Abstract: In a method and apparatus for acquiring magnetic resonance (MR) data from a subject, wherein the MR data are acquired in respective data sets individually from multiple slices in a stack within the examination subject, and wherein the number of slices in the stack is not an integer multiple of a number of slices that are desired to be scanned simultaneously, a quotient of the number of slices in the stack and the number of slices to be acquired simultaneously is formed. A protocol for operating the scanner of the apparatus is then determined wherein the number of simultaneously scanned slices is set either by rounding by quotient up to the next highest integer, or rounding the quotient down to the next lowest integer.

Abstract: The MR apparatus 100 comprises: image producing unit 9a for producing coronal images of a part to be imaged; search-region defining unit 9d for defining a region Rs1 to be searched; unit for determining an indicator VI representing a likelihood that a pixel contained in the region Rs1 to be searched lies on an edge E of a liver adjacent to lungs; and unit for, by dividing the region Rs1 to be searched into a plurality of sub-regions R1-R11 arranged in an SI-direction, determining a position of the edge E of the liver in the SI-direction based on indicators VI obtained on a sub-region-by-sub-region basis.

Abstract: A method of improving the data quality in spatial frequency spectra by acquiring a prism acquisition consisting of echo data that is one or more repetitions of a one-dimensional frequency encoded signal along the length of one or more prism volumes, placed within a sample of a structure to be studied, generating prism profiles from the echo data, and correcting for motion during the acquisition by calculating motion having occurred during the prism acquisition from assessment of the prism profiles for the multiple repetitions, or by indicating a region of sample of structure to be studied on a reference image, using this to segment a map of features in the prism profiles and shifting the location of this region to correct for motion having occurred between the acquisition of the reference image and the prism acquisition.

Abstract: In a method and magnetic resonance (MR) apparatus, for an MR control sequence is activated that contains a large number of blocks that are to be activated successively, with a block of the blocks that are to be played successively having an excitation module for exciting spins in a first region of an examination object and an encoding module for spatial encoding of spins excited in the first region and for recording a signal emitted by spins excited in the first region. A sensor detects an external movement of the examination object during activation of an excitation module of a block. An optimization computer carries out an optimization of the encoding module of this block based on the detected external movement and generates an optimized encoding module. The optimized encoding module is activated.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for allocating MR imaging signals from a person under examination to N different movement states that occur in the person under examination. MR signals are acquired for the creation of MR images that represent at least one region of the person under examination. A number of MR navigator data sets of the person under examination also are acquired. A cluster analysis is applied to the MR navigator data sets in order to identify similarities in the MR navigator data sets. Similar navigator data sets are allocated to a movement state of the person under examination, the multiple navigator data sets all being allocated respectively to one movement state of the N movement states. The MR imaging signals acquired thus can be allocated to the N movement states.

Abstract: An EMI testing deviation correction system includes an EMI testing facility. A signal provisioning device in the EMI testing facility includes a power connector coupling coupled to a networking port. A signal generator includes a power connector that is connected to the power connector coupling, and generates and provides signals having first signal characteristics through the power connector. An ISN device is coupled to the first networking port to receive signals that are provided by the signal generator and transmitted through the signal provisioning device. A signal receiver device is coupled to the ISN device and receives signals transmitted through the signal provisioning device and the ISN device. The signals received by the signal receiver device include second signal characteristics, and the difference between the second signal characteristics and the first signal characteristics provides an indication of at least one correction for the EMI testing facility.

Abstract: A monitoring system including a plurality of monitoring devices (20) and a server (10) is provided. When new device data including a feature amount of a new electrical device different form existing electrical devices is extracted from measurement data (current consumption or the like), the monitoring device (20) calibrates the feature amount of the new electrical device using calibration data generated based on calibration data of the exiting electrical device, and transmits the new device data to the server (10) in association with identification information of the new electrical device. When the calibrated new device data of the new electrical device is received from the plurality of monitoring devices (20), the server (10) generates and registers training data of the new electrical device based on the plurality of pieces of calibrated new device data.

Abstract: Search and rescue (SAR) systems utilizing Earth-orbiting satellites are provided. In one implementation, a SAR system comprises a plurality of reference beacons, each having a known geographical location, and a ground-based station. The ground-based station includes one or more antennas for communicating with the reference beacons via a plurality of Earth orbiting satellites. The ground-based station is configured to receive reference signals from each of the reference beacons and calculate estimates of the locations of the reference beacons from the received reference signals. Also, the ground-based station is configured to calculate system calibration factors based on the location estimates and known geographical locations of the reference beacons. The ground-based station is further configured to receive distress signals from at least one distress beacon via the Earth-orbiting satellites and calibrate the distress signals based on the system calibration factors.

Abstract: A method of using user density includes: producing a first map portion corresponding to a first region and a second map portion corresponding to a second region, the first map portion having a first resolution and the second map portion having a second resolution, the first resolution being lower than the second resolution, at least one of the first resolution being dependent on a user density of the first region or the second resolution being dependent on a user density of the second region; and sending the first map portion and the second map portion to a destination mobile device.

Abstract: RFID tag tracking according to embodiments of the invention uses apparatus and methods for tracking backscatter RFID tags using the phase and receive signal strength of the tag signal. The tag tracking in some embodiments is accomplished with a computationally efficient recursive procedure to update a tag state estimate on each new response of the tag based on the previous tag state estimate and the measured phase of the tag signal. Some embodiments use a Monte Carlo simulation based on the previous tracking algorithm state and a statistical model of the forces acting on the tag. A system according to example embodiments of the invention can include a processor connected to a quadrature mixer. The processor is operable, for example through the use of firmware or software, to estimate a tag state of an RFID tag.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses and computer-readable storage media for navigating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using signals of opportunity are disclosed. The UAV may include a receiver for detecting a plurality of signals at two or more receiver elements. The UAV may estimate an angle of arrival (AoA) for at least two signals of the plurality of signals, and may estimate a position of the receiver based, at least in part, on the AoA for each of the at least two signals. Known locations of the transmitters that are transmitting the at least two signals may be used in conjunction with the AoAs to determine the estimate of the position of the receiver. More than two signals may be used to localize the estimated position of the receiver.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein relate to a radar device. In accordance with one example of the present invention the radar device includes an RF transceiver configured to transmit an RF oscillator signal to a radar channel and receive a respective first RF radar signal from the radar channel. The radar device further includes an artificial radar target composed of circuitry that provides a gain and a delay to the RF oscillator signal to generate a second RF radar signal. A first frequency conversion circuit, which includes a first mixer, is configured to down-convert the first RF radar signal, and a second frequency conversion circuit, which includes a second mixer, is configured to down-convert the second RF radar signal. An analog-to digital conversion unit is configured to digitize the down-converted first RF radar signal and the down-converted second RF radar signal to generate a first digital signal and a second digital signal, respectively.

Abstract: A distance measurement device includes a projection optical system, a light-receiving system to receive light projected from projection optical system and reflected by an object; and a correction system to correct a difference in timing of light emission between the plurality of light sources. The projection optical system includes a plurality of light sources and a plurality of drive circuits to drive the plurality of light sources.

Abstract: An optical reflection sensor includes a light emitting element that irradiates a distance measuring target with light, a light receiving optical system that condenses reflected light from the distance measuring target, a light receiving element that receives light condensed by the light receiving optical system and outputs a photoelectric current signal corresponding to a light receiving position, and a signal processing circuit that obtains light receiving position information on the light receiving element and time-of-flight information of the light, which is a duration from when the light is emitted by the light emitting element to when the light is reflected by the distance measuring target and received by the light receiving element, on the basis of the photoelectric current signal output from the light receiving element.

Abstract: An apparatus for laser distance measurement includes: a light-projecting circuit for projecting laser light emitted from a laser diode; a filter for transmitting a specific wavelength and suppressing a wavelength other than the specific wavelength; a photodetector including a plurality of photodetector elements, and configured to receive the laser light projected from the light-projecting circuit and reflected from a measurement object through the filter; and a controller for controlling a relative incidence angle of the reflected laser light with respect to the filter, wherein the controller causes a photodetector signal, which is to be used for calculating a distance to the measurement object, to be outputted from a photodetector element of the photodetector at a position to which a shift of a light-condensing position of the reflected laser light occurs as a result of the control of the relative incidence angle from the light-condensing position before the control.

Abstract: A collision possibility determination device includes: a detection unit which detects at least one object which moves relatively with respect to a moving body; and a determination unit which determines a collision possibility of the moving body with the object. The determination unit defines a first factor and a second factor which are spaces between the body and the object in a travelling direction and in a width direction of the body respectively. The determination unit determines the possibility based on the two factors when the object is within a farther area from the body, and the possibility based on only the first factor when the object is within a nearer area from the body.

Abstract: A wireless water regimen detecting device includes a fish finder module, a data communication module connected to the fish finder module and a WIFI module connected to the data communication module, which are arranged within a housing. The wireless water regimen detecting device utilizes the wireless communication way of WIFI to make the display terminal of the fish finder module not be limited to the wireless receiving terminal which is especially prepared for it, but can use existing intelligent terminals with a WIFI wireless communication function, such as smart phone, tablet PC, notebook computer or other portable mobile devices, to display. Sweb operating mode of monopoly serial communication port can be utilized, thus the user can carry on related operation on the webpage of the display terminal by visiting the web server to obtain detecting information of the fish finder module. Much convenience is provided to the user.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes refresh control methods for generating distance data and optoelectronic modules that are operable to provide distance information at a predetermined refresh rate, but with a reduction in overall power consumption attributable to the distance determinations.

Abstract: A lidar system which includes one or more light sources to produce one or more optical signals and a demultiplexer to separate the one or more optical signals into a plurality of sub-portions which may be distributed to a plurality of sensor heads. The sensor heads emit the sub-portions of the one or more optical signals into a plurality of fields of view and to detect reflected or scattered light from the fields of view. The lidar system also includes one or more optical amplifiers and one or more filters to reduce amplified spontaneous emission produced by the one or more optical amplifiers.

Abstract: In one general aspect, an apparatus can include a first laser subsystem configured to transmit a first laser beam at a first location on an object at a time and a second laser subsystem configured to transmit a second laser beam at a second location on the object at the time. The apparatus can include an analyzer configured to calculate a first velocity based on a first reflected laser beam reflected from the object in response to the first laser beam. The analyzer can be configured to calculate a second velocity based on a second reflected laser beam reflected from the object in response to the second laser beam. The first location can be targeted by the first laser subsystem and the second location can be targeted by the second laser subsystem such that the first velocity is substantially the same as the second velocity.

Abstract: A method of identifying at least one target includes receiving a series of images over time of pulsed energy reflected from the at least one target, each image including a plurality of pulses related to different first and second pulse codes, detecting the pulses in an image of the received images, and outputting pulse detection information including XY coordinates and arrival time information associated with the respective detected pulses. The method further includes associating the pulse detection information with the first and second pulse codes based on the arrival time information, and generating output position information for the at least one target in space that indicates output positions for the at least one target based on the XY coordinates and being associated with the corresponding first and second pulse codes.

Abstract: The positioning receiver according to the invention comprises means for storing configuration information and information on its reception conditions, which is processed in order to calculate a current and/or predicted precision of the positioning calculation. Advantageously, at least some of this information is integrated into a variation model of a Kalman filter integrated into the receiver. The invention notably allows a more rapid convergence on a reference precision in a mono-frequency operating mode and transitions between a mono-frequency and bi-frequency mode to be smoothed. Advantageously, the precision information is delivered graphically or in numerical form to the user.

Abstract: A method of assaying potentially radioactive material comprises selecting a plurality of samples from a material mass on a site (200). In a sequence of steps (104, 106, 108, 110, 112), an activity measurement based on a gross count of each of the samples (212) in the plurality of samples is performed on the site (200), and the activity measurement is compared with one or more activity thresholds in order to categorise the radioactive material for disposal purposes. The threshold(s) and/or activity measurement are based on an assumed parameter set. In a further step (114), sample x from every y of the plurality of samples is selected, where x<y, and a spectroscopic measurement of the emitted radiation from the sample x is performed on the same site (200). In a further step (116), it is automatically determined whether the spectroscopic measurement corroborates the assumed parameter set before the y samples leave the site (200) for disposal purposes.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an apparatus and a system, as well as a method, may operate to transform photons received at a scintillator into scintillation energy at a light yield efficiency of at least 30% at temperatures above 150 C. Further activities may include converting the scintillation energy to electron-hole pairs within a pixelated array of a position-sensitive detector having a bandgap of at least 2 eV. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are described.

Abstract: A portable radiation detection device with a detector unit comprising a scintillator with an array of avalanche photo-diodes allows to reliably detect incident ionizing radiation or radiation contamination in the presence of intense magnetic fields of 0.1 Tesla and above.

Abstract: To suppress a decrease in optical output of a scintillator. A scintillator includes a sintered body of 1 mm3 or less that contains a rare earth oxysulfide. In a composition image obtained by observing a cross-section of the sintered body under a scanning electron microscope, the sum of the number of oxide regions that contain at least one of a rare earth oxide different from the rare earth oxysulfide and an impurity metal oxide and the number of sulfide regions that contain at least one of a rare earth sulfide different from the rare earth oxysulfide and an impurity metal sulfide, which exist in a unit area of 500 ?m×500 ?m, is five or less (including zero). Each of the oxide regions and the sulfide regions has a major axis of 100 ?m or less (including zero).

Abstract: A method is provided including acquiring detection events with a radiation detector that includes a semiconductor plate. Electrons and holes are generated in the semiconductor plate responsive to absorption of ionizing radiation. The holes including groups of holes having different effective masses for corresponding different valence energy bands. The method also includes optically coupling infrared (IR) radiation into the semiconductor plate of the radiation detector. The IR radiation has at least one wavelength selected from a spectral range including wavelengths to which the semiconductor plate is partially transparent. The wavelengths of the IR radiation are configured to excite at least some of the holes from a first group at a first valence energy band to a second group at a second valence energy band, with the holes of the second group having lower effective masses than corresponding holes of the first group.

Abstract: A silicon photomultiplier array including a plurality of microcells arranged in rows and columns. A plurality of circuit traces connecting microcell output ports to the array pixel output port, with one or more impedance matching networks connected to at least one of the circuit traces. The impedance matching networks can be connected between each row circuit trace and the pixel output port. Impedance matching networks can be located between junctions of adjacent microcell output ports and row circuit traces.

Abstract: A method of determining directionality of radiation is disclosed which comprises dividing the tensioned metastable fluid liquid volume adjacent to a radioactive source into a plurality of sectors, determining the opposing sector ratio of the respective sector and determining the direction of the radiation based on the opposing sector ratios of the plurality of sectors. The method further comprising determining directionality of incoming radiation from the tension pressure assisted elongation of bubble shapes pointing towards direction of radiation particles that interacted with nuclei of tensioned metastable fluid detector system. A device capable of carrying out these methods is also disclosed.

Abstract: Generating spectrally enhanced seismic data expresses seismic data as a convolution of reflectivity and a seismic source wavelet. This seismic source wavelet varies over a sampling interval and defining a total amount of energy over the sampling interval. An enhanced seismic source wavelet that is a single-valued energy spike that yields the total amount of energy over the sampling interval is generated. In addition, the reflectivity is modified to preserve amplitude variation with angle. The reflectivity is convoluted with the enhanced seismic source wavelet and residual energy is added to the convolution to generate the spectrally enhanced seismic data.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for attenuating noise during seismic acquisition. The method includes compiling a seismic data set from data received by a plurality of receivers. The seismic data set includes noise energy from a noise source. The method further includes calculating a plurality of cross-correlation panels based on a reference trace from a reference receiver. The reference receiver is one of the plurality of receivers. The method includes estimating the location of the noise source and applying a correction to the plurality of cross-correlation panels based on the estimated location of the noise source generating a plurality of corrected panels. The method also includes analyzing the plurality of corrected panels for a noise operator to attenuate noise in the seismic data set.

Abstract: A system having an unmanned marine vessel and a multi-dimensional seismic sensor array coupled to the unmanned marine vessel. The multi-dimensional seismic sensor array is configured to acquire seismic survey data and calculate pressure gradients in multiple directions. The frame includes members that are configured to rotatably pivot with respect to each other in moveable x-shaped crossing configurations.

Abstract: Marine geophysical surveys with distributed seismic sources. At least some of the example embodiments are methods including performing a marine geophysical survey by: towing a plurality of high-frequency sources spread along a width of an array of sensors, the high-frequency sources having a first source density with respect to the width; and towing a plurality of mid-frequency sources spread along the width, the mid-frequency sources have a second source density with respect to the width, the second source density lower than the first source density; and towing a low-frequency source along the width; activating the high-frequency, mid-frequency, and low-frequency sources.

Abstract: A marine survey apparatus comprises a plurality of cables towed by a vessel, the plurality of cables including two deflected tow cables each connected to the towing vessel. A primary surveying tool is attached to a cable, which cable is attached to the towing vessel and a spread rope. The deflected cables are connected to one another by the spread rope. The apparatus further comprises a water engaging drag device, which is attached to and trailed behind the spread rope. An elongate flexible element extends between the drag device and the vessel. The apparatus includes a control means for controlling the elongate flexible member and the drag device attached thereto. The survey apparatus is steerable to position the at least survey tool in a desired location by controlling the at least one drag device.

Abstract: A distributed acoustic sensing cable including an optical fiber waveguide configured to provide light signal transmission and an acoustic device coupled to the optical fiber waveguide and configured to provide acoustic signal transmission. The acoustic device includes a polymer composite having reinforced fibers embedded therein. The polymer composite having acoustic waveguides for attenuating undesirable acoustic waves propagating along the distributed acoustic sensing cable and optical fibers embedded within the polymer composite that extend along an axial length of the acoustic device that facilitate the light signal transmission.

Abstract: An apparatus and method may operate to mount acoustic sensors, azimuthally offset from each other, to the exterior of a casing. After the casing and acoustic sensors are in the borehole, signals are provided to the acoustic sensors to cause the acoustic sensors to emit acoustic signals into the annulus around the casing. The method further includes detecting reflected compression waves, shear waves or a combination or conversion thereof at the acoustic sensors to generate a set of two]way travel times of the acoustic signals. The method can further include generating distance measurements of a distance between corresponding acoustic sensors and points on the borehole wall based on the two]way travel times, to determine a position of the casing within the borehole. The method can further include identifying fluids based on the two]way travel times. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of electrically logging a section of a wellbore includes circulating a wellbore fluid within the wellbore, the wellbore fluid including a base fluid; and a crosslinked and branched polymeric fluid loss control agent formed from at least an acrylamide monomer and a sulfonated anionic monomer; wherein the fluid loss control agent has an extent of crosslinking that is selected so that the fluid loss control agent has a viscosity that is within a peak viscosity response of the viscosity response curve; placing within the wellbore a wellbore logging tool capable of applying an electrical current to the wellbore; applying electrical current from the logging tool; and collecting an electrical log of the portion of the wellbore that has had electrical current applied thereto.

Abstract: A method and a resistivity image logging tool connected or connectable to one or more processing devices process geological log data to construct missing information from destroyed or occluded parts using cues from observed data. The geological log data signals can be generated through use of the logging tool having one or more electrodes interacting with a formation intersected by a borehole. The processing involves the steps of: in respect of one or more data dimensions associated with missing values in a log data set, decomposing the signal into a plurality of morphological components; and morphologically reconstructing the signal such that missing values are estimated.

Abstract: Methods including taking a gamma spectrum from a wellbore at a target depth, wherein the wellbore penetrates a subterranean formation and has a completion profile comprising a pipe and an annulus between the pipe and the subterranean formation; determining a cement volumetric void space in the wellbore at the target depth; establishing a cement-void-spatial calibration curve based on obtained gamma spectra representing cement spatial void space locations in the annulus of the completion profile, wherein each cement volumetric void space amount in the wellbore has a characteristic cement-void-spatial calibration curve; comparing the wellbore gamma spectrum and the cement-void-spatial calibration curve; and determining a location of the cement volumetric void space in the wellbore at the target depth.

Abstract: A method of configuring and of operating a monitored automated work cell, wherein the work cell has at least one dangerous machine and at least one monitoring device includes the following steps: transmitting machine space data defining at least one work space of the machine to a configuration apparatus for the monitoring device; generating protective space data by the configuration apparatus using the machine space data, with the protective space data defining at least one protective space of the monitoring device which encompasses the work space of the machine such that the protective space completely or partly corresponds to the work space or that the protective space is larger than the work space; and transferring the protective space data to the monitoring device so that the monitoring device monitors the protective space; and a configuration device for configuring a monitoring device monitoring an automated work cell.

Abstract: Gas pressure gradient data of a reservoir interval is received. A gas mixture molecular weight is initialized. A gas deviation factor of the reservoir interval is iteratively calculated by a computer. The iterative calculation includes calculating a first gas deviation factor using a gas specific gravity based on the gas mixture molecular weight, calculating a second gas deviation factor based on the gas mixture molecular weight and the gas pressure gradient data, calculating a difference indicator indicating difference between the first and the second gas deviation factor, updating the gas mixture molecular weight based on the difference indicator, re-calculating the first and the second gas deviation factor and the difference indicator based on the updated gas mixture molecular weight, and outputting the gas deviation factor when the difference indicator is smaller than a pre-determined threshold.

Abstract: A biofouling removal mechanism includes at least one cleaning element configured to remove accumulated biofouling from a structure and a cleaning element support structure attached to the cleaning element. The cleaning element support structure is configured to secure the cleaning element to the structure, to guide the cleaning element along the structure and to accommodate changes in at least one of a size and a shape of the structure as the cleaning element passes along the structure.

Abstract: A downhole system comprises a main sensor, such as a gamma sensor, and a backup sensor. The backup sensor may be of a different type from the main sensor. In some embodiments the backup sensor is a high reliability sensor that may have a different sensitivity from the main sensor. The system operates both the main and backup sensors and generates calibration data for the backup sensor. If the main sensor fails the calibration data may be applied to process data from the backup sensor to yield an estimate of the data that the main sensor would have yielded if it had remained operational. The calibration data may compensate for temperature variations and/or temporal drift, for example.

Abstract: A system and method inserts fracture networks into an existing Earth Model that exists as a structured grid and physical property values. The fracture network is in the form of a surface mesh (manifold or non-manifold) in a three-dimensional (“3D”) space. The structured grid of the Earth Model is then anisotropically refined to resolve the fractures and to provide appropriate cell grading in the near-fracture region. The generated Earth Model may be utilized in a variety of applications, including for example, a reservoir simulation.

Abstract: An estimation apparatus includes an acquirer, a deriver, and a determiner. The acquirer acquires time-sequential observation data related to cloud-altitude. The deriver derives a first change in cloud altitude from at least a first altitude at a first time and a second altitude at a second time. The deriver derives a second change in cloud altitude from at least a third altitude at a third time and a fourth altitude at a fourth time. The determiner determines a cloud developmental stage based at least in part on the first and second changes in cloud altitude.

Abstract: A compensation film including a polymer having a first structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1, and having a photoelastic coefficient of less than or equal to about 40×10?13 cm2/dyn wherein in Chemical Formula 1, Ar1, X, L1, and R1 are the same as described in the detailed description.

Abstract: The present invention discloses methods for producing an optically clear, biocompatible and durable hydrophilic coating for contact lenses comprising the steps of first applying a polymer coating on the contact lenses by plasma polymerization of monomers containing ethylene glycol groups, followed by incubating the coated contact lenses at an elevated temperature to remove the volatile residual monomers trapped inside the coating. Advantageously, such methods produce an optically clear, biocompatible and durable hydrophilic surface for contact lenses in a dry, solvent-free process.

Abstract: Embodiments of articles including a low-contrast anti-reflection coating are disclosed. The coated surface of such articles exhibits a reduced difference in reflectance between a pristine state and when a surface defect is present. In one or more embodiments, the coated surface of such articles exhibits a first average reflectance in the range from about 0.6% to about 6.0% in a pristine condition and a second average reflectance of about 8% or less after removal of a surface thickness of the anti-reflection coating. In other embodiments, the coated substrate exhibits a second average reflectance of about 10% or less, when the coated surface comprises a contaminant. In some embodiments, the coated substrate exhibits a first color coordinate (a*1, b*1) in a pristine condition and a second color coordinate (a*2, b*2) after the presence of a surface defect such that ?a*b* is about 6 or less.

Abstract: A free-form surface lens is made of a transparent resin forming an oblique projection optical system including a free-form surface mirror in a projection type video display apparatus, this lens includes a lens effective region having a surface on which a predetermined free-form surface is formed, and an edge surface formed to surround the lens effective region, the lens effective region and the edge surface in a part of a circumference surrounding the lens effective region where the edge surface is not formed are joined to each other by at least either one of a curved surface and a flat surface set so as not to change a direction of a tilt of the lens effective region in vicinity of the lens effective region, and an end surface including at least either one of the curved surface and the flat surface is set as a tapered surface.

Abstract: An optical device includes a diffusion film including a diffusion film and a condensing film. The diffusion film includes a diffusion layer that exhibits adhesive property and that has a light-incident surface and a light-emitting surface. The light-emitting surface is disposed oppositely of the light-incident surface and having a first microstructure. The condensing film includes a light-transmissive base layer that is adhered onto the light-emitting surface, and a prism layer provided on the light-transmissive base layer opposite to the diffusion film.