Abstract: A papaver from rhoeas' cell and tissue stain is formulated incorporating a new one bioflavonoid which specifically stains the nucleus for microscopic evaluation in histopathology, microbiology and cytology. It appears to be an alternative to hematoxylin for routine usage. Biochemical name of this compound is hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxy-3-(((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3.4.5-trihydroxy-6-((((2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3.4.5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)-4H-chromen- 4-one. NMR analysis shows the biochemical structure of molecule is a bioflavonoid. (FIG. 4,5) Molecule within papaver rhoeas along with the synergistic and other molecules penetrates the biologic and nonbiologic samples. Combining with the other synergistic mechanisms the stain formula is prepared. The amount and type of Mordant and pH are the parameters that affect the quality and timing of the staining results.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a biological sample processing system and methods for processing biological samples. The processing may include one or both of removing wax from wax-embedded biological samples and applying a reagent to biological samples. Aspects of the dewaxing technique and the technique for applying the reagent may be combined to achieve energy efficiencies. Additional efficiency may be achieved by recirculating heated reagent. A hybrid power system may use a source of stored power to supplement external power at times of peak demand. Uniform distribution of liquids across a surface of the biological samples may be achieved by self-leveling using an inclinometer.

Abstract: A method for treating a biological sample, preferably a food sample which may contain one or more species of interest, including a step of decomplexification by acoustophoresis.

Abstract: The disclosure provides systems and methods of use pertaining to a digital testing and communication system for testing the pull-out strength of a fastener member secured within a base material. In one embodiment, the system includes a mechanical screw/actuation arrangement configured to act through a load cell to apply an increasing tensile force to the fastener. The system also includes a digital load gauge in communication with the load cell and configured to indicate the tensile force measured by the load cell. The testing and communication system may incorporate a data system, a reporting system, and a transmission system configured compile the force information into a testing report along with location information, date and time information, and/or a pass-fail indication that is transmitted to/provided upon one or more client devices located on-site or at a remote location. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: A tensile stress measurement device is to be attached to an object to be measured. The tensile stress measurement device may include an IC having a semiconductor substrate and tensile stress detection circuitry, the semiconductor substrate having opposing first and second attachment areas. The tensile stress measurement device may include a first attachment plate coupled to the first attachment area and extending outwardly to be attached to the object to be measured, and a second attachment plate coupled to the second attachment area and extending outwardly to be attached to the object to be measured. The tensile stress detection circuitry may be configured to detect a tensile stress imparted on the first and second attachment plates when attached to the object to be measured.

Abstract: The invention relates to a design method of high-temperature nickel-based bolts based on damage tolerance theory, comprising the following steps: S1: acquiring operating parameters for the design; S2: selecting a material for bolts; S3: acquiring mechanical properties of the materials; S4: determining a pretension stress ?p of a single bolt; S5: determining the service stress ?s under the steady state; S6: determining the number n, the effective cross-section area A and the distribution of bolts; S7: determining a maximum allowable crack dimension; S8: calculating the maximum allowable service stress ?th using the crack propagation threshold Kth at the design temperature; S9: comparing the service stress ?s and the maximum allowable service stress ?th, if ?s is smaller than ?th, then the bolts are safe in the design life; otherwise, return to step S4 and reduce the pretension stress ?p.

Abstract: Shear force and pressure on a structure are simultaneously monitored using signals received from sensors with antennas on the structure. For example, sensors and systems for monitoring shear force and pressure have applications including ulcer prevention associated with structures including shoes, prosthetics, wheel-chairs, and beds of bed-bound patients.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a test film for detecting surface particles in a clean room in order to prevent inferior products by measuring the contamination level of the clean room using the surface particles. The present invention provides a test film for detecting surface particles in a cleanroom, the test film comprising a substrate which has a predetermined thickness and is formed of a transparent synthetic resin material; a first adhesive layer which is formed at one side of the substrate and collects the surface particles; a release film which is adhered to the first adhesive layer and is separated from the first adhesive layer when the surface particles are collected; a second adhesive layer which is formed at the other side of the substrate; and a protective film which is adhered to the second adhesive layer so as to protect the substrate and has gradations indicated thereon.

Abstract: A device (1) is described and represented for the determination of the particle size and/or the particle shape and/or optical properties, such as transparency, of particles (2) in a particle stream (3), with a feeding device (4) for the feeding of the particles (2) to a measuring zone (5), wherein the particles (2) flow through the measuring zone (5), with at least one illuminating device (6) for illuminating the measuring zone (5), with at least two camera devices (7, 8), each of which photographs a measurement region (9, 10) of the measuring zone (5) associated with the corresponding camera device (7, 8), wherein a first camera device (7) photographs a first, preferably larger, measurement region (10) with a first, preferably lesser, magnification and a second camera device (8) photographs a second, preferably smaller, measurement region (9) with a second, preferably stronger, magnification, with an imaging optics (11) for imaging the measurement regions (9, 10), and with an evaluating device for determinin

Abstract: An aerosol distribution determining system and method are provided. The system includes a set of light emitters for emitting electromagnetic radiation. The system additionally includes a set of black disks for absorbing a portion of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the set of light emitters. The system further includes a hyperspectral imaging camera for capturing hyperspectral images of the electromagnetic radiation in an absence of and in a presence of an aerosol distribution. The system also includes a data processing system for determining at least one of a size, a vertical density distribution, and a shape of particles in the aerosol distribution based information derived using the hyperspectral images.

Abstract: The method enables a concentration of a species in a culture medium (12) to be estimated using an estimation system (10) comprising a light source (16), a transparent substrate (14) and a matrix photodetector (18), the substrate being located between the source and the photodetector, the medium comprising biological particles (32) and changing colour when said concentration varies. Said method comprises the following steps:—placing the medium on the substrate,—illuminating the medium via the light source,—acquisition of an image of the medium via the photodetector, each image being formed by a ray transmitted by the illuminated medium and comprising at least one diffraction pattern, each diffraction pattern corresponding to the waves diffracted by a biological particle when the medium is illuminated,—and calculating an estimate of said concentration as a function of a pixel intensity of the acquired image.

Abstract: A particulate matter detection sensor has an accumulation section for accumulating a part of particulate matter particles contained in exhaust gas emitted from an internal combustion engine, and a pair of a first detection electrode and a second detection electrode formed on the accumulation section. The second detection electrode is formed separated from the first detection electrode. The first detection electrode has projecting parts which project toward the second detection electrode. Because a separation between the first and second detection electrodes is locally reduced at the projecting parts, the projecting parts attract and accumulate more particulate matter, and this structure makes it possible to allow the particulate matter detection sensor to have improved detection sensitivity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to exhaust gas emissions in motor vehicles. The teachings thereof may be embodied in soot sensors. For example, a soot sensor may include: a first electrode; a second electrode; an insulation body between the first electrode and the second electrode configured to allow soot particles to pass with a gas flow into a space defined between the first electrode and the second electrode; a meter evaluating a current between the first electrode and the second electrode resulting from an electrical voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and elements concentrating the electric field strength formed on at least one of a surface of the first electrode or a surface of the second electrode.

Abstract: Methods and systems for performing optical measurements of the porosity of geometric structures filled with a fill material by a capillary condensation process are presented herein. Measurements are performed while the structure under measurement is treated with a flow of purge gas that includes a controlled amount of vaporized fill material. A portion of the fill material condenses and fills openings in the structural features such as pores of a planar film, spaces between structural features, small volumes such as notches, trenches, slits, contact holes, etc. In one aspect, the desired degree of saturation of vaporized material in the gaseous flow is determined based on the maximum feature size to be filled. In another aspect, measurement data is collected when a structure is unfilled and when the structure is filled. The collected data is combined in a multi-target model based measurement to estimate values of porosity and critical dimensions.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems for detecting and classifying individual airborne biological and non-biological particles, in real time, based on particle size and polarized elastic scatter. Auto-fluorescence content may also be used along with particle size and polarized elastic scatter for further orthogonal classification. With polarized elastic scattering, the degree of linear or circular depolarization produced from particle morphology, refractive index, internal asymmetric structures and molecular optical activity can be used for classifying individual airborne particles. Alternatively, circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS) or linear intensity differential scattering (LIDS) can be used to discriminate individual particles.

Abstract: A sample analyzer with an optical detection device and a sample analysis method of the sample analyzer are disclosed. The optical detection device includes a fluid chamber, a light source and a light detector. The fluid chamber includes an illumination zone. An analyte flows through the illumination zone so as to form a sample stream. The light source illuminates the illumination zone to excite cell articles, reacted with a reagent, of the sample stream to emit a light signal. The light detector detects the fluorescent lights and transforms it into an electric signal. The light detector can include a silicon photomultiplier.

Abstract: A pretreatment apparatus includes a sample dispensing part 240, a reagent dispensing part 280 for dispensing a labeling reagent, a first process part 210 having a centrifuge device for performing a centrifugation process, a second process part 220, and a control part for distributing the dispensing destination of the sample to either the first sample container 217 or the second sample container 227 according to whether centrifugation process is required for the sample.

Abstract: An optical measuring apparatus and an operating method thereof are disclosed. The optical measuring apparatus includes a light source, a carrier chip, a light sensor, an analyzing chip and a display. Samples are uniformly distributed on the carrier chip. The light source emits sensing lights toward the carrier chip. The light sensor receives the sensing lights passing through the carrier chip at a plurality of times to obtain a plurality of images corresponding to the plurality of times respectively. The analyzing chip is coupled to the light sensor. The analyzing chip analyzes the object number and distribution variation with time in the sample according to the plurality of images corresponding to the plurality of times and estimates intrinsic characteristics of the object in the sample accordingly. The display is coupled to the analyzing chip. The display displays the intrinsic characteristics of the object in the sample.

Abstract: A method for generating a three-dimensional luminescence image includes setting a focal interval between two-dimensional images in accordance with localization of luminescence in a three-dimensional sample. The three-dimensional sample contains a plurality of cells prepared to be luminescent and has a three-dimensional shape. The two-dimensional images have mutually different focal planes and are acquired at the focal interval. The method further includes acquiring a two-dimensional image set including two-dimensional images at the focal interval that is set by imaging the three-dimensional sample under an unirradiated condition; and generating a three-dimensional luminescence image by combining the two-dimensional images included in the two-dimensional image set together.

Abstract: A polarimeter for measuring chirality of a material comprising an optical ring cavity comprising a plurality of reflective elements configured to promote bi-directional propagation of a laser beam within the cavity, a laser-emitting device configured to introduce a first input beam and a second input beam into the cavity, a Faraday rotator, a phase compensator, an acousto-optic modulator configured to shift the frequency of the first output beam, an optical recombination device configured to recombine shifted and unshifted output beams, and first and second detectors configured to receive the recombined beams, wherein the plurality of reflective elements, Faraday rotator, and phase compensator are configured such that light from the first and second input beams passes through a chiral material located within the cavity a sufficient number of times for a measurement of optical rotary dispersion and circular dichroism of light transmitted through the material to be obtained at the detectors.

Abstract: To provide a concentration measurement method with which the concentrations of predetermined chemical components can be measured non-destructively, accurately, and rapidly by a simple means, up to the concentrations in trace amount ranges, as well as a concentration measurement method with which the concentrations of chemical components in a measurement target can be accurately and rapidly measured in real time up to the concentrations in nano-order trace amount ranges, and which is endowed with a versatility that can be realized in a variety of embodiments and modes. In the present invention, a measurement target is irradiated, in a time sharing manner, with light of a first wavelength and light of a second wavelength that have different optical absorption rates with respect to the measurement target. The light of each wavelength, arriving optically via the measurement target as a result of irradiation with the light of each wavelength, is received at a shared light-receiving sensor.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy system includes a cavity-enhanced absorbance cell in which a liquid sample can be provided for purposes of evaluation, the absorbance cell having diffusely reflective inner surfaces, a light source configured to emit light into the liquid sample within the absorbance cell, and a light detector configured to capture the light after it has passed through the liquid sample.

Abstract: A refractive index measurement method uses an interference optical system which divides light from a light source having a plurality of discrete wavelengths into test light and reference light, causes the test light transmitted through the target to interfere with the reference light, and detect the interference light. The refractive index measurement method determines a first optical delay amount of the interference optical system so that a first and a second wavelength become adjacent to a wavelength corresponding to an extremal value of a phase of the interference light, measures phases of interference light at the first and second wavelengths at the first optical delay amount, and calculates a phase difference between a plurality of the discrete wavelengths at a predetermined optical delay amount using the first optical delay amount, the phases of the interference light at the first and second wavelengths to calculate the refractive index of the target.

Abstract: Nonlinear interferometers include a nonlinear optical medium that is situated to produce a conjugate optical beam in response to a pump beam and a probe beam. The pump, probe, and conjugate beams propagate displaced from each other along a common optical path. One of the beams is selectively phase shifted, and the beams are then returned to the nonlinear medium, with the selectively phase shift beam phase shifted again. The nonlinear medium provides phase sensitive gain to at least one of the probe or conjugate beams, and the amplified beam is detected to provide an estimate of the phase shift.

Abstract: A structure of interest (T) is irradiated with radiation for example in the x-ray or EUV waveband, and scattered radiation is detected by a detector (19, 274, 908, 1012). A processor (PU) calculates a property such as linewidth (CD) or overlay (OV), for example by simulating (S16) interaction of radiation with a structure and comparing (S17) the simulated interaction with the detected radiation. The method is modified (S14a, S15a, S19a) to take account of changes in the structure which are caused by the inspection radiation. These changes may be for example shrinkage of the material, or changes in its optical characteristics. The changes may be caused by inspection radiation in the current observation or in a previous observation.

Abstract: [Object] To propose an information processing device, an image acquisition system, an information processing method, an image information acquisition method, and a program which enable a position of a surface of a measurement subject to be more simply specified.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are spectrofluorometric adaptors for cell holders in spectrofluorometers and uses of the adapters in spectrofluorometric methods that enable fluorescence detection from surfaces of a microcell in conventional horizontal-beam spectrofluorometers equipped with standard cell holders and having multiple excitation channels.

Abstract: A method for forming a surface-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SEFS) apparatus may include depositing a plurality of surface-enhanced spectroscopy (SES) elements onto respective tips of a plurality of nano-fingers, wherein the nano-fingers are arranged in sufficiently close proximities to each other to enable the tips of a group of adjacent nano-fingers to come into sufficiently close proximities to each other to enable the SES elements on the tips to trap fluorescent probe molecules that are to bind with target molecules when the nano-fingers are partially collapsed.

Abstract: Compounds and methods for determining transmembrane potential, monitoring changes in transmembrane potential, and/or drug screening are provided. In one aspect, compounds of the invention have a structure according to the formula: E-M-A, wherein A is a fluorophore, selected from xanthenes, coumarins, cyanines, bimanes, and difuloroboradizaindacenes, charged at physiological pH; M is a molecular wire; and E is a hydrophobic moiety, wherein A and E are capable of being involved in a photo-induced, intramolecular electron transfer that quenches the fluorescence of A in response to a voltage condition. When in use, compounds of the invention are membrane-impermeant and oriented within the cell membrane such that the charged moiety localizes at the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer and the hydrophobic moiety and molecular wire associate with the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer.

Abstract: The present invention provide compositions and methods for classifying leukocytes in a leukocyte population using fluorescence detection. The methods include contacting a leukocyte population in a sample having one or more leukocyte types with a diagnostic composition, exciting the leukocyte population with a light source; and measuring emitted light from each of the one or more leukocyte types to classify the leukocyte population.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for estimating a concentration of chemicals in a fluid flowing in a fluid passage is disclosed. A sample of the fluid is placed on a substrate comprising a first layer of carbon nanotubes and a second layer of metal nanowires. An energy source radiates the fluid sample with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level, and a detector measures an energy level of radiation emitted from the fluid sample in response to the electromagnetic radiation. A processor determines a Raman spectrum of the fluid sample from the energy level of the emitted radiation and estimates the concentration of a selected chemical in the fluid sample based on the Raman spectrum.

Abstract: An inspection apparatus for performing inspection of an object includes an illumination device configured to illuminate the object, an imaging device configured to image the object illuminated by the illumination device, and a processor configured to perform processing for the inspection based on an image obtained by the imaging device. The processor is configured to perform the processing based on a first image obtained by the imaging device under dark field illumination by the illumination device with light having a first wavelength and a second image obtained by the imaging device under dark field illumination by the illumination device with light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength.

Abstract: A method and device for non-contact detection of a thin medium (5) is disclosed. The device comprises a light source (1), an optical splitter (2), a reference plane (3), a linearly arrayed photoelectric detector (6), a signal processing module (4) and the thin medium (5).

Abstract: A process for detecting oil or lubricant contamination in a manufactured product, the process comprising adding a fluorescent taggant to oils or lubricants contained in processing machinery for said product, conveying said product past an infrared detection apparatus, irradiating said product with infrared radiation from said detection apparatus as it passes the detection apparatus, and detecting infrared radiation emitted from said irradiated product.

Abstract: Pipe inspection systems including a push-cable, jetter, and camera assembly are disclosed. A jetter nozzle may be configured to spin and/or propel the camera head within a pipe or other cavity. A cutter line may be attached to the camera head to clean obstructions. A sonde may be coupled to a camera head to generate magnetic field signals for use with a buried utility locator to locate a pipe or other cavity into which the camera head is deployed.

Abstract: A radiation phase change detection method includes: arranging a two-dimensional optical image pickup element, which includes a scintillator, so that, when a period of a self-image generated through a phase grating is defined as D1, and a pixel pitch of the two-dimensional optical image pickup element is defined as D2=kD1, k falls in a range of 1/2<k?3/2, and so that interference fringes formed by D1 and D2 depending on a relationship in arrangement of the two-dimensional optical image pickup element with respect to the self-image have a period of 2 times D2 or more and 100 times D2 or less; acquiring images of the interference fringes before and after insertion of an object; and outputting an image on a phase change of the radiation caused by at least the object.

Abstract: Backscatter imaging systems and methods that involve moving an emitter and a broad spectrum detector in helical motion along a medium being imaged while the emitter emits substantially monochromatic X-rays and/or gamma rays, and the broad spectrum detector acquires intensity measurement of photons backscattered from the medium. The intensity measurements are transformed into three-dimensional image data of the medium corresponding to density variations.

Abstract: An IP cover having a light-shielding property is detachably mounted on an IP. The IP includes a stimulable phosphor layer on one surface thereof. The IP cover is mounted on the stimulable phosphor layer so as to be closely attached to the stimulable phosphor layer. The IP and the IP cover include notches, and a part of an inspection target is inserted into the notches at the time of inspection. An IP unit is mounted on a blade welded portion of an impeller. Radiation is applied from a radiation irradiation device and a radiation image of the blade welded portion is recorded on the IP as a latent image. The IP cover is detached from the IP unit and the IP is set on a template. The IP is set at an image reading position of a radiation image reading device by the template, and the radiation image is read.

Abstract: A pattern inspection apparatus includes a column to scan a substrate on which a pattern is formed, using multi-beams composed of a plurality of electron beams, a first stage to be able to move up to a first stroke by which an entire surface of an inspection region of the substrate can be irradiated with the multi-beams, a second stage, arranged on the first stage, to be able to move up to a second stroke sufficiently shorter than the first stroke and to place the substrate thereon, and a detector to detect secondary electrons emitted from the substrate because the substrate is irradiated with the multi-beams.

Abstract: A pattern inspection apparatus includes a column to scan a substrate on which a pattern is formed, using multi-beams composed of a plurality of electron beams, a stage to mount the substrate thereon and to be movable, a detector to detect secondary electrons emitted from the substrate because the substrate is irradiated with the multi-beams, and a drive mechanism to move the detector in order to follow movement of the stage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for analyzing the length of sulfur crosslinking bonds in a vulcanized rubber using NMR spectrum.

Abstract: A system includes a structure and a material applied to a portion of the structure. The material may be adapted to change color locally in response to localized heating of the portion of the structure to a first threshold temperature due to an electrical current within the structure. The system may further include a detector configured to receive light from the structure to enable detection of a pathway of the electrical current through the structure based on a position of the color.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) imaging device comprises a position sensor, an RF sensor assembly, an optical sensor, a processor, and a memory. The position sensor determines a position of the RF imaging device relative to a surface. The RF sensor assembly captures RF image data representing an RF image of a portion of a space behind the surface at the determined position. The optical sensor captures optical image data representing an optical image of the surface at the determined position. The processor produces a composite image in which at least one or more portions of the RF image and one or more portions of the optical image that correspond to the same position relative to the surface are simultaneously viewable. The RF image data and the optical image data are stored in the memory in association with position data derived from the determined position of the RF imaging device.

Abstract: A micromechanical moisture-sensor device and a corresponding manufacturing method. The micromechanical moisture-sensor device is equipped with a first electrode device situated on the substrate; a second electrode device situated on the substrate; an electrical insulation device situated between the first electrode device and the second electrode device which includes a first area, which is in contact with the first electrode device and the second electrode device, and which includes a second area, which is exposed by the first electrode device and the second electrode device; a moisture-sensitive functional layer, which is applied across the first electrode device and the second electrode device and the second area of the insulation device lying between them in such a way that it forms a moisture-sensitive resistive electrical shunt at least in some areas between the first electrode device and the second electrode device.

Abstract: The sensitivity of a graphene gas sensor to a gas analyte molecule may be significantly enhanced using molecular doping, which may be as effective as substitutional doping and more effective than electric-field doping. In particular, the room temperature sensitivity of NO2-doped graphene to NH3 was measured to be comparable to the sensitivity of graphene doped with substitutional boron atoms and superior to that of undoped graphene by an order of magnitude. The detection limit for NO2-doped graphene gas sensors was estimated to be about 200 ppb, which may be improved with extended exposure to NO2, compared to a detection limit of about 1.4 ppm for undoped graphene. While the stability analysis of NO2-doped graphene sensors indicates that the doping method may not be completely stable, molecular doping is nevertheless a candidate technique for sensitivity improvement by enhancing the initial carrier concentration.

Abstract: The double layer capacitance of a working electrode of a sensor may be measured with minimal disruption to the sensor equilibrium by open circuiting the working electrode and measuring the voltage drift on a periodic, or as-needed, basis. The values of the double layer capacitance may be monitored over time to determine, e.g., sensor age and condition.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide an in-situ polymerization technique for creating a glucose sensor chemistry stack. An analyte sensor comprises a crosslinked polymer matrix in contact with an electrode. The crosslinked polymer matrix is formed by exposing ultraviolet (UV) light to a polymer matrix mixture comprising a plurality of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomers, one or more di-acrylate crosslinkers, one or more UV photoinitiators, and an oxidoreductase. The oxidoreductase is covalently linked to the crosslinked polymer matrix. In typical embodiments, the oxidoreductase is a glucose oxidase-acrylate bioconjugate. In one or more embodiments, the analyte sensor apparatus further comprises a glucose limiting membrane positioned over the crosslinked polymer matrix.

Abstract: Example paper substrate diagnostic apparatus and related methods and systems are disclosed herein. An example apparatus includes a hydrophobic substrate having a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The apparatus includes a detection zone on a first surface of the substrate, the detection zone defining an area to sense an analyte in a sample, the detection zone comprising a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the first surface of the substrate and a layer of hydrophilic ink disposed on the two electrodes and an area between the first and second electrodes. The apparatus also includes a channel comprising hydrophilic ink disposed on the first surface of the substrate, the channel having an inlet section adjacent the first end of the substrate, a middle section, and an outlet section in contact with the layer of hydrophilic ink. The channel is to transfer a fluid sample from the inlet section to the layer of hydrophilic ink.

Abstract: Electrodes comprising conducting graphite, paraffin oil pasting liquid, and a rare earth metal impregnated zeolite, such as lanthanum or cerium impregnated mordenite electrodes. Methods and voltammetric applications, such as square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, of these rare earth metal impregnated zeolite modified electrodes for the detection and quantification of heavy metal ions such as Pb(II) and Cd(II) in aqueous solutions.

Abstract: A control device of a nitrogen oxide sensor comprises a voltage control part configured to control voltage applied to the pump cell, and a temperature estimation part configured to estimate a temperature of the pump cell. The voltage control part is configured to make the voltage applied to the pump cell a voltage of a starting voltage of decomposition of water or more when the estimated temperature of the pump cell estimated by the temperature estimation part is within a predetermined temperature region of less than an activation temperature of the pump cell as control suppressing evaporation.