Abstract: A decorative light can include: a housing defining an interior space and having an open front; a cover mounted to the open front of the housing, the cover including a beam-splitter light lens shade and a substantially planar lens portion disposed around the beam-splitter light lens shade; a motor located in the interior space of the housing, the motor including an output shaft; a first light module located in the interior space and including first light units disposed about the output shaft of the motor, where the output shaft is rotatable with respect to the first light units; a second light module located in the interior space and including second light units disposed about the output shaft of the motor, wherein the output shaft is rotatable with respect to the second light units; and a rotating lens module connected to the output shaft of the motor for rotation.

Abstract: An optical element including a light entering surface and a light exiting surface is provided. The light exiting surface is opposite to the light entering surface, and includes a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion. The first portion is a curved surface. The second portion is a curved surface and spaced from the first portion by a step difference. The third portion extends from the first portion to the second portion along a first extending direction, wherein the first portion extends along a second extending direction, and the first extending direction is inclined with respect to the second extending direction. An optical module and a lens carrier are also provided.

Abstract: A light-guiding element (1) for a lighting unit, comprising a light-guiding body (5) having at least one light entry face (2) and at least one light exit face (3), wherein the at least one light entry face (2) comprises a plurality of entry sub-faces (2a) offset from one another at least in the light propagation direction (?x), wherein the entry sub-faces (2a) are oriented substantially normal to the light propagation direction (?x).

Abstract: Provided is a vehicular lighting apparatus which is relatively small, can be manufactured at low cost, is superior in mountability to an automobile, and is superior in recognizeability of an object illuminated by a head lamp. The vehicular lighting apparatus attachable to a front end part of a vehicle includes: a composite lens element that is a light guide element constructed by molding a translucent resin substantially into a plate-like shape; a planar light-emitting unit that emits illumination light; an optical system that transforms planar light from the light-emitting unit into linear light and that causes the linear transformed light to be incident on a rear side face of the light guide element; and a diffraction lens formed on the rear side face of the light guide element on which the linear transformed light is incident, and condensing the linear transformed light.

Abstract: A lighting system for providing a lighting image a first substantially linear lighting structure of at least one lighting component of a plurality of lighting components and a second substantially linear lighting structure of the at least one lighting component of the plurality of lighting components. The first substantially linear lighting structure is configured to appear to intertwine with the second substantially linear lighting structure on at least one cross-over point of a plurality of cross-over points. At least one of the first substantially linear lighting structure appears to overlap the second substantially linear lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points and/or the second substantially linear lighting structure appears to overlap the first substantially linear lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points.

Abstract: A lighting module for a vehicle is disclosed. The lighting module comprises a light source configured to generate a light emission in an emission direction substantially along a forward operating direction of the vehicle. A circuit is in connection with the light source. The lighting module further comprises an optic device comprising a body forming a receiving surface. The receiving surface is configured to receive an input emission of the light emission. The optic device is configured to transmit the input emission through the body, emit a first portion of the input emission along a primary path directed toward a passenger compartment of the vehicle, and emit a second portion of the input emission along a stray light path into a light trap formed by the body and arranged substantially opposite the light extraction surface.

Abstract: A cooling member for a lighting and/or signaling system for a motor vehicle comprising a base and at least one heat dissipating device with a thermal conduction link to the base, the dissipating device comprising a plurality of dissipating elements, wherein each dissipating element comprises at least one dissipating wall extending from a fixing face. The embodiments relate also to a lighting and/or signaling system and to a method for producing the cooling member.

Abstract: Light fixtures (100, 200, 400, 500, 600, 700) are provided, including a lighting element (10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70), an oriented crosslinked semi-crystalline polymer (12, 22, 42, 52, 62, 72) disposed adjacent to or connected to the lighting element, and a control mechanism (14, 24, 44, 64, 74). The control mechanism is in electrical communication with the lighting element (10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70) and controls an energy output of the lighting element and a temperature of the oriented crosslinked semi-crystalline polymer (12, 22, 42, 52, 62, 72). Typically, when the control mechanism changes the temperature of the oriented crosslinked semi-crystalline polymer, the shape of the polymer changes. A method of making a light fixture (100, 200, 400, 500, 600, 700) is also provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods to provide multiple channels of light to form a blended white light output, the systems and methods utilizing recipient luminophoric mediums to alter light provided by light emitting diodes. The predetermined blends of luminescent materials within the luminophoric mediums provide predetermined spectral power distributions in the white light output.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a phosphor element is provided. The phosphor element includes a monocrystal composed of a phosphor element material for at least partly converting a pump radiation into a conversion radiation. The monocrystal is formed with a multiplicity of scattering centers incorporated into the monocrystal—Apart from that, however, the phosphor element material in the monocrystal is present in a monocrystalline fashion. The scattering centers for scattering the conversion radiation are incorporated into the monocrystal.

Abstract: An illuminating device includes: first lenses individually corresponding to LEDs; a light control member including light transmission channels individually corresponding to the first lenses and a light blocker surrounding the light transmission channels; and second lenses individually corresponding to the light transmission channels. Each first lens includes a light concentrator for producing concentrated light by concentrating light emitted from a corresponding LED, and a reflector surrounding the light concentrator to produce reflected light by reflecting light emitted from the corresponding LED in a direction across the concentrated light. Each first lens outputs illumination light including the concentrated light and the reflected light produced from the corresponding light emitting diode. Each light transmission channel transmits the illumination light output from a corresponding first lens. The light blocker prevents transmission of the illumination light emitted from each first lens.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-power LED lighting device which is portable and ultra-light, comprising: a light (2) comprising a carbon board (21) to the outer face of which at least one high-power LED (23) plate (22) is attached; a tripod (3) formed from carbon to which the light can be coupled; and a power supply source (4) that can be connected to the light (2) and is housed in a carbon box.

Abstract: A light fixture can include a light housing and a light cartridge. The light cartridge can be configured to releasably and/or electrically connect to a portion of the light housing. In some embodiments, the light cartridge includes a collar movably connected to the cartridge and configured to rotate with respect to the cartridge. Rotation of the collar can facilitate attachment and/or release of the cartridge from the light housing. In some cases, the cartridge includes a releasable driver, one or more lenses, one or more beam reflectors, one or more diffusers, and/or other electrical and optical components.

Abstract: An adapter for changing LED light bulbs can have a threaded fitting for attachment to the pole of an existing light-bulb changer. The adapter has a body, preferably formed of a rigid material such as a rigid plastic. The body has multiple teeth to engage the spaces between the cooling fins of the LED light bulb. The light bulb can then be unscrewed from its socket and lowered using the pole and the adapter. A new light bulb can be placed on the teeth, raised, and screwed into the socket.

Abstract: A lighting fixture structure for a recessed lighting fixture includes a housing and a junction box. The lighting fixture structure further includes an arm. The arm is attached to the housing and to the junction box. The arm is rotatably attached to the housing.

Abstract: A clip light device and mounting which provide the means and method for securing the device to a mountings manufactured to accommodate the clip easily, quickly, comfortably, securely, and in an aesthetically pleasing manner. The invention overcomes the limitations of existing battery powered clip light devices and headlamps by utilizing advanced rechargeable batteries, strong micro Light Emitting Diodes (micro-LED) lights, easy recharging via pinout, and novel method attaching the device.

Abstract: Disclosed is light-emitting assembly comprising an elastic plate comprising: an elastic base and a plurality of connecting parts protrusively provided on the elastic plate, the plurality of connecting parts being spaced apart from each other; and a flexible light-emitting plate secured on a side of the connecting parts facing away from the elastic base, wherein portions of the flexible light-emitting plate located between adjacent connecting parts are arched toward a direction away from the elastic plate to form an arched portion when the elastic plate is in an un-deformed state, and the arched portions of the flexible light-emitting plate are flattened when the elastic plate is deformed by stretching. A method for manufacturing a light-emitting assembly is also disclosed. The light-emitting assembly is applicable to occasions in which the elastic deformation of the light-emitting assembly is required.

Abstract: An electronic lamp holder with an improved structure includes a lamp holder whose upper part protrudes upwards to form a loading part, a battery mounting bin is designed in the loading part, a bin cover is on the bottom surface of the lamp holder for covering the battery mounting bin; a luminous body and a circuit board and a button switch for controlling the same are arranged on the loading part; the edge of the lamp holder extends upwards to form a blocking edge part and extends towards the outside to form a blocking part, a cylindrical locating sleeve is on the blocking edge part, an axle hole penetrating the locating sleeve is formed in the middle, a notch is formed in the outside face of the locating sleeve, a locating piece is arranged in the axle hole of the locating sleeve and rotates around the axle hole.

Abstract: A sash comprising a pressure sensitive material which reacts to the movements of an unborn baby and causes the illumination of corresponding areas of the sash on the mother's abdomen in response to the movement of the baby. The sash includes a strip of fabric or material of a selected size and shape to cover a selected portion of the abdomen of an expectant mother containing the baby. Means of fastening such as a hook and loop fastener are combined with an elastic belt secure the sash around the mother's abdomen. The touch sensitive fabric reacts to movements of the baby and causes lights over the active area to be illuminated. The result is a light show for viewers showing the unborn baby's activity.

Abstract: An LED holder for holding an LED module includes a leadframe, which is populated with electrical and/or electronic components for operating the LED module, wherein the leadframe is at least partially enclosed by potting material, and includes at least two exposed first contact regions for electrically contacting the LED module and at least two exposed second contact regions for electrical contacting.

Abstract: The illumination apparatus includes a housing holding an optical member, a light emitter housed in the housing and including a light source configured to emit illumination light projected frontward through the optical member, an emission control substrate disposed behind the light emitter and on which electronic components for controlling emission of the light source are mounted, and a heat radiating member configured to cause heat transmitted from the light source to an outer face of the light emitter to radiate. The heat radiating member includes a lower face portion, a side face portion and a rear face portion disposed so as to respectively face a lower face and a side face of the light emitter and the emission control substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of LED illumination, particularly to a high power LED illuminant based on heat pipe principle. The high power LED illuminant comprises a light emitting section, a liquid storing section with liquid electric-insulation-operating-medium stored therein and a heat sink. The liquid electric-insulation-operating-medium is drawn into the light emitting section by means of capillary force and then immerses the LED chips and thus directly cools down the LED chips. The electric-insulation-operating-medium takes in heat and turns into gas and then flows into the liquid storing section through capillary channels. The heat sink is used to cool down the electric-insulation-operating-medium so that it turns into liquid. When the LED chips generate heat during its operation, the electric-insulation-operating-medium flows into the heat sink after turning into gas by absorbing heat. The electric-insulation-operating-medium turns into liquid after giving out heat through the heat sink.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat sink (1) for cooling a heat source, the heat sink comprising a heat distributor (12) comprising a 3-dimensional body with a side wall (13) arranged around a main axis (14), and a plurality of plates (11) coupled to and extending from the side wall, each of the plurality of plates being curved in a cross section perpendicular to the main axis, wherein the plates are twisted along the main axis (14) of the heat distributor. The present invention solves the excessive fin length issue that is needed for higher values of the external diameter vs. the internal diameter of the fins section. The fins have curvature in all directions, which is referred to as double curvature. This double curvature is the result of two curving of each fin in a radial direction and twisting of the fins along the axial direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electronic cigarette and an atomizer device and an atomizer assembly thereof. The atomizer assembly includes a connection tube and an inner core assembly arranged in the connection tube. The connection tube defines a liquid inlet hole allowing liquid solution to flow into the connection tube, and the inner core assembly comprises a heater for heating and vaporizing the liquid solution flowed into the connection tube. The connection tube includes a first connection member and a second connection member detachably connected to the first connection member; and the first connection member and the second connection member defines a receiving space in which the inner core assembly is detachably arranged.

Abstract: A lighting device including a light emitting diode (LED) luminaire assembly and a bracket body. The bracket body includes at least one arm configured to support the LED luminaire assembly, and a cavity configured to receive a power supply.

Abstract: A high-bay light-emitting diode (LED) light fixture including, a driver chamber assembly, a hook assembly, and an LED assembly. The driver chamber assembly further includes a driver chamber body that houses a driver module and/or a controller module, and a driver chamber cap. The hook assembly further includes a hook and a hook clip. The LED assembly further includes a light board, an LED module that supports an arrangement of LEDs, and a lens.

Abstract: An LED lighting array for illuminating an area with the lighting array comprising a plurality of LED devices set in conical or elliptically conical reflectors, each of which is mounted upon a plate, each of which may be set at various angles to one other, and each of which is backed by a series of elements, first a copper support element, then an optional layer of graphite foam, followed by an aluminum plate, and then an arrangement of copper fins operably lined to a thermal mass mate. The copper support element includes support planes that are off-set relative to each adjacent plate and are in at least three different planes relative to each other. The backing plates may efficiently dissipate heat produced by the LEDs. The apparatus can be mounted upon a stand to illuminate an area such as a portion of a car park, building entrance or the like.

Abstract: Separators and mixers for delivering controlled-quality solar-generated steam over long distances for enhanced oil recovery, and associated systems and methods. A representative method includes heating water to steam at a solar field, separating a liquid fraction from the steam, directing the steam toward a target steam user via a first, steam conduit, and directing the liquid fraction toward the target steam user in parallel with the steam via second, liquid fraction conduit. The method can further include mixing the liquid fraction and the steam before delivering the combined liquid fraction and steam to the target user.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a combustion burner that is capable of efficiently performing heating of a raw material powder by improving the dispersibility of the raw material powder that is ejected from a raw material powder-ejecting port using a simple configuration, and a combustion burner in which raw material powder introduction pipes that introduce the raw material powder inside a raw material powder supply pathway are provided so that axes that extend from central axes of the raw material powder introduction pipes do not intersect a central axis of the burner main body, and so that angles ? that are formed by central axes of the raw material powder introduction pipes and an outer surface of a second circular member are larger than 0° and smaller than 90°.

Abstract: An adjustable fit for torch head includes a hollow ring or circular body; an elongated tube or stem. The fit for torch head in different sizes which easily attached to an existing torch head leading to a circular piece at the end of the tube that opens like a jaw.

Abstract: A burner that includes a primary air or gas duct delimited by an exterior wall and a concentric interior wall of axis X and ducts for radial primary air or gas injection is described. The air or gas duct includes a ring that is rotationally mobile and has axial protrusions constituting distributors which collaborate with the radial primary air ducts arranged on the interior wall and form two passages of different angles in each duct. Rotating the ring making it possible to vary the angle of injection of the radial primary air. Thus, the regulation is situated just at the tip of the burner, in the region of the outlet of the primary air into the kiln, by modifying the outlet angle of the radial component for fixed section, thereby greatly simplifying the regulating of the burner.

Abstract: A system for attenuating acoustic energy in machines is provided. The system may include an inner tube disposed about a central axis, an outer tube disposed about the inner tube and the central axis, and a middle tube disposed about the central axis and between the inner tube and the outer tube. The system may also include a first annular ring extending radially from the outer tube and configured to couple the outer tube to the middle tube. The system may further include a second annular ring extending radially from the inner tube and configured to couple the inner tube to the outer tube, such that an acoustic resonator may be formed by the first annular ring, the second annular ring, a portion of the inner tube, a portion of the outer tube, and a portion of the middle tube.

Abstract: Systems and methods for using at least one sensor for monitoring a condition in a furnace are disclosed. The at least one sensor can be an optical fiber acoustic sensor. The at least one sensor can be coupled to at least one processor that can be configured to receive at least one measurement from the sensor, convert the at least one measurement into a digital format, and determine a condition associated with at least one burner based at least in part on the digital format. The digital format can be, for example, a sound waveform or a frequency spectrum.

Abstract: A combustion control system that collects and accumulates, at predetermined intervals, combustion controlling information including at least a signal indicating an operating state of an ignition device, a signal indicating the supplying state of fuel to a pilot burner, a signal indicating the supplying state of fuel to a main burner, a signal indicating the supplying state of air to the main burner, a flame detection signal indicating the strengths of the flames of the burners (the pilot burner and the main burner), and information indicating presence or absence of the flames determined based on the value of the flame detection signal, and displays the combustion controlling information as trend data of combustion control in a graph in such a form that the relationship between time zones of the combustion sequences from the start of a combustion device to normal combustion and the trend data is understandable.

Abstract: A burner for a gas turbine, having a burner lance and/or burner hub, a burner passage which at least partially surrounds the burner lance and/or burner hub, and a fuel supply arrangement having at least one fuel nozzle and at least one fuel channel. The burner allows pollutant emissions to be reduced and offers a high degree of operational safety. The fuel supply arrangement has a fluidic oscillator that has an interaction chamber, the interaction chamber having at least one inlet and, lying opposite, one outlet region that has at least one outlet channel, one end of at least one feedback line terminating into the interaction chamber in the region of the inlet, the other end thereof terminating into the outlet region or into an outlet channel, and each end of the feedback line being sealed off from the interaction chamber by a flexible membrane.

Abstract: To provide a gas turbine combustor that can suppress a generation amount of NOx and maintain a flame holding property, while suppressing burn damage around a pilot nozzle including the pilot nozzle. A gas turbine combustor includes a pilot nozzle that can inject fuel F and cooling air A for cooling a nozzle tip, a flow regulating valve that can adjust a flow rate of cooling air to be supplied to the pilot nozzle, a detection sensor that detects a combustion state of fuel, and a control device that controls the flow regulating valve based on a detection result of the detection sensor.

Abstract: A cooling system (10) for a fuel system in a turbine engine (14) that is usable to cool a fuel nozzle (16) is disclosed. The cooling system (10) may include one or more cooling system housings (18) positioned around the fuel nozzle (16), such that the cooling system housing (18) forms a cooling chamber (20) defined at least partially by an inner surface (22) of the cooling system housing (18) and an outer surface (24) of the fuel nozzle (16). The fuel nozzle (16) may extend into a combustor chamber (26) formed at least in part by a combustor housing (32). The fuel nozzle (16) may include one or more fuel exhaust orifices (28) with an opening (30) in an outer surface (24) of the fuel nozzle (16) and configured to exhaust fluids unrestricted by the housing (18) forming the cooling system cooling chamber (20). The cooling system (10) may provide cooling fluids to cool the fuel nozzle (16) within the cooling system cooling chamber (20) regardless of whether the fuel nozzle (16) is in use.

Abstract: A pellet-fired grill for barbecue cooking includes a cleanout port in the bottom of the combustion chamber and an access door so that the ash may be cleaned out and removed from the grill without necessitating disassembly of the upper components of the grill. The access door is operated by a pull link, and a stop catch mechanism adjacent to the pull link enables actuation of the pull link assembly only when the stop catch mechanism is released.

Abstract: A portable stove holder traversable between an erected position and a collapsed position is disclosed herein. In the collapsed position, a plurality of arms are collapsed and stacked upon each other to form a compact size so that the portable stove holder can be easily transported by a hiker or camper. In the erected position, the arms are angularly spread apart to hold the gel chafing fuel and a pot above the gel chafing fuel.

Abstract: A multi-sensored smart cooking apparatus includes a setting module for setting at least one of a cooking time and a cooking temperature, a sensing module comprising at least one of a temperature sensor, a weight sensor, and a water level sensor, a controller coupled to the setting module and the sensing module, a cooking module coupled to the sensing module and the controller, where the controller is configured to adjust at least one of the cooking time and the cooking temperature in response to one or more sensed signals from the sensing module. The multi-sensored smart cooking apparatus is configured to turn off, when a sensed temperature of the cooking module is above a temperature threshold, when a sensed weight on the cooking module is below a weight threshold, or when a sensed water level is below a water level threshold.

Abstract: An exhaust apparatus for a conveyor oven includes a first hood linked to a duct at a first end of the duct and connected to a frame configured for mounting on the conveyor oven such that the first hood is positioned directly over a conveyor tray of the conveyor oven. The first hood has at least one grease filter and a recess defined at least in part by an interior wall, the hood interior wall having a first side, a second side opposite to the first side, a bottom edge, a top edge, and opposing side edges. The hood interior wall bottom edge is aligned with a top of the conveyor oven and is aligned directly over an access located in the bounding external surface of the conveyor oven when the first hood is mounted on the conveyor oven.

Abstract: An appliance includes an outer shell and an inner shell, wherein the outer shell and the inner shell are engaged to define an insulating cavity therebetween, and wherein the inner shell includes an inner surface that defines an interior cavity. An insulation member includes a plurality of layers, each layer of the plurality of layers including an insulative sheet defining first and second surfaces and a plurality of microspheres at least partially disposed within the insulative sheet, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of microspheres extends outward from each of the first and second surfaces to define a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the engagement of two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers causes a portion of the plurality of protrusions to engage and define a plurality of insulating air pockets between the adjacent layers.

Abstract: A furnace system includes an air intake that includes a pipe portion and a seal component configured to couple with the pipe portion. The furnace system also includes an internal drain disposed internal to the air intake. The internal drain includes a trough configured to collect liquid flowing along an inner surface of the pipe portion. The internal drain also includes an opening in the trough configured to guide the liquid collected in the trough to a passage through the air intake to a location outside the air intake.

Abstract: A demand based control for a hydronic heating system varies the heat response based on an actual demand of the conditioned space, rather than an estimated thermal loss. Differences between supply and return of a heat transfer medium, such as forced hot water, are measured for the conditioned space, as well as the flow rate of the forced water to determine an actual thermal transfer to the conditioned space. A required heat generation is computed based on the measured transfer and resultant temperature change of the conditioned space, and heat generation parameters such as boiler firing rate and circulator pump speed varied to control the heat transfer to the conditioned space and avoid overshoot or excessive heat generation beyond that needed for the measured demand.

Abstract: A water heating system for a domestic hot water tank, the system including: a heat pump adapted to provide heat energy; and a heat exchanger comprising a coil of thermally conductive material arranged such that a diameter of the coil is approximately between five and six times greater than a diameter of the thermally conductive material and the heat exchanger is adapted to be installed in the domestic hot water tank and operationally coupled to the heat pump.

Abstract: Provided herein are embodiments of, a multistage gas furnace, a controller therefor and a computer-usable medium having non-transitory computer readable instructions stored thereon for execution by a processor to perform a method for operating a gas furnace. In one embodiment, the gas furnace includes: (1) a burner, (2) a circulation fan and (3) a furnace controller. The furnace controller having: (3A) an interface configured to receive heating calls and a blower control signal, the blower control signal corresponding to an operating speed of the circulation fan and (3B) a processor configured to respond to the heating calls and the blower control signal by setting and adjusting a gas input rate for the burner that is based on the blower control signal and that corresponds to a discharge air temperature determined by a dedicated discharge air sensor associated with the furnace.

Abstract: An indoor unit of an air-conditioning apparatus includes an air-sending device unit having an air-sending device unit housing configured to house an air-sending device and provided with an air inlet; and a heat exchanger unit having a heat exchanger unit housing configured to house an indoor heat exchanger, provided with an air outlet, and configured to be coupled to the air-sending device unit housing, wherein the air-sending device includes a rotating fan, an electric motor, and a casing, the casing, the air inflow port, and the air-sending device unit housing, a first rail unit, and a slide member.

Abstract: A receptacle box for conveniently and efficiently locating the terminal ends of the refrigeration line set, condensation drain and low voltage wires leading down from an air conditioner unit during initial construction of a building, is disclosed. Specifically, a rectangular box having a top, bottom, angled back, and sides, but open on the front, and having openings on the top through which the line set, condensation drain and low voltage wires can be passed, is disclosed. The receptacle box is mounted in a cutout on the exterior wall of the building before siding is installed.

Abstract: A cooling recover system and method are disclosed. A fluid, such as water, is chilled and provided to a cooling coil to cool and dehumidify air passing over the cooling coil. The fluid is output from the cooling coil through an outlet, and at least a portion of the fluid from the outlet of the cooling coil is provided to an inlet of a heat transfer coil to reheat air passing over the heat transfer coil. The fluid is warmed as it passes through the cooling coil, which warmer temperature serves to reheat the air passing over the heat transfer coil.

Abstract: One aspect provides a dehumidifier that has a dehumidifying circuit and includes an evaporator, a first portion of a condensing circuit, and a first blower configured to direct a first air stream along a first flow path and through the evaporator and the first portion of the condensing circuit, for reducing the humidity of the first air stream. The dehumidifier also comprises a heat removing circuit, comprising a second blower configured to direct a second air stream along a second flow path and through a second portion of the condensing circuit for removing heat from the second portion of the condensing circuit. The first and second condensing circuits are fluidly coupled.