the flame arrestor, and an outlet port of the flame arrestor is in fluid communication with an inlet port of the thermal valve. A flow path is formed between the storage tank and the flare stack via the flame arrestor and the thermal valve. The thermal valve has a cross-sectional area along a direction of the flow path which is substantially vacant of physical detonation-inducing obstructions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a connecting device. The disclosed connecting device includes a connecting unit whose inside is penetrated and opened and closed according to rotation of a rotor provided therein, and an opening/closing unit that is rotatably coupled to the connecting unit and opens and closes the inside of the connecting unit by rotating the rotor, when being rotated with respect to the connecting unit.

Abstract: A device for suppressing and/or extinguishing a fire associated with a container may include a housing defining a hollow sleeve and a column configured to be received within the hollow sleeve. The column may define a first chamber, a second chamber, at least one aperture, and a piercing end configured to pierce a barrier. The first chamber may be configured to receive an expansion agent, and the second chamber may he configured to receive a fire extinguishing agent. The device may he configured such that upon activation of the expansion agent, the column extends from the housing so as to enable the piercing end to penetrate the container and to enable the fire extinguishing agent to be delivered into an interior of the container via the at least one aperture.

Abstract: An evacuation device (1) for transporting gas and/or particles out of a room includes mounting elements (7, 9) for installation in a wall (3) of the room such that an inflow end (6) is located on the face of the wall (3) that faces the inside of the room and an outflow end (8) is located outside the room. The evacuation device includes a duct (2) extending between the inflow end and the outflow end, and a barrier (12) is releasably attached in the duct to seal it when the evacuation device is in a standby state. Driving elements (21) are arranged to guide at least one flow of fluid through the duct when the evacuation device is in an activated state. Preferably, the duct includes a venturi nozzle, and the driving elements include a number of water nozzles located upstream of the inflow end of the venturi nozzle.

Abstract: A fire suppression system in which side-discharge fire sprinklers are fitted to opposite sides of a supply line and aimed so that their coverage areas point in opposite directions. The fire sprinklers are alternated on left and right-hand sides of the supply line, and are spaced apart at a consistent interval. Each fire sprinkler includes a deflector configured to disperse the outflow of water over a non-circular coverage area. When two supply lines are installed next to each other so that half of the sprinklers on one supply line point toward the other supply line, and vise versa, the fire sprinklers are staggered so that their respective coverage areas are interlaced in the intermediate space.

Abstract: A fire protection sprinkler that includes a body defining an internal passageway extending along a sprinkler axis between an inlet end and an outlet end to define a passageway length and a nominal K-factor greater than 16. A deflector is supported and spaced from the outlet end by a pair of support arms. The sprinkler includes means for allowing a flow of water from the outlet end of the body. The means includes a closure assembly having a body defining a blind bore and a thermally responsive glass bulb. The glass bulb has a first end disposed within the blind bore defining a first seat diameter and a second end defining a second seat diameter. The glass bulb has a bulb length that is greater than the length of the internal passageway and a maximum wall thickness less than the difference between the bulb length and the passageway length.

Abstract: A jump rope includes an elongated flexible member (e.g., a rope) that extends between two handle arrangements. The elongated flexible member can be stored within the handle arrangements. For example, each handle arrangement can hold a spool on which a portion of the flexible member can be wound. The portions of the flexible member can be automatically retracted within the handles.

Abstract: An aquatic exercise device (100) includes a cuff strap (102) for fastening a plurality of fins (106) to a user's leg. The cuff strap (102) is configured to position the plurality of fins (102) to extend outwardly form an interior of the cuff strap (102) when the cuff strap (102) is fastened to an ankle area of the user's leg. The plurality of fins (106) provide resistance in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the user's foot when the aquatic exercise device (100) is moved through water.

Abstract: An exercising apparatus, comprising a pair of elastic straps correspondingly having lengths, and a pair of buckles correspondingly mounted on the pair of the elastic straps, where each of the buckles having a frame with a passage for each of the elastic straps and oppositely directed flanges and an appendage connect and inclined to the frame on which a first longitudinal end of each of the elastic straps is attached thus compelling each of the elastic straps to form S shape over and in each of the buckles, consequently longitudinally partitioning each of the elastic straps by sliding each of the buckles along each of the elastic straps to releasably fasten each of the buckles on each of the elastic straps.

Abstract: A weight bar system includes a weight bar, and two lock collars on each end of the weight bar for holding one or more weights on each end of the weight bar. The ends of the weight bar include circumferentially positioned grooves. A locking collar is engageable with the grooves both in an unlocked and a locked position. The locking collar includes a main body collar including pins which extend in a cross direction relative to the axis and are moveable radially inwardly and outwardly relative to the grooves. A rotatable collar includes a cam surface to move the pins radially inwardly to lock the locking collar to the weight bar. A stationary collar may also be provided to limit rotation of the rotatable collar, and to provide a gripping surface. A space on the lock collar may be provided to press against the weights.

Abstract: An apparatus for training lacrosse technique mechanics includes a lacrosse head which includes a base portion and a housing removably coupled to the base portion. The housing includes a sensor for sensing the motion of the lacrosse head and generating motion data therefrom. The housing also includes a transceiver for transmitting the motion data to an end user device via a network.

Abstract: A golf equipment fitting system that uses advanced technology to not only objectively identify the optimum equipment for the golfer, but to also identify and help correct swing flaws so that the golfer can achieve optimum performance on the golf course. Thus, in one embodiment, golf fitting includes collecting data related to the golfer's swing and determining if the golfer's swing technique should be modified based at least in part on the collected swing data. When it is determined that the golfer's swing technique should be modified, then providing swing instruction to the golfer. When, however, it is determined that the golfer's swing technique is fine, then collecting data related to how the golfer's swing launches a golf ball. Finally, golf equipment, e.g., golf clubs, can be specified based on the collected swing data and launch data.

Abstract: A method and device for optimizing running performance for an individual. Movements of a foot are monitored using one or more accelerometers. The data is transmitted to a portable electronic processing device, e.g. in the form of a cellular phone, where the data is processed to derive a movement pattern of the foot. Based on a comparison of the derived movement pattern and an optimal movement pattern, the portable electronic processing device provides feedback to the individual in order to adjust the movement pattern of the foot of the individual, thereby improving a running performance. Thereby the risk of injuries and overload of muscles, joints and tendons can be reduced.

Abstract: An apparatus including a sensor carried by a racquet and an indicator in communication with the sensor. The sensor outputs a notification based on (a) the number of hits by the racquet based on signals from the sensor and (b) at least one of an elapsed time since a last stringing of the racquet and an input skill level of a person using the racquet. Additionally, an apparatus including a racquet, a sensor carried by the racquet, and an indicator in communication with the sensor. The sensor can be a strain gauge, a load cell, an acoustic sensor and a vibro-acoustic sensor. The sensor outputs a notification based on the number of hits by the racquet based on signals from the sensor.

Abstract: A monofin, mermaid tail, and method of applying the tail and monofin. The fin utilizes a core made of flexible, yet resilient material such as plastic and a cover that is elastic, such as neoprene. The user's feet are connected to the fin by releasable connections. The mermaid tail and monofin connects both of a user's feet and legs in order to facilitate swimming in a mermaid-like motion while giving the user the appearance of a mermaid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a golf ball wherein each hemisphere has a dimple pattern based on a pyramid having dissimilar sides. The resulting overall dimple pattern is not based on preexisting polyhedral, and is not attainable using conventional dimple packing methods.

Abstract: A golf ball comprising at least one layer comprised of a neutralized acid polymer composition consisting of a mixture of: (a) at least one low molecular weight acid-containing wax; (b) at least one non-acid-polymer; and (c) at least one organic acid or salt thereof. Each low molecular weight acid-containing wax may have a molecular weight of from about 500 to about 7000, and in some embodiments, the molecular weight may be considered low up to 30,000.

Abstract: A golf ball comprising at least one layer comprised of a neutralized acid polymer composition consisting of a mixture of: (a) at least one low molecular weight acid-containing wax; (b) at least one non-acid-polymer; (c) at least one organic acid or salt thereof; and (d) at least one plasticizer. Each low molecular weight acid-containing wax may have a molecular weight of from about 500 to about 7000, and in some embodiments, the molecular weight may be considered low up to 30,000.

Abstract: A golf ball has an inner core layer including a thermoplastic highly-neutralized ionomer and having a geometric center hardness less than a surface hardness to define a first positive hardness gradient. An outer core layer is formed about the inner core and includes a homogenous thermoset composition. The outer core has an interior hardness less than an outer surface hardness to define a second positive hardness gradient. An inner and outer cover layers are disposed about outer core layer. The first and second hardness gradients each have a slope and the slope of the second hardness gradient is less than the slope of the first hardness gradient such that a ratio of the first and second slopes is 0.8 to 0.85.

Abstract: A ball includes a bladder that has a majority weight component of a material of a first material class. The ball includes at least one intermediate layer that is arranged exterior to the bladder and that has a majority weight component of the material of the first material class. The ball includes at least one exterior layer that is arranged exterior to the at least one intermediate layer and that has a majority weight component of the material of the first material class.

Abstract: A method for a golfer to putt a golf ball over the surface of a green toward a hole comprises selecting a target line on the green, assuming a stance next to the ball facing the hole, addressing the ball by gripping the shaft of a putter and positioning it behind the ball with the hands generally facing toward one another in front of and facing the golfer's body, executing a backstroke by drawing the hands toward the body's vertical centerline to swing the arms rearwardly about an axis of rotation through the shoulders to take the putter head away from the ball along a rearward extension of the target line, and transitioning to and executing a forward stroke by moving the hands in a forward direction away from the golfer's body to swing the arms about the axis of rotation to stroke the putter head to strike the ball for rolling it along the target line.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a face; a body, the body defining an interior and an exterior; the face and the body together defining a center of gravity, the center of gravity being proximate the face; a coefficient of restitution feature defined in the body; wherein the coefficient of restitution feature defines a gap in the body. A golf club head includes a face and a golf club body; the face and the golf club body defining a center of gravity, the center of gravity defined a distance, ?z, from a ground plane as measured along a z-axis, the center of gravity defined a distance, CGy, from the center face along the y-axis.

Abstract: A treatment that can be applied to the face of a golf club head complies with USGA regulations but imparts certain advantageous characteristics. The treatment can comprise a certain pattern and can be imparted to the club head via laser etching, diamond cutting, chemical etching or any other process that will achieve the desired result. In accordance with USGA rules, the treatment must cover the intended area of impact on the golf club face.