Abstract: Cutting instruments and related methods are disclosed herein in which the diameter of the retrograde cutting blade can be adjusted to any of a plurality of diameter settings, allowing the same instrument to be used to form holes of different diameters. The limit diameter can be preset such that, during the cutting operation, the user need not be concerned with selecting the appropriate diameter, but rather can simply deploy the cutting blade until the preset limit is reached. Cutting instruments are also disclosed in which the retrograde cutting blade is distinct from the forward drilling tip and protected within a cavity formed in the body of the instrument when not in use, as are instruments in which the user is given visual and/or tactile feedback to confirm desired positioning of the cutting blade.

Abstract: One implementation of the present disclosure may take the form of a sacroiliac joint fusion system including a joint implant, an anchor element and a delivery tool. The joint implant includes a distal end, a proximal end, a body extending between the proximal and distal ends, and a first bore extending non-parallel to a longitudinal axis of the body. The anchor element includes a distal end and a proximal end and is configured to be received in the first bore. The delivery tool includes an implant arm and an anchor arm. The implant arm includes a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end of the implant arm is configured to releasably couple to the proximal end of the joint implant such that a longitudinal axis of the implant arm is substantially at least one of coaxial or parallel with the longitudinal axis of the body of the joint implant. The anchor arm includes a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end of the anchor arm is configured to engage the proximal end of the anchor element.

Abstract: A system for replacing a trochlear groove region of a femur. The system includes a prosthesis that includes a bone contact surface and a periphery that defines an outer perimeter. The bone contact surface has a plurality of protrusions and a spatial configuration with respect to one another. Additionally, the system includes a first template that has a plurality of guide holes and a first periphery that defines an outer perimeter that substantially corresponds with the periphery of the prosthesis. Also, included in the system is a second template that has a plurality of guide holes and a second periphery that defines an outer perimeter that substantially corresponds with the periphery of the prosthesis. The plurality of guide holes of the second template are spatially arranged with respect to the second periphery to substantially match the spatial configuration of the plurality of protrusions of the prosthesis.

Abstract: In a first embodiment, the present invention includes an instrument for use in preparing a femur for soft tissue repair or reconstruction, including a cannulated, curved guide tool having a cannulated body extending to a distal tip and a plane defined by a longitudinal axis of the cannulated body and distal tip; and a flange secured to the distal tip and extending from the distal tip in a direction transverse from the distal tip, the flange having a first curve along at least a portion of the flange and a degree of tilt, relative to the plane, along at least a portion of the flange.

Abstract: A method of preparing a knee joint for a prosthesis in a patient includes mating a patient-specific three-dimensional curved inner surface of a femoral alignment guide onto a corresponding three-dimensional femoral joint surface of the patient. The patient-specific three-dimensional curved inner surface is preoperatively configured from medical scans of the knee joint of the patient. First and second holes are drilled into an anterior portion of the femoral joint surface through corresponding first and second guiding apertures of the femoral alignment guide.

Abstract: A medical device configured to perform an endovascular therapy can include an elongate manipulation member and an intervention member. The elongate manipulation member can include a distal end portion. The intervention member can include a proximal end portion and a mesh. The proximal end portion can be coupled with the distal end portion of the elongate manipulation member. The mesh can have a plurality of cells in a tubular configuration and being compressible to a collapsed configuration for delivery to an endovascular treatment site through a catheter and being self-expandable from the collapsed configuration to an expanded configuration. The mesh can include an anodic metal and a cathodic metal. The anodic metal and the cathodic metal can each form a fraction of a total surface area of the mesh.

Abstract: A medical device that may include a plurality of first branch members, and a plurality of second branch members is disclosed. The medical device may also include a first movable member, and a second movable member. The plurality of first and second branch members and the first and second movable members may form a basket movable between a collapsed configuration and an expanded configuration.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a shaft of a surgical instrument including forming a proximal segment of the shaft to include one or more features for operably engaging the shaft to a first component of the surgical instrument, forming a distal segment of the shaft to include one or more features for operably engaging the shaft to a second component of the surgical instrument and forming an intermediate segment of the shaft. The proximal segment is welded to a proximal end of the intermediate segment; and the distal segment is welded to a distal end of the intermediate segment. The proximal and distal segments are welded to the intermediate segment such that the one or more features thereof are aligned in a pre-determined orientation relative to one another.

Abstract: A medical gripping tool includes a synthetic body and a metallic layer on a surface of the synthetic body, whereby the synthetic body is configured to be elastically reshaped in its expected application. According to the invention, the gripping tool is configured so that the metallic layer is structurally reshaped in the expected application.

Abstract: Delivering ultrasonic energy to a target musculoskeletal tissue site includes connecting a delivery device to a vacuum source, a fluid source, and a power signal source. The delivery device has a housing portion maintaining an ultrasound transducer and a tip portion having a sleeve and a cannula. The cannula is coupled to the ultrasound transducer and received in the sleeve to define a covered portion and an exposed portion. Ultrasonic energy is generated by sending a power signal from the power signal source to the ultrasound transducer. The ultrasonic energy is transmitted from the ultrasound transducer to the cannula, such that the exposed portion of the cannula delivers ultrasonic energy at a frequency that is pre-selected to debride musculoskeletal tissue upon percutaneous insertion of the tip portion.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a surgical instrument comprises an articulable waveguide. The articulable waveguide may be configured to transmit ultrasonic energy therealong. The articulable waveguide comprises a proximal drive section, an end effector and a first flexible. The proximal drive section is configured to couple to an ultrasonic transducer. The end effector is located at a distal portion of the articulable waveguide. The first flexible section comprises a flex bias and be positioned between the proximal drive section and the end effector. The surgical instrument further comprises a first tine extending longitudinally relative to the articulable waveguide.

Abstract: An assembly insertable into a lumen of a patient including a motor housing having a motor contained therein, a motor shaft extending from the motor, a first coupler positioned at the motor shaft having a first magnet positioned therein adjacent a distal end, a rotational wire, and a second coupler positioned at a proximal portion of the thrombectomy wire. The second coupler has a second magnet positioned therein adjacent a proximal end. The second coupler is engageable with the first coupler to operably connect the rotational wire to the motor shaft, the first and second magnets providing an attractive force between the first and second couplers to maintain a connection of the first and second couplers so rotation of the first coupler rotates the second coupler.

Abstract: The present invention provides skin grafting and devices that comprise a systematic approach to the process of skin grafting, i.e., harvesting, post-excision processing and application of donor skin and pre and post-graft treatment of the recipient site.

Abstract: Systems for providing access across a site of obstruction and methods for manufacturing and using such systems. Such systems may include a sleeve having an inflation lumen; a bushing disposed in a distal section of the sleeve; and an everting member coupled to the sleeve with the bushing, the everting member being movable from an inverted position inside the sleeve to an everted position outside the sleeve in response to an increase in pressure in the inflation lumen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a trocar sleeve or trocar and a trocar tip for minimally invasive/endoscopic surgical procedures carried out on people or animals. The trocar sleeve here has holding means in order to prevent the device from slipping out during the operation.

Abstract: Pathologies of joints arising from improper force distributions are addressed by displacement of targeted connective and muscle tissues surrounding the joint in order to realign force vectors and alter moment arms loading the joint.

Abstract: The present technology relates generally to ring fixators and associated systems and methods. In some embodiments, for example, a ring fixator assembly comprises a ring configured to surround a fractured bone, a retention device disposed at a first position on the ring, and a tensioner clamp disposed at a second position on the ring. A wire extends between the retention device and the tensioner clamp. The tensioner clamp includes a first screw configured to secure the wire in position with respect to the tensioner clamp and a second screw configured to apply additional tension to the wire.

Abstract: A bone screw, for drawing first and second bone fragments together, includes a shaft having a distal section and a proximal section. The distal section has a first external male screw thread and a minor diameter. The proximal section has a second external male screw thread. A major diameter of the distal section is larger than a major diameter of the proximal section. The bone screw includes a sleeve that has an internal female screw thread configured to mate with the second male screw thread. A distal portion of the sleeve has an outer diameter. The outer diameter is equal to or smaller than the minor diameter of the distal section of the shaft.

Abstract: A system for fixing spinal vertebrae utilizes a spinal rod that has varying properties along its length such that a lower stiffness portion is placed in the cranial or caudal end positions of the spinal rod to address potential adjacent level failure. The spinal rod includes a core member formed of a first material having a first modulus of elasticity and a sheath member formed of a second material having a second modulus of elasticity different from the first modulus of elasticity. The core member includes a first portion having a uniform outer diameter and a second portion extending from the first portion. At least a portion of the second portion has an outer diameter smaller than the uniform outer diameter of the first portion. The sheath member has a lumen extending therethrough that is sized for slidably receiving the second portion of the core member therein.

Abstract: Spinal fixation systems including a member, a first attachment portion, a second attachment portion, and an intermediate portion. The first attachment portion is attached at a superior end of the member and includes a first opening. The second attachment portion is attached at an inferior end of the member and includes a second opening. The intermediate portion connects the first and second attachment portions. The spinal fixation systems may also include a relief in at least one of the first opening and the second opening. The systems may also include a third attachment portion with a third opening and an intermediate portion with a first and a second elastic mechanism. The first elastic mechanism connects the first and third attachment portions and the second elastic mechanism connects the third and second attachment portions. Surgical methods for inserting the spinal fixation systems in a patient are also disclosed.

Abstract: A spinal anchor assembly for securing a spinal fixation element has an anchor element adapted for attachment to bone. The anchor element has an opening for receiving a spinal fixation element and side walls on opposed sides of the opening with a plurality of inferior surfaces defined on the side walls. A twist-lock closure closes the opening and captures the spinal fixation element. A locking element can be provided on the closure element and the anchor element. The locking element can be configured so that when the closure element is rotated from the open position to the closed position, the locking element engages to deter the closure element from twisting back to the open position.

Abstract: A bone screw assembly includes an anchor portion and a head portion, such as a rod-receiving portion, movably mounted to the anchor portion to allow for controlled angulation between the anchor portion and the head portion. The anchor portion is pivotable in one or more selected directions about an axis relative to the head portion. A restriction member, which may be a rod seat, prevents the anchor portion from pivoting in one or more different directions about another axis relative to the head portion and/or a spinal fixation element received in the head portion. The restriction member may be inserted in the head portion to control direction that the anchor portion pivots relative to the head portion. The restriction member may also serve as a compression member and/or rod seat for seating a spinal rod coupled to the bone screw assembly.

Abstract: A pedicle screw system, including a pedicle screw having a screw shaft with an external thread and having a screw head supported on the screw shaft in a ball-and-socket joint relationship. The screw head includes a connecting element receptacle for a connecting element of a spinal stabilization system. The pedicle screw system further includes: a bone alignment apparatus and a coupling device for at least one of force-locking coupling and form-locking coupling of the bone alignment apparatus and the pedicle screw in an alignment position in which a mobility of the screw head and the screw shaft is reduced from three degrees of freedom of movement in rotation of the screw head supported on the screw shaft in a ball-and-socket joint relationship therewith by at least one degree of freedom of rotation.

Abstract: An apparatus for coupling with a fixation rod to allow spinal compression, distraction, and fixation along an antero-lateral aspect of a spine includes an elongated plate, first and second fixation screws, and a first arm. The elongated plate includes a first aperture at a superior end and a second aperture at an inferior end. The first fixation screw is received by the first aperture and engages a first body portion of a first vertebra. The second fixation screw is received by the second aperture and engages a second body portion of a second vertebra. The first arm extends transversely from a first base portion on the elongated plate and includes a first hook to couple with a first portion of the fixation rod.

Abstract: A spinal stabilization system and method are provided for treating a patient's spinal column, for maintaining preselected spacing and movement between adjacent vertebrae in a spinal column, and for providing overall stability thereto. The system includes an interlaminar member positioned in the space intermediate a first vertebra and the vertebrae positioned immediately below and adjacent to the first vertebra. The interlaminar member is operatively connected to an adjustable support structure and cooperates therewith to maintain the preselected spacing between adjacent vertebrae and to provide overall stability to the spinal column.

Abstract: A method of expanding the spinal canal of a vertebra including inserting a bone anchor into a first lamina of the vertebra, cutting completely through the first lamina to create a space in the first lamina, cutting partially through a second, contra-lateral lamina of the vertebra to create a partial cut in the second lamina, engaging a first segment of a plate with the bone anchor, pivoting the bone anchor and the first lamina about the partial cut in the second lamina to increase the extent of the space in the first lamina, and connecting a second segment of the plate to a portion of the vertebra across the space from the first segment of the plate such that the plate spans the space and stabilizes the vertebra.

Abstract: A system for securing a flexible member to a vertebra includes a flexible member, a fixation member, and an inserter. The flexible member includes two ends. The fixation member includes a head and a shank that defines a longitudinal axis of the fixation member. The head defines a slot that passes through the head orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The slot receives a portion of the flexible member. The inserter includes a handle and a tubular member that has proximal and distal end portion. The proximal end portion is attached to the handle and the distal end portion extends from the handle. The tubular member defines a passage between the proximal and distal end portions. The distal end portion includes a couple for receiving the head of the fixation member with the portion of the flexible member received in the slot of the flexible member.

Abstract: A rod inserter, system and method can include an inserter that has a handle and an extension structure extending from the handle. A knob and a lever can be located adjacent the handle. A rod connection structure can be located at the distal end of the extension structure, and configured to rotate with respect to the extension structure. The rod connection structure can include a first clamshell structure and a second clamshell structure configured to move towards and away from each other in order to connect and disconnect from a rod, such as a spinal rod. The knob can be configured such that when actuated the first clamshell structure and second clamshell structure move with respect to each other. The lever can be configured such that when actuated the first clamshell structure and second clamshell structure are prevented from rotating with respect to the extension structure.

Abstract: A device and method for treating a bone includes a bone plate including first and second portions joined to one another via a connecting portion, a rigidity of the connecting portion being less than rigidities of each of the first and second portions in combination with a first sensor mounted on the first portion measuring strain on the first portion and a second sensor mounted on the second portion measuring strain on the second portion.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention provide plates for treating periarticular fractures or other non-full body weight bearing applications that combine polyaxial fixation with a low profile and enhanced contouring that more closely conforms to bone. Such plates can be designed to achieve buttressing effect and/or to be used in a reinforcement mode. Other features can be combined with these. Such plates can be created for use on bone sites such as on a tibia, fibula, metatarsal, calcaneous, other foot bone, humerus, radius, ulna, spinal, maxillofacial, as well as sites on other bones.

Abstract: A bone plate for fixation to a phalanx includes a head extending from a first end to a second end and having first and second fixation element holes extending therethrough, a connection portion extending from the second end of the head to a third end along the central longitudinal axis, the connection portion including an oblong hole elongated in a direction parallel to the central longitudinal axis, and a shaft extending from the third end of the connection portion to a fourth end along the central longitudinal axis. The shaft includes third and fourth fixation element holes extending along the central longitudinal axis. The shaft includes a plurality of first projections and a plurality of second projections. The first and second projections include corresponding projection fixation element holes extending therethrough and being connected to the shaft. The first and second projections are alternatingly provided on the shaft.

Abstract: An implant assembly includes a first implant member, a second implant member, and a contractible element that is connected between the first and second implant members. The first implant member is configured to be placed against a first bone portion, and the second implant member is configured to be placed against a second bone portion. The contractible element is fixed at a first end to one of the first and second implant members, and movable at a second end with respect to one of the first and second implant members so as to induce tension in the suture, thereby providing a compressive force against the first and second bone portions. The second end can then be fixed with respect to the first and second implant members. The contractible element can contract in length in response to bodily fluids, thereby ensuring adequate post-operative compression. An instrument is also disclosed that is configured to implant the first and second implant members adjacent the first and second bone portions, respectively.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an article comprising a first screw and a second screw, the first screw being reversibly attached to the second screw such that a longitudinal axis of the first screw coincides with or is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the second screw; the first screw and the second screw each comprising a biodegradable composition, the biodegradable composition comprising a metal or metal alloy comprising magnesium, strontium, zinc, calcium or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. Methods of making and using the article are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for improved bone implantation and stabilization assemblies, and improved systems/methods for deploying and/or undeploying such bone implantation and stabilization assemblies. More particularly, the present disclosure provides for improved devices, systems and methods for stabilizing bones and/or bone segments. In exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure provides for improved devices, systems and methods for deploying bone implantation and stabilization assemblies into bone tissue (e g., spinal structure, vertebrae, cancellous bone, cortical bone, etc.) in order to stabilize bones and/or bone segments.

Abstract: A cannula device for removing, including by aspirating, bodily material is disclosed. The device may include a cannula and a hub. The cannula includes an open proximal end and a deflectable distal segment, and one or a plurality of distal orifices fluidly connected to the lumen. When distally extended from an outer guide cannula, the deflectable segment assumes a curved shape, which includes temperature-dependent curvature subject to elevated temperature along a memory metal length of the cannula.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for securing a bone implant are provided. The implant may be an expandable implant. The implant may be a non-expandable implant. The implant may be for repairing a bone fracture. The implant may be secured to a bone by anchors. The implant may include anchor receiving features. The anchor receiving features may be configured to direct an anchor into cortical bone. The anchor receiving features may be configured to receive an anchor driven through cortical bone. The implant may include bone engaging members configured to engage cancellous bone. An implant may include different profiles. The different profiles may be configured to secure the implant. The profiles may be configured to support the bone. The implant may have different flexing properties configured to position the implant in the bone. The implant may be positioned to receive an anchor driven through an outside of the bone.

Abstract: Cable and crimp assembly kits for fixing bone fractures include long-nose crimp pliers that have a pair of operating handles and connected opposed long jaws. The long jaws are designed to hold and crush a wire crimp. The jaws are long and narrow enough to be able to insert and crush a crimp through a small incision, such as used by a known wire passer tool, at a deeply located bone without spreading or opening wider the small incision. The long-nosed pliers can be used with a crimp alone or with a crimp and an intermediate part that provisionally holds a tension applied to an associated cable or wire.

Abstract: Cryogenic tissue ablation instruments for treating body tissue include an elongate flexible body with a proximal supply port for coupling with a pressurized coolant (e.g., liquid N2O), a supply lumen in fluid communication with the proximal supply port, and an expandable cryogenic balloon carried on a distal portion of the elongate body, the balloon having a wall defining an interior of the balloon.

Abstract: The present invention provides a medical device having an elongate body with both a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the elongate body defines an intake lumen and an exhaust lumen. The medical device also has a first pliable element defining a cooling chamber disposed at a point along the elongate body, with the cooling chamber being in fluid communication with the intake lumen and the exhaust lumen. A second pliable element is provided which at least partially encloses the first pliable element, thereby defining a junction between the first and second pliable element. A check valve is included which is in fluid communication with the junction between the first pliable element and second pliable element, the valve further being in fluid communication with the exhaust lumen. Additionally, the medical device may include sensors or other monitoring means in fluid communication with the junction and the cooling chamber.

Abstract: A probe for ablating tissue comprises an electrosurgical working end configured to provide a first plasma about a first surface location and a second plasma about a second surface location, the first plasma having first ablation parameters and the second plasma having second ablation parameters. The probe has a working end with a thickness below 3 mm and produces a low temperature plasma.

Abstract: An end effector assembly for a surgical instrument includes first and second jaw members, each including a jaw frame, spacer, electrically-conductive plate, and outer housing. The jaw frame includes at least one proximal flange and a distal jaw support extending distally therefrom. The spacer defines a body and a wing disposed on either side of the body. The body defines a channel configured to receive the distal jaw support while each wing defines a slot. The plate defines a tissue-contacting portion and first and second legs extending perpendicularly from the tissue-contacting portion. The tissue-contacting portion is configured to sit atop the body of the spacer. Each of the legs is configured for receipt within the slot defined within one of the wings. The outer housing at least partially surrounds the distal jaw support, spacer, and legs and is configured to retain these components in position relative to one another.

Abstract: Various embodiments are directed surgical devices and systems and methods for use with a surgical device to harvest energy from a surgical generator. The surgical device may comprise an energy storage device. The energy storage device may be in electrical communication with a surgical generator connection to provide energy from a surgical generator to charge the energy storage device and in electrical communication with at least one load component to be powered by the energy storage device. The surgical device may also comprise an end effector at least one energy element for treating tissue. The at least one energy element may be in electrical communication with the surgical generator connection to provide a therapeutic drive signal to the energy element.

Abstract: An electrosurgical treatment system includes an output section that supplies a high-frequency output to a treatment instrument, a detecting section that detects a voltage and an electric current of the high-frequency output in the output section, a phase-difference detecting section that calculates a phase difference between the detected voltage and electric current, and a control section that switches, on the basis of a change in the phase difference, a first phase for drying a biological tissue by applying the high-frequency output to the biological tissue while increasing the voltage to a second phase for coapting the biological tissue by performing, with a set value of a voltage determined according to a voltage value of the high-frequency output at an end point in time of the first phase, constant voltage control.

Abstract: An incision instrument includes an insertion section and a manipulation section. The insertion section includes a first insulating member and an incision section inserted within the first insulating member. The incision section includes a tubular shaped first conductive member which has conductivity; a second conductive member disposed in the first conductive member; a contact section provided on an outer circumference surface of the second conductive member; and a second insulating member fixed to a distal end of the first conductive member and having an opening section. The manipulation section includes a manipulation main body section and a handle member. The second insulating member is positioned between the contact section and the first conductive section in a state in which the second conductive member is protruded from the opening section of the second insulating member.

Abstract: A bipolar electrosurgical instrument includes first and second shafts each having a jaw member extending from its distal end. Each jaw member is adapted to connect to a source of electrosurgical energy such that the jaw members are capable of selectively conducting energy through tissue held therebetween. A knife channel is configured to reciprocate a cutting mechanism therealong. An actuator selectively advances the cutting mechanism. A switch is disposed on the first shaft and is configured to be depressed between a first position and at least one subsequent position upon biasing engagement with a mechanical interface disposed on the second shaft. The first position of the switch relays information to the user corresponding to a desired pressure on tissue and the at least one subsequent position is configured to activate the source of electrosurgical energy to supply electrosurgical energy to the jaw members.

Abstract: Multiple surgical devices that may be used during surgical procedures are shown and described herein. A surgical device includes an outer cannula and an inner member that has a pair of electrodes positioned at a distal end. The inner member defines an aspiration delivery channel with an opening. The inner member further defines a pair of electrode channels within which the electrodes are positioned. A handle assembly actuates the outer cannula relative to the inner member, thereby adjusting a size of the opening of the aspiration delivery channel. An irrigation hub is provided to deliver irrigation through the surgical device to the electrode channels.

Abstract: At the present time, physicians often treat patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using radiofrequency (RF) catheter systems to ablate conducting tissue in the wall of the Left Atrium of the heart around the ostium of the pulmonary veins. These systems are expensive and take time consuming to use. The present invention circular ablation system CAS includes a multiplicity of expandable needles that can be expanded around a central axis and positioned to inject a fluid like ethanol to ablate conductive tissue in a ring around the ostium of a pulmonary vein quickly and without the need for expensive capital equipment. The expansion of the needles is accomplished by self-expanding or balloon expandable structures. The invention includes centering means so that the needles will be situated in a pattern surrounding the outside of the ostium of a vein. Also included are members that limit the distance of penetration of the needles into the wall of the left atrium.

Abstract: Cardiac tissue ablation catheters including an inflatable and flexible toroidal or spherically shaped balloon disposed at a distal region of an elongate member, a flexible circuit carried by an outer surface of the balloon, the flexible circuit including, a plurality of flexible branches conforming to the radially outer surface of the balloon, each of the plurality of flexible branches including a substrate, a conductive trace carried by the substrate, and an ablation electrode carried by the substrate, the ablation electrode in electrical communication with the conductive trace, and an elongate shaft comprising a guidewire lumen extending in the elongate member and extending from a proximal region of the inflatable balloon to distal region of the inflatable balloon and being disposed within the inflatable balloon, wherein a distal region of the elongate shaft is secured directly or indirectly to the distal region of the inflatable balloon.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for hair-growth control of hairs (3), in particular hairs growing from human skin (5). The device (1) has a laser source (7) for generating a laser beam (9) during a pulse time, an optical system (15) for focusing the laser beam into a focal spot (25), and a laser beam manipulator (17) for positioning the focal spot in a target position. According to the invention, a dimension of the focal spot (25) and a power of the generated laser beam (9) are such that, in the focal spot (25), the laser beam has a power density which is above a characteristic threshold value for hair-growth related skin tissue above which, for the pulse time, a laser induced optical breakdown (LIOB) phenomenon occurs in the hair-growth related skin tissue. The LIOB phenomenon results in a number of mechanical effects, such as cavitation and the generation of shock waves, which damage the hair-growth related skin tissue in positions surrounding the LIOB phenomenon.

Abstract: A medical device tray for carrying a plurality of medical devices includes: a base made of a substantially rigid material, the base forming at least one base through-hole; and a covering affixed to the base, the covering being made of a material which is softer than the substantially rigid material of the base, the covering forming at least one covering through-hole, the at least one base through-hole and the at least one covering through-hole cooperating to form at least one medical device tray through-hole configured for directly supporting a respective one of the plurality of medical devices.