Abstract: In the present invention, when polycrystalline silicon bar is manufactured by the Siemens method, polycrystalline silicon is deposited, for example, under the conditions that during performing the deposition reaction of polycrystalline silicon, the reaction temperature is set to fall within a range from 1100° C. to 1150° C. and the internal pressure of the furnace is controlled to fall within a range from 0.45 to 0.9 MPa. By controlling the internal pressure of the furnace so as to fall within such a range, it is possible to obtain a polycrystalline silicon bar having an average value of the crystal grain sizes of 6 ?m or less, based on the crystal grain sizes evaluated by the EBSD method in arbitrary portions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing dimeric and/or trimeric silanes by conversion of monosilane in a plasma and to a plant for performance of the process.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and systems to produce ammonia from nitrogen and water. In an embodiment, a method of producing ammonia involves contacting nitrogen, water, and at least one superparamagnetic catalyst to form a mixture, and exposing the mixture to a fluctuating magnetic field. In some embodiments, the superparamagnetic catalyst is BVO2FeO2.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide, in an industrially advantageous method, ?-lithium aluminate which has various favorable physical properties as a MCFC electrolyte holding plate with excellent heat stability and chemical stability, even when the ?-lithium aluminate is minute with the BET specific surface area being 10 m2/g or greater. A method for producing ?-lithium aluminate is characterized by mixing hydrated alumina and lithium carbonate in an Al/Li molar ratio of 0.95-1.01 and subjecting the obtained mixture (a) to a first firing reaction to obtain a fired product, and then subjecting a mixture (b) which is the obtained fired product to which an aluminum compound is added to a second firing reaction.

Abstract: A system, process and related sintered article are provided. The process includes supporting a piece of inorganic material with a pressurized gas and sintering the piece of inorganic material while supported by the pressurized gas by heating the piece of inorganic material to a temperature at or above a sintering temperature of the inorganic material such that the inorganic material is at least partially sintered forming the sintered article. The inorganic material is not in contact with a solid support during sintering. The sintered article, such as a ceramic article, is thin, has high surface quality, and/or has large surface areas.

Abstract: An object is to provide a method for manufacturing a calcium carbonate block of no less than 0.1 cm in diameter and thickness, not including any impurities, and able to be employed as a raw material of an artificial bone that requires biosafety: the method includes: (a) shaping a calcium hydroxide block; (b) being exposed to carbon dioxide; and (c) immersing in a carbonate ion containing solution.

Abstract: A fluid-filtering apparatus includes an upper cartridge and a lower cartridge. The upper cartridge includes a permeable fluid-filtering first tube that surrounds and extends along an axis and that defines a first-tube cavity. An axially-extending permeable fluid-filtering second tube is located within the first-tube cavity and defines a second-tube cavity. The lower cartridge includes an axially-extending impermeable third tube that defines a third cavity. An axially-extending permeable fluid-filtering fourth tube, of the lower cartridge, is located within the third cavity and defines a fourth-tube cavity. The upper and lower cartridges are coupled together and contained within an impermeable casing.

Abstract: A system for distributed utilities including electrical power and water. A generation device is provided for converting an available resource to a desired utility; the resource may be water, in which case the generator is a purifier for purifying untreated water, or, alternatively, the generator may convert a fuel to electrical power. In either case, an input sensor is provided for measuring input to the generation device, while an output sensor is provided for measuring consumption of output from the generation device. The monitoring system has a controller for concatenating measured input and consumption of output on the basis of the input and output sensors. Measured parameters are telemetered to a remote site where utility generation and use are monitored and may also be controlled.

Abstract: A humidification-dehumidification water purification system and method is disclosed. The system comprises a plurality of evaporator/condenser units and heat exchanger, preferably a solar collector. Contaminated water flows through successive condenser stages to the heat exchanger, and from there through successive evaporator stages. A flow of air is directed through successive evaporator stages in the direction opposite to the flow of water, where it is humidified by water vapor evaporating from the water. The humidified air passes through the successive condenser stages, where it is cooled, thereby condensing pure water and dehumidifying the air. The pure water is extracted from the system, and the dehumidified air can be recirculated through the system. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the evaporator/condenser units are stacked beneath the solar collector, and the system is fully portable and modular and can be either land- or water borne.

Abstract: The invention provides an efficient method to purify an aqueous solution, typically mine drainage water, especially of anions and cations present in the aqueous solution as dissolved solids, the anions and cations are removed by treatment with a positively charged extractant having at least eight carbon atoms, whereby an unstable emulsion is formed; the unstable emulsion is allowed to break into an extract phase loaded with the anions and cations, and a water phase depleted in anions and cations; a floc inherently forms in the loaded extractant phase and then the loaded extractant phase and floc are separated from the purified water and treated to remove the anions and cations as concentrated useful products; the treated aqueous phase now reduced in anion and/or cation content is also separated from the emulsion as a purified aqueous solution. The extractant phase is preferably recycled. A continuous water purification process is provided.

Abstract: Shreds of a treated cellulosic paper are randomly gathered as an aggregation which permits passage of water. The paper contains chemical functionality which selectively absorbs dissolved ionic metal species from water.

Abstract: Methods of using modified keratin to remove trace metals and/or napthenic acids from a waste water stream are described. The waste water stream may be mature or fine fluid tailings from oil sands operations, and the methods may include the removal of trace metals, naphthenic acids with simultaneous consolidation of the tailings. The keratin may be modified to unfold the keratin, disrupt disulphide bonding, add functional groups, and/or maintain or stabilize the unfolded configuration.

Abstract: A spout that dispenses water from a water dispenser has a disinfection portion that provides two passes of the water therethrough. The disinfection portion has two flow tubes, the second arranged inside the first, so that an annular cross-section flow path is defined by an inside wall of first tube and an outside wall of the second tube. A second flow path having a circular cross-section is defined by an inside wall of the second tube. The water flow is transferred between the flow at a second end of the disinfection portion by a second end portion. At a first end portion, located at a first end of the disinfection portion, a first end portion body provides connections to the disinfection section for both an inlet and an outlet. The order of flow through the disinfection portion flow paths may depend upon the orientation of the spout.

Abstract: An oil-water separation apparatus is provided which can easily separate and collect oil from a liquid mixture containing water and oil at low cost. The oil-water separation apparatus includes an oil-water-separating member configured to separate a liquid mixture containing water and oil into moisture and oil, and a liquid reservoir subdivided into an upper region and a lower region by the oil-water-separating member. The oil-water separation apparatus filters the liquid mixture by gravity. The oil-water-separating member includes a base which includes a channel for the liquid mixture. The oil-water-separating member is formed in the base, and the oil-water-separating member contains a fluorine compound which has an oil-repellency-imparting group and a hydrophilicity-imparting group. A drain port for discharging the moisture is formed in the lower region of the liquid reservoir.

Abstract: Processes, systems, and techniques for multivalent ion desalination of a feed water use an apparatus that has a cathode, an anode, and an electrodialysis cell located between the cathode and anode. The cell has a product chamber through which the feed water flows, a multivalent cation concentrating chamber on a cathodic side of the product chamber through which the concentrated multivalent cation solution flows, and a multivalent anion concentrating chamber on an anodic side of the product chamber through which the concentrated multivalent anion solution flows. The product chamber and the multivalent cation concentrating chamber are each bounded by and share a cation exchange membrane, and the product chamber and the multivalent anion concentrating chamber are each bounded by and share an anion exchange membrane. A monovalent ion species is added to at least one of the concentrated multivalent cation solution and the concentrated multivalent anion solution.

Abstract: Provided is an agent for treating water circulating through a wet paint booth, the agent being capable of reducing the adhesion of a solvent-based paint and coagulating a solvent-based paint to a sufficient degree regardless of the type of the paint, the type of the curing agent used, or the facility conditions, the agent also being capable of markedly reducing the foaming of a water-based paint, even when being used in a small amount. An agent for treating water circulating through a wet paint booth includes a phenolic resin having a weight-average molecular weight of more than 3,000 and 100,000 or less, the phenolic resin serving as an active component. A method for treating circulating water circulating through a wet paint booth includes coagulating a water-based paint and/or a solvent-based paint included in the circulating water by adding the agent to the circulating water.

Abstract: A process for treating wastewater from livestock industry, comprising subsequently admixing two different types of nitrogen-containing cationic polymers into the treated livestock industrial wastewater, wherein said polymers comprise polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDAC) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPA).

Abstract: A method or process is provided for removing selenate from an ion-exchange or an adsorption media regenerant stream. The regenerant stream is processed in a nanofiltration membrane which produces a permeate and a reject stream containing the selenate. A reducing agent, such as iron, is mixed with the reject stream and this gives rise to an oxidation-reduction reaction that reduces the selenate to selenite. Thereafter, the method includes adsorbing the selenate onto an adsorbent, such as hydrous iron oxide. The adsorbent and adsorbed selenite is removed from the reject stream via a solids-liquid separation process.

Abstract: A waste treatment system may include a liquid separator for removing water from solid waste, a mixing tank connected to the liquid separator for mixing the solid waste with an oxidizing agent, a heat exchanger connected to the mixing tank for collecting heat generated by an exothermic reaction caused by mixing the oxidizing agent with the solid waste, and a sanitizer connected to the liquid separator to sanitize the water removed from the solid waste. A waste treatment method may involve separating water from solid waste in a liquid separator, mixing the solid waste from the liquid separator with an oxidizing agent in a mixing tank connected to the liquid separator to cause an exothermic reaction, collecting heat from the exothermic reaction in a heat exchanger coupled with the mixing tank, and sanitizing the water from the liquid separator in a sanitizer.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a water containing permanganate ions that exist stably over a long period of time and a method for producing the water. A water containing permanganate ions of the present invention as a means for resolution is produced by dissolving 0.1 ?M to 1 mM of a divalent manganese compound, 0.1 ?M to 1 mM of an organic iron compound, and 1 to 300 mM of an inorganic salt in a water with ozone-microbubbles generated using an ozone gas at a concentration of 1 to 300 g/Nm3. The half-life of permanganate ions of the water containing permanganate ions of the present invention is 3 months or longer, for example, when the water filled in an airtight container under atmospheric pressure is stored under a temperature condition of 40° C., and has significantly different properties from a water containing permanganate ions that is produced by dissolving a permanganate compound in water, although the two waters share a common point of containing permanganate ions.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an ozone water having enhanced storage stability and a method for producing the ozone water. An ozone water of the present invention as a means for resolution is produced by dissolving 0.1 ?M to 1 mM of an organic iron compound and 1 to 300 mM of an inorganic salt in a water with ozone-microbubbles generated using an ozone gas at a concentration of 1 to 300 g/Nm3. The half-life of ozone of the ozone water of the present invention is 3 days or longer, for example, when the water filled in an airtight container under atmospheric pressure is stored under a temperature condition of 40° C.

Abstract: The pulsating horizontal flow absorption bed comprises an array of permeable filtration elements enclosing filtering media. The array of permeable filtration elements includes a first upstream filtration element and a last downstream filtration element; a plateau of granular materiel under the array of filtration elements; an air-permeable layer above the array of filtration elements; a wastewater delivery pipe mounted in the first filtration element; and a pulsating device connected to the array of filtration elements for sequentially increasing and lowering a level of wastewater is the filtration elements. The filtering media in the filtration elements is sequentially exposed to wastewater and air. In another aspect, the filtration elements have permeable walls there between, and these walls are mounted parallel to the wastewater delivery pipe, such that resistance to flow increases through the array of filtration elements and such that treatment efficiency increases according to wastewater content.

Abstract: A diffuser assembly includes a flexible diffuser membrane and a diffuser body. The flexible diffuser membrane defines a circumferential bead. The diffuser body defines a circular plate underlying the flexible diffuser membrane, and an edge ring covering a covered portion of the circumferential bead. The edge ring defines an inside surface that conforms to an outside shape of the covered portion of the circumferential bead. The edge ring is integral to the diffuser body. Such a diffuser assembly may provide a disposable diffuser assembly option with many advantages over conventional technologies such as improved ease of installation, lower weight, and lower cost.

Abstract: A liquid treatment unit (1) includes: an electrical conductor (5) including a first surface (2) and a second surface (3), and a space (4) provided between the first surface and the second surface in which hydrogen ions move; and a structure (6) arranged on the second surface to regulate an oxygen supply amount. A liquid treatment device (10) includes the liquid treatment unit, and a treatment tank (7) which keeps a liquid (9) to be treated, wherein the first surface of the electrical conductor in the liquid treatment unit is located inside the treatment tank.

Abstract: It discloses an application of a fermentation broth of Potamogeton crispus in the removal of nitrogen in constructed wetlands. The fermentation broth of Potamogeton crispus is prepared by the following method: collecting, draining off and grinding the Potamogeton crispuses, then, placing the grinded Potamogeton crispuses into a fermentation tank, mixing them with domesticated fermented sludge, and then adding water and fermenting the mixed liquor at a constant temperature, removing the residue of the Potamogeton crispuses, and obtaining the prepared fermentation broth of Potamogeton crispus. The present invention also discloses an application of the fermentation broth of Potamogeton crispus in the removal of nitrogen in constructed wetlands.

Abstract: A process for treating sulphate containing effluent, which includes receiving a sulphide containing effluent into a two-phase fluidised bed reactor containing particles and floating media, permitting calcium carbonate from the effluent to precipitate on particles in the first fluidised bed reactor, aerating the solution in the reactor to remove CO2 from the solution, thereby to increase the pH in the reactor, permitting biological sulphide oxidation to occur on the floating media by means of sulphide oxidizing bacteria thereby to produce elemental sulphur, recycling the fluidised bed reactor at a sufficient rate to effect abrasion to remove elemental sulphur from the floating media, harvesting the sulphur from a top portion of the reactor, recycling hydroxyl ions internally in solution in to enhance calcium carbonate precipitation by further increasing the pH.

Abstract: Separation processes using osmotically driven membrane systems are disclosed generally involving the extraction of solvent from a first solution to concentrate a solute by using a second concentrated solution to draw the solvent from the first solution across a semi-permeable membrane. Pre-treatment and post-treatment may also enhance the osmotically driven membrane processes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for heating a biomass moving along an industrial treatment line including an inlet (91) for the incoming biomass, a pressure pump (93), a heating unit (94) and a treatment station (95). According to an embodiment, steam is injected into the line between the pressure pump (93) and the heating unit (94) such as to pre-heat the biomass by condensing the steam.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to enhancing sludge dewaterability by adding an alpha-amylase and protease to the sludge prior to conventional conditioning and dewatering operations.

Abstract: Methods of processing molten material comprising the step (I) of flowing molten material through an interior of a conduit from a first station to a second station of a glass manufacturing apparatus and the step (II) of cooling the molten material within the interior of the conduit by passing a cooling fluid along an exterior of the conduit. The method further includes the step (III) of directing a travel path of the cooling fluid toward a vertical plane passing through the conduit. In further examples, a glass manufacturing apparatus comprises a first station, a second station, and a conduit configured to provide a travel path for molten material traveling from the first station to the second station. The glass manufacturing apparatus further comprises at least one baffle configured to direct a travel path of cooling fluid toward a vertical plane passing through the conduit.

Abstract: The invention provides a white sintered glass-ceramic tile and a method for preparing the white sintered glass-ceramic tile. The white sintered glass-ceramic tile is a single fired tile with a glazed glass-ceramic layer and a porous glass-ceramic layer, wherein each layer is prepared using same starting raw materials. The method includes milling the starting raw materials to obtain a homogenous mixture. The homogenous mixture is melted and poured in water to obtain glass frits. The glass frits are milled and thereafter, sieved to obtain glass frit powder with particle size of below 100 micron (?m). A mixture of the glass frit powder and one or more foaming agents is cold pressed to form a porous glass-ceramic layer. Thereafter, the glass frit powder is deposited on the porous glass-ceramic layer to obtain a glazed glass-ceramic layer. Finally, both the layers are fired together.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses for shaping a glass structure, the apparatuses having a plurality of rib members, each rib member comprising at least one void and at least one shaping edge; and at least one support member. The apparatuses can further comprise a shaping member and/or a guide member and/or a shaping groove. Also disclosed herein are methods for shaping a glass structure, the methods comprising positioning the glass structure on a shaping apparatus and heating the glass structure to shape the glass structure.

Abstract: A method for producing a glass article having a compressive stress zone close to the surface by redrawing a preform having a rectangular cross section is provided. The preform includes at least a first and a second glass, wherein both glasses are not connected to each other in the preform in a force-fitting manner. The second glass has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than the first glass and is located in the preform in the interior of the glass tube of the first glass. A glass laminate having increased strength is also provided, which is composed as an at least three-layer composite material of at least two different glasses. The individual layers of the layer composite are connected to each other over the entire area and in a non-positive manner, in particular by melting, and the glass laminate has a thermally stable compressive stress zone in the areas close to the surface of the layer composite and a tensile stress zone in the inner region of the layer composite.

Abstract: A bending tool for bending at least one glass pane by means of suction, comprising a frame-like convex contact surface and a cover having a peripheral air guide plate that surrounds the contact surface at least in regions is described. The bending tool is suitable for generating a first, reduced pressure in a first pressure region between the air guide plate and the contact surface; a second reduced pressure in a second pressure region. The second pressure is less than the first pressure; and a third pressure in a third pressure region, wherein the third pressure is greater than the first pressure.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing an optical fiber including: a drawing portion; a coating portion; and a curing portion, wherein: a direction changer which changes a direction of the bare optical fiber is disposed in any position from the drawing portion to the coating portion; the direction changer includes a guide groove which guides the bare optical fiber; a blowout port of a fluid which floats the bare optical fiber wired along the guide groove is formed along the guide groove in the guide groove; and in the blowout port, the Reynolds number in an inlet wire portion of the bare optical fiber to the guide groove and an outlet wire portion from the guide groove is greater than the Reynolds number in an intermediate portion between the inlet wire portion and the outlet wire portion.

Abstract: Photosensitive lithium zinc aluminosilicate glasses that can be selectively irradiated and cerammed to provide patterned regions of glass and lithium-based glass ceramic, and composite glass articles made from such glasses and glass ceramics are provided. Compressive and tensile stress at the interface of the lithium-based glass-ceramic and lithium zinc aluminosilicate glass may be used to frustrate crack propagation in such a composite glass/glass ceramic article. Methods of making composite glass articles comprising such lithium-based glass ceramics and lithium zinc aluminosilicate glasses are also provided.

Abstract: A coated glass article and of a system and method for forming a coated glass article are provided. The process includes applying a first coating precursor material to the first surface of the glass article and supporting the glass article via a gas bearing. The process includes heating the glass article and the coating precursor material to above a glass transition temperature of the glass article while the glass article is supported by the gas bearing such that during heating, a property of the first coating precursor material changes forming a coating layer on the first surface of the glass article from the first precursor material. The high temperature and/or non-contact coating formation may form a coating layer with one or more new physical properties, such as a deep diffusion layer within the glass, and may form highly consistent coatings on multiple sides of the glass.

Abstract: The method includes: preparing a temporary assembly in which an inside space enclosed by first and second glass substrate and a frame is divided by a partition into a first space and a second space, a gas passage interconnects the first space and the second space, and an outlet interconnects the second space and an outside space obtaining a completed assembly by: converting the first space into an evacuated space by evacuating the first space through the gas passage, the second space, and the outlet and changing a shape of the partition to close the gas passage to form a separator to form a seal enclosing the evacuated space; and removing part including the second space from the completed assembly by cutting the completed assembly along a straight line to obtain a glass panel unit which is a predetermined part including the evacuated space.

Abstract: A method for bonding glass components and the resulting glass assemblies produced by the same. A mixture containing a catalyst and a resin is provided that when combined forms an index-matching optical adhesive. At least one of the catalyst or the resin is encapsulated. The mixture is applied to a glass component. A second glass component is placed on the mixture so that the mixture is interposed between the glass components without breaking the encapsulation. The mixture is exposed to ultraviolet light causing the capsules to release the portions contained therein and combine to form an adhesive.

Abstract: Provided are a cement mortar additive for extrusion molding, a cement mortar for extrusion molding, and an extrusion-molded product. The disclosed cement mortar additive for extrusion molding includes hydrogelated cellulose ether.

Abstract: Cement compositions and methods of making the same are provided. The composition comprises cement or lime, water and Lassenite, a pozzolanic strength retrogression inhibitor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of sacrificial agents to counteract the deleterious impact of gypsum contaminants on the effectiveness of certain stucco additives, particularly, water reducing agents and foaming agents, in a stucco slurry used to make gypsum wallboard.

Abstract: A transparent sintered body having fewer air bubble-derived defects is provided. More specifically, a method is provided of producing a ceramic molded product including at least a step of pressure-molding ceramic granules having a Hausner ratio, which is a quotient obtained by dividing a tapped bulk density by a loose bulk density, of 1.0 or more but not more than 1.2. Also provided is a method of producing a transparent sintered body including at least each of the steps of the above method to obtain a ceramic molded product and a step of heating and sintering the resulting ceramic molded product. The transparent sintered body has a linear transmittance of 78% or more at a wavelength of 600 nm to 2000 nm inclusive except for an element-derived characteristic absorption wavelength.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to novel fertilizing compounds comprising a combination of inorganic fertilizers and humic compounds. The combination produces a marked benefit over either type of substance individually, and also over previously known combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The invention also relates to a method of production of such compounds.

Abstract: The invention describes a new method for treating sludge, which can result in the production of high nitrogen organically-augmented inorganic fertilizer that incorporates municipal sludges or biosolids or organic sludges that can compete with traditional fertilizers such as ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and urea on the commodity fertilizer marketplace. The method takes advantage of the thixotropic property of dewatered biosolids or organic sludge to create a pumpable paste-like material from the biosolids or organic sludge that is then treated with an oxidizer to reduce odorant effects and an acid. This mix is then interacted with concentrated sulfuric and or phosphoric acids and an ammonia source or alternatively a hot or molten melt or salt of ammonium sulfate/phosphate to form a fertilizer mix. The present invention controls the heat, atmospheric pressure and retention time of the fertilizer mix in the reaction vessel.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a urea-sulphur fertiliser composition, the process comprising providing feeds comprising elemental sulphur, urea, and optionally a surfactant, such as a multifunctional ionic surfactant; merging the feeds in order to obtain a combined feed; passing the combined feed through a mixing stage in order to obtain a mixed feed; and passing the mixed feed through a processing stage in order to obtain the urea-sulphur fertiliser composition. Compositions obtained by the process are also provided.

Abstract: A process for fast humification and non-fermentative bio-stabilization of solid and/or liquid, vegetal and/or animal organic material, comprising the following phases: an initial phase of preparation and pre-treatment of said organic material, for preparing activated and mixed material brought to a substantially neutral pH; a next phase wherein said activated and mixed material at a substantially neutral pH is treated in a reactor, in which it is re-mixed and irradiated with radio frequencies conveyed by waveguides for a given time; a final phase of post-processing the material treated in the reactor, adapted for producing a biostabilized organic product.

Abstract: A method for creating treated biochar is provided that includes infusing a liquid additive into the pores of biochar, such as a fertilizer solution or other additive beneficial to plant growth. The method further includes the removal of materials and/or other additives from the pores of biochar. The present invention further provides biochar having pores filled with a liquid solution containing an additive, where the additive may include, but not be limited to, an additive beneficial to plant growth.

Abstract: The use of exploding targets has become a popular practice aid in the military, law enforcement and consumer levels. The inventor has conceived and reduced to practice, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a safe explosive target formulation that is initiated by low-velocity impact. This formulation represents a binary explosive in that the fuel and oxidizer are packaged separately until directly prior to use. Safe, explosive targets for high velocity applications are common. A formulation for low velocity projectile applications which employs an aluminum/magnesium alloy fuel and a potassium perchlorate/ammonium nitrate oxidizer is described.

Abstract: A feedstream comprising hydrogen and a gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or a combination thereof is converted to a product mixture containing a combination of saturated and unsaturated two carbon atom and three carbon atom hydrocarbons via contact with a mixed catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide catalyst selected from a copper oxide, copper oxide/zinc oxide, copper oxide/alumina, copper oxide/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst, a zinc oxide/chromium oxide catalyst, or a combination thereof, in admixture with a molecular sieve catalyst having a CHA, AEI, AEL, AFI, BEA, or DDR framework type, or a combination of such molecular sieves. Exemplary molecular sieve catalysts include SAPO-34, SAPO-18, SAPO-5, and Beta. Advantages include reduced production of C1 hydrocarbons, C4 and higher hydrocarbons, or both; long catalyst lifetimes; desirable conversions; and desirable proportions of C2 and C3 paraffins.