Abstract: A power source module for an LED lamp includes a filament-simulating circuit electrically connected to a first bi-pin terminal and a second bi-pin terminal of the LED lamp, each of the first bi-pin terminal and the second bi-pin terminal configured to allow a current to flow from one pin to the other pin via the filament-simulating circuit during a pre-heat process executed by a ballast; a current limiting circuit electrically connected to the filament-simulating circuit configured to limit a current from the filament-simulating circuit; a first rectifier electrically connected to the current limiting circuit configured to rectify the current from the current limiting circuit; and a filter electrically connected between the first rectifier and at least one LED of the LED lamp configured to smooth the current from the first rectifier.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lighting system (1) comprising a lighting device (3) for emitting light in a high-power mode and for providing a further function like a sensing function in a low-power mode and a switch (4) connecting the lighting device with a power supply (2). The switch is switchable between a high-power state, in which a higher power is provided to the lighting device via the switch, which allows the lighting device to emit the light in the high-power mode, and which may be regarded as being an ON state, and a low-power state, in which a lower power is provided to the lighting device via the switch, which allows the lighting device to provide the further function, and which may be regarded as being an OFF state. Thus, for instance, a sensing function can be provided, even if the switch is in its OFF state.

Abstract: Control methods and apparatuses providing a holding current for a TRIAC dimmer are disclosed. A control method is suitable for a power controller powered by an operation power source. A high-voltage device in the power controller is connected between the operation power source and an input power source, from which the high-voltage device drains a conduction current. An operation voltage of the operation power source is detected, and, during a startup procedure, the conduction current is forwarded to charge the operation power source. A detected voltage representing an input voltage of the input power source is provided, and if the detected voltage is below a setting voltage, the conduction current is forwarded to a ground line instead of charging the operation power source.

Abstract: Lighting apparatus includes: AC/DC converter which converts AC voltage Vac to DC voltage Vdc; DC/DC converter which converts DC voltage Vdc to a DC voltage to be applied to LED; and detection circuit which detects AC voltage Vac. DC/DC converter includes switching element, and control circuit that performs a control of repeatedly turning on and off switching element in a boundary conduction mode. Control circuit performs the control under which ON time Ton is kept from exceeding an upper limit that is previously determined, and raises the upper limit when AC voltage Vac detected by detection circuit falls below a predetermined value. ON time Ton is a period of time during which switching element is kept ON.

Abstract: Provided is a lighting device including two switching elements, a control circuit, a resonance circuit, a rectification circuit, and a feedback circuit. The control circuit controls two switching elements such that the two switching elements operate separately from each other. The control circuit changes the switching frequencies of the two switching elements from high frequencies to low frequencies, relative to one another, when the operation (switching operation) of the switching elements is started. The control circuit controls the feedback circuit such that the difference output from an error amplifier approaches zero within a period of time from a point of time at which the switching operation is stopped to a point of time at which the switching operation is next started.

Abstract: An LED driver circuit is provided with a dynamic operating range which can be set using an offline tuning interface. During an offline mode of operation, the tuning interface may be coupled to the dimming control interface and provide both power and one or more digital pulses corresponding to a desired maximum output voltage and/or maximum output current. The controller then modifies the programmed maximum output voltage and the maximum output current values based on the one or more digital pulses received via the tuning interface circuit. Group tuning is permitted by way of a shared bus between a programming device and a plurality of LED driver circuits. Tuning confirmation or error may be detected by an LED driver circuit and the programming device may be notified of the success or failure of a particular tuning operation.

Abstract: A switching converter for supplying power to a load, includes: an output circuit including at least a switching transistor, an inductive element, and a rectifying element configured to rectify a current flowing to the inductive element according to switching of the switching transistor; a control circuit configured to drive the switching transistor; a first capacitor configured to generate a power source voltage for the control circuit between both ends of the first capacitor; a start-up circuit installed between an input line to the switching converter and the first capacitor and configured to charge the first capacitor with an input voltage of the input line; and a discharge circuit configured to discharge the first capacitor when the switching converter is started up.

Abstract: An LED lighting system is disclosed comprising: a heatsink; a plurality of strings of LEDs each string comprising one or more LEDs each having a junction and being mounted on the heatsink, and a controller comprising a memory unit and a processor and being configured to supply a current to each of the strings of LEDs; the processor comprises: a first temperature estimation subunit configured to generate an estimate of a temperature of the junction of a one of strings of LEDs; a heatsink temperature estimation subunit configured to estimate a temperature of the heatsink unit from the first estimate; and a second temperature estimation subunit configured to provide an estimate of a temperature of the junction of a second string of LEDs, from the estimated temperature of the heatsink. A controller for and method of operating a plurality of LEDs are also disclosed.

Abstract: A power supply device includes a power conversion module and a power regulating module. The power conversion module is configured to convert an AC electric power into a DC electric power. The power regulating module includes a microprocessor, a voltage-dividing resistor, a constant-voltage regulator, and a constant-current regulator. The voltage-dividing resistor is electrically connected to the setting resistor and the microprocessor. The constant-voltage regulator is electrically connected to the power conversion module, the dividing resistor, and the setting resistor; The constant-current regulator is electrically connected to the power conversion module and the microprocessor.

Abstract: AC LED light engines powered directly from the AC power line contain circuitry of resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors which enables a single string LEDs connected to series to efficiently produce light with a relatively low level of flicker as perceived by the human eye. The LEDs are driven by a current which is alternately capacitively-limited and resistively-limited. Capacitively-limited pulses of current are interposed between resistively-limited pulses of current so that the resulting output current ripple is at frequencies of 240 Hz or above which the human eye cannot perceive. The combination of resistively-limited current and capacitively-limited current results in a current drain from the power line which is generally sinusoidal and can have a power factor in excess of 0.70.

Abstract: Self-identifying solid-state transducer (SST) modules and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. In several embodiments, for example, an SST system can include a driver and at least one SST module electrically coupled to the driver. Each SST module can include an SST and a sense resistor. The sense resistors of each SST module can have at least substantially similar resistance values. The SSTs of the SST modules can be coupled in parallel across an SST channel to the driver, and the sense resistors of the SST modules can be coupled in parallel across a sense channel to the driver. The driver can be configured to measure a sense resistance across the sense resistors and deliver a current across the SSTs based on the sense resistance.

Abstract: A handheld device for merging groups of lighting fixtures is disclosed. The handheld device includes a communication interface configured to wirelessly communicate with a plurality of lighting fixtures and control circuitry. In one embodiment, the control circuitry is configured to effect selection of a first lighting fixture or a first switch module that is grouped with a first group of lighting fixtures via the communication interface; identify the first group of lighting fixtures; effect selection of a device-to-be-added that is not initially associated with the first group of lighting fixtures via the communication interface; determine a new group by adding the device-to-be-added to the first group of lighting fixtures; create group assignment information for the new group; and send the group assignment information to each of the first group of lighting fixtures and the device-to-be-added of the new group via the communication interface.

Abstract: A current driver connected with light emitting diode (LED) bars of the maximum number N of channels and driving LED bars of M channels to be driven, includes: PWM input terminal configured to receive PWM-modulated external dimming pulse having duty cycle with a target light quantity common to the LED bars of the M channels; pulse measurement circuit configured to measure period and pulse width of the external dimming pulse and generate digital period data and pulse width data; interface circuit connected to external processor and configured to receive enable data and phase difference setting data; M current sources of the M channels to be driven and respectively connected with corresponding LED bars, and configured to be On-and-Off-switched in response to internal dimming pulse; and pulse generator configured to generate M internal dimming pulses and distribute the M internal dimming pulses to the M current sources.

Abstract: A dimming circuit includes an active dimmer configured to apply input power Vin to an amplification module or an error compensation module, the amplification module configured to amplify an output current of the active dimmer, and the error compensation module configured to correct an error or distortion of the amplification module. The amplification module and the error compensation module are connected in a feedback form.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present disclosure related to a method for modifying a beacon light source for use in a light-based positioning system. In some embodiments, the method includes selecting a modulation scheme for the light source, determining a duty cycle for the light source based on the modulation scheme, the duty cycle having a proportion of time the light source is in an on state and a corresponding proportion of time the light source is in an off state, the proportion of time the light source is in an off state resulting in reduced luminosity of the light source, and supplying additional power to the light source to compensate for the reduced luminosity of the light source by the duty cycle.

Abstract: An aircraft landing light unit includes a plurality of LEDs, an optical system associated with the plurality of LEDs for shaping a light output of the aircraft landing light unit for illuminating an aircraft environment, a control unit for controlling the plurality of LEDs, and a photo detector arranged for detecting light, emitted by the plurality of LEDs, output via the optical system and reflected by atmospheric haze, such as clouds, fog, rain and snow, wherein the control unit is coupled to the photo detector and is configured to control the plurality of LEDs on the basis of the light detected by the photo detector, thereby adjusting the light output of the aircraft landing light unit to the atmospheric haze.

Abstract: A method, controller and lighting circuit are disclosed: the variation of chromaticity and luminosity of LEDs as a function of temperature over an operating temperature range is characterized; virtual LEDs, including a virtual white are defined, such that the chromaticity of each virtual LED can be achieved by combining component light from the LEDs for all temperatures within the operating range; the requested settings R, G, B of each of three primary colors, defining a requested chromaticity and a requested luminance, are used to determine a virtual white control setting corresponding to a maximum fraction of a total luminance at the requested chromaticity which can be provided by the virtual white LED; control settings for each of the other LEDs are thereby determined, and the setting for each of the LEDs is determined from the sum of that LED's component of the virtual LEDs.

Abstract: A computing apparatus triggered by input signal edges from a power supply line includes an edge-triggered computing device, a charging device, and an initialization device. The edge-triggered computing device is triggered to compute by the input signal edges from power supply line, and is used to output computing results; the charging device is configured to supply power to the edge-triggered computing device based on the input signals from the power supply line; the initialization device is configured to initialize the edge-triggered computing device based on the voltage of the power supplied by the charging device. An LED driver includes the computing apparatus is to configured to control a driving device according to the computing results, thereby achieving display of light from LEDs using the power supply line and ground line without extra control signal line, and facilitating on-chip implementation of LED driving circuits.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a lighting fixture that is capable of providing white light over an extended range of correlated color temperatures.

Abstract: An LED lamp system with different color temperatures and various operation modes can resolve the problems occurred in the prior arts. By switching the AC current continuously, not only the LED lamp sets can emit lights of different color temperatures, and moreover, at the same time, the light sensitive detector and moving object detection circuit serve to detect environmental light intensity and the moving objects so as to auto-control the lighting and light intensity of the LED lamp sets so as to match the requirements of environment protection and power saving As a result, intellectual light control for LED lamps is achieved. This is beneficial to the applications of LED lamps.

Abstract: A luminaire is for use in a lighting apparatus that includes a plurality of luminaires and a computerized device. The luminaire includes a plurality of lights and a controller. The luminaire is operated to emit source light characterized by a dominant source light wavelength within a range from 390 nanometers to 750 nanometers, and with a different dominant source light wavelength than the source light of at least one other luminaire in the lighting apparatus, and such that the source light emitted by the luminaire is combined with the source light emitted by the at least one other luminaire to form a combined light. The dominant source light wavelength of the luminaire is variable with time, and the controller operates the plurality of LEDs such that a color temperature of the combined light does not vary more than 5% across the length and width of the area of illumination while the dominant source wavelength varies with time.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling a light emitting diode (LED) system having a plurality of LED arrays are provided. The lighting system can include a dimmable LED driver circuit configured to provide a driver output suitable for providing a driver current to the LED arrays. A current splitter circuit can be provided between the LED driver circuit and the plurality of LED arrays to control the ratio of current from the driver output provided to each of the plurality of LED arrays. The current splitter circuit can be configured to control the current ratio provided to the plurality of LED arrays independently of the driver output according to a current ratio control curve based at least in part on a variable reference signal provided at the current splitter circuit.

Abstract: An LED backlight driving circuit is disclosed. The present disclosure relates to the technical field of display, whereby the technical problem of the incorrect detection of the short circuit detection module when the open circuit malfunction occurs to one LED backlight unit and the output voltage of the LED backlight driving circuit rises can be solved.

Abstract: A short detection circuit is provided for detecting a short circuit condition of an LED. A voltage threshold is set which is dependent on the LED operating current, such that there are at least two different voltage thresholds at two different LED operating currents. This means false detections can be reduced and the LED current operating range can be increased over which the short detection functions.

Abstract: A light emission device includes an organic EL panel and a molding resin. In the organic EL panel, an organic EL light emission portion is formed on a substrate. The organic EL panel is flexible. The molding resin shapes the organic EL panel so that the organic EL panel is in a curved state.

Abstract: Method for fabricating an organic EL display panel having an EL region at every cross of first and second electrodes, including the steps of forming a plurality of first electrodes at regular intervals on a transparent substrate, forming an insulating later in regions other than the EL regions, forming second supplementary electrodes on the insulating layer, forming an electric insulating barrier between adjacent EL regions perpendicular to the first electrodes, forming an organic EL layer in each of the EL regions with a shadow mask, depositing an electrode material on an entire surface inclusive of the organic EL layer, to form a plurality of second electrodes, and forming a protection film on an entire surface inclusive of the second electrodes.

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting device including a pair of substrates each of which includes a conductive layer, a light-emitting element, disposed between the pair of substrates, which includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, and a resin layer, containing conductive particles, which fills a space between the substrates and electrically connects the conductive layers of the substrates to the first and second electrodes of the light-emitting element.

Abstract: Method of light intensity automatic regulation wherein after the device is connected to the power system parameters of minimum voltage values are set so that the electronic control system remains in standby mode, and the motion and dusk sensors are in standby mode, and those sensors are synchronized with the electronic control system, then to the electronic control system the value of input signal is entered which is generated by the motion sensor at which the operating cycle of the device is started, and also the value of the output signal generated by the dusk sensor whereupon voltage supplied to the light source increases, up to the maximum value, sources of light display 100% illumination intensity, the illumination time after which voltage supplied to the light source decreases to the minimum value as a result of which the source of light does not illuminate and the device goes into standby mode.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method and a device for adjusting indoor brightness and a smart home control system. The method includes: detecting a display device to obtain brightness of the display device; generating indoor brightness based on the brightness of the display device; and adjusting brightness of an indoor lighting device based on the indoor brightness.

Abstract: An automated dimming load controller automatically measures the relationship between the current draw and the dimmer setting for each light or group of lights connected to the load controller. Once measured, the relationship between the current draw and the dimmer setting can be used to enable the dimmer controller to adjust the lights between their minimum and maximum effective illumination. This automatic setting of the dimmer controller may be performed regularly to accommodate changes in performance or replacement of any of the connected lights, drivers or ballasts.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a trailer hitch assembly includes a first sensor sensing the position of a kingpin of a trailer relative to a throat of a hitch plate, a second sensor sensing a position of the locking mechanism movable between locked and unlocked positions, a control circuit coupled with the first sensor and determining whether the first sensor indicates a proper location of the kingpin relative to the throat and whether the second sensor indicates that the locking mechanism is in the locked position, and a light source proximate the throat of the kingpin and activated when the control circuit determines that the kingpin is properly located and that the locking mechanism is in the locked position, such that the light source illuminates the throat and the kingpin assisting visual inspection of the position of the kingpin relative to the throat.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a light source, an image sensor, a controller, a memory, and a wireless transceiver. The light source is configured to emit light for general illumination. The image sensor is configured to acquire an image of an area illuminated by the light source. The controller is coupled to control the image sensor and to receive the acquired image of the illuminated area from the image sensor. The controller is configured to operate the wireless transceiver to receive identification information from a wireless device in the illuminated area. The controller is further configured to automatically generate a visual signature based on image information of a person or object, obtained from the image of the illuminated area. The controller also is configured to store the visual signature of the person or object in the memory in association with the wireless device identification information.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) street lamp control system includes a control module and an LED street lamp unit coupled with the control module. The control module includes a dimmer module, a driving module, and a light source module coupled with the driving module. The dimmer module is coupled with the control module and receives a signal from the control module. The dimmer module also can transmit a signal to the control module. The dimmer module is coupled to the driving module by an access module to control the driving module to control the light source module.

Abstract: A lighting control system is provided with a communication method utilizing downstream current modulation. A primary controller is electrically coupled to a plurality of lighting devices via a mains power transmission network. Each of the respective lighting devices includes an occupancy sensor and is configured to provide full illumination when occupancy is detected in the associated area. The controller identifies occupancy by an increase in current on the mains lines, directs the other devices to fully illuminate, and activates a timer. Prior to lapsing of the timer, any of the devices may indicate continued occupancy by adjusting an operating current to a respective light source according to a predetermined pattern. Upon identifying the pattern, the controller generates control signals directing each of the other devices to remain fully illuminated, and resets the timer. The predetermined pattern may for example include amplitude modulation, threshold numbers of cycles, or both.

Abstract: A handheld device having a communication interface configured to wirelessly communicate with a plurality of lighting fixtures and control circuitry is described. In one embodiment, the circuitry is configured to effect selection of a first lighting fixture in a first group of lighting fixtures via the communication interface; identify the first group of lighting fixtures based on information from the first lighting fixture; determine new settings for the first group of lighting fixtures; and send the new settings to each of the first group of lighting fixtures via the communication interface, wherein the first group of lighting fixtures includes a defined plurality of lighting fixtures that are associated to operate in a coordinated manner.

Abstract: A system for alternating lighting-emitting of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is provided, including a plurality of DRAMs and an application program. Each DRAM includes a processing unit and a lighting-emitting unit. The processing unit is able to trigger the lighting-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode. The lighting-emitting units define a lighting-emitting module. The application program is installed in a mobile electronic device. The application program sends a signal to the processing units of the DRAMs via the mobile electronic device to match with and identify the DRAMs, and the application program can make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and make the light-emitting module emit light in a preset mode.

Abstract: A remote control system and method for lighting apparatus may include at least a remote-controlled lighting apparatus and an intelligent communication device. The lighting apparatus comprises a lighting unit, a first central processing unit (CPU) and a first communication unit, and the intelligent communication device comprises a second CPU, a second communication unit and at least a button and a storage unit. The storage unit is configured to store a control program, the Universally Unique Identifier of the lighting apparatus and at least an operating command of the lighting apparatus corresponding to the sequential key-in signal. When activated, the control program can execute the operating command stored in the storage unit corresponding to the sequential key-in signal input by a user, and send the operating signal to the lighting apparatus through the second communication unit to remotely control at least a lighting unit of the lighting apparatus.

Abstract: Aspects comprise apparatus and methods for wirelessly powered lighting products. One aspect comprises an apparatus that generates light from a wirelessly coupled power source. The apparatus comprises a first conductive loop configured to enclose an area, the first conductive loop configured to resonate and generate an induced current when excited by a magnetic field generated by a transmitter. The apparatus further comprises a first set of one or more capacitive elements coupled to the first conductive loop, the coupled first conductive loop and first one or more capacitive elements configured to form a first resonant circuit. The apparatus also comprises a first set of one or more lighting devices integrated with the first conductive loop, the first set of one or more lighting devices each configured to generate a light based on the induced current that flows through the first set of one or more lighting devices.

Abstract: There is provided an illumination apparatus including an illumination unit, a reception unit, and a control unit configured to control illumination of the illumination unit in accordance with a default illumination pattern. When the reception unit receives an illumination pattern, the control unit performs illumination control different from the illumination according to the default illumination pattern.

Abstract: A light string includes a plurality of lights and a plurality of non-polarity capacitor corresponding to the lights; wherein, the lights are electrically connected in series and to be powered by an AC power supply; each of the non-polarity capacitor is connected in parallel to a corresponding one of the lights. When the light string is powered on, the non-polarity capacitor is charged and absorbs the surge current which may occur. Thus, the voltage dropped on each light rises slowly and the lights are safe. The non-polarity capacitor also performs power compensation and electrical connection.

Abstract: A filament for a light bulb includes a tube and a filament material within the tube, wherein the filament material is configured to be in a liquid state while the light bulb is in use.

Abstract: A laser-sustained plasma light source for transverse plasma pumping includes a pump source configured to generate pumping illumination, one or more illumination optical elements and a gas containment structure configured to contain a volume of gas. The one or more illumination optical elements are configured to sustain a plasma within the volume of gas of the gas containment structure by directing pump illumination along a pump path to one or more focal spots within the volume of gas. The one or more collection optical elements are configured to collect broadband radiation emitted by the plasma along a collection path. Further, the illumination optical elements are configured to define the pump path such that pump illumination impinges the plasma along a direction transverse to a direction of propagation of the emitted broadband light of the collection path such that the pump illumination is substantially decoupled from the emitted broadband radiation.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an apparatus includes a pyroelectric crystal, a deuterated or tritiated target, an ion source, and a common support coupled to the pyroelectric crystal, the deuterated or tritiated target, and the ion source. In another embodiment, a method includes producing a voltage of negative polarity on a surface of a deuterated or tritiated target in response to a temperature change of a pyroelectric crystal, pulsing a deuterium ion source to produce a deuterium ion beam, accelerating the deuterium ion beam to the deuterated or tritiated target to produce a neutron beam, and directing the ion beam onto the deuterated or tritiated target to make neutrons using a voltage of the pyroelectric crystal and/or an HGI surrounding the pyroelectric crystal. The directionality of the neutron beam is controlled by changing the accelerating voltage of the system. Other apparatuses and methods are presented as well.

Abstract: In an example, a synchrocyclotron includes a particle source to provide pulses of ionized plasma to a cavity; a voltage source to provide a radio frequency (RF) voltage to the cavity to accelerate particles from the plasma column outwardly; and an extraction channel to receive a beam of particles from the cavity for output from the particle accelerator. The particle source is configured to control pulse widths of the ionized plasma in order to control an intensity of the beam of particles. This example synchrocyclotron may include one or more of the following features, either alone or in combination.

Abstract: A particle accelerator including an electrical field system and a magnetic field system that are configured to direct a particle beam of charged particles along a designated path within an acceleration chamber. The particle accelerator also includes a foil holder having a beam window and a positioning slot that at least partially surrounds the beam window. The positioning slot is dimensioned to hold an extraction foil such that the extraction foil extends across the beam window and into the path of the charged particles. The positioning slot is defined by interior reference surfaces that face the extraction foil and retain the extraction foil within the positioning slot. The reference surfaces permit the extraction foil to move relative to the reference surfaces when the particle beam is incident on the extraction foil.

Abstract: A power module substrate includes a circuit layer, an aluminum layer arranged on a surface of an insulation layer, and a copper layer laminated on one side of the aluminum layer. The aluminum layer and the copper layer are bonded together by solid phase diffusion bonding.

Abstract: The present invention provides a conductive-layer-integrated flexible printed circuit board that has excellent electrical insulation reliability and that prevents the electrically conductive layer from being detached during a reflow process. The conductive-layer-integrated flexible printed circuit board includes: (A) an electromagnetic-shielding conductive layer; (B) an insulator film; and (C) a wiring-pattern-equipped film, (A) the electromagnetic-shielding conductive layer, (B) the insulator film, and (C) the wiring-pattern-equipped film being laminated in this order, (B) the insulator film containing at least (a) a binder polymer and (b) a black coloring agent having a reflective range within the infrared range.

Abstract: The present invention is a mobile device capable of transmitting or receiving wireless signals and incorporating an FPC shielded RF signal conductor for connecting transmitter and/or receiver circuitry to an associated RF antenna or antennas. In some embodiments FCP may incorporate the antenna in an unshielded section of the FPC. In some embodiments a single FPC may provide for multiple RF carrier conductors each with their own associated shielding.

Abstract: A multi-layered electronic system has: a support substrate which supports at least a primary conductive track and a conductive shorting element, which are electrical isolated from one another. A security layer has at least a conductive security connection and a flexible switch element providing an electrical interruption to the conductive security track. The conductive security connection electrically engages the primary conductive track. The flexible switch element is coplanar with the conductive security connection. A dielectric substrate, to which the security layer is affixed, is secured to the support substrate. The electrical interruption of the conductive security connection is bridged by the switch element contacting the conductive shorting element under an actuation force provided from the direction of the dielectric substrate, the switch element being biased away from the conductive shorting element in the absence of the actuation force.

Abstract: Flexible electronic structure and methods for fabricating flexible electronic structures are provided. An example method includes applying a first layer to a substrate, creating a plurality of vias through the first layer to the substrate, and applying a second polymer layer to the first layer such that the second polymer forms anchors contacting at least a portion of the substrate. At least one electronic device layer is disposed on a portion of the second polymer layer. At least one trench is formed through the second polymer layer to expose at least a portion of the first layer. At least a portion of the first layer is removed by exposing the structure to a selective etchant to providing a flexible electronic structure that is in contact with the substrate. The electronic structure can be released from the substrate.