Abstract: The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to silicon waveguide devices in integrated photonics and methods of manufacture. The integrated photonics structure includes: a localized region of negative thermal expansion (NTE) coefficient material formed within a trench; at least one photonics or CMOS component contacting with the negative thermal expansion (NTE) coefficient material; and cladding material formed above the at least one photonics or CMOS component.

Abstract: The embodiments herein describe a photonic chip (formed from a SOI structure) which includes an optical interface for coupling the optical components in the photonic chip to an external optical device. In one embodiment, the optical interface is formed on a separate substrate which is later joined to the photonic chip. Through oxide vias (TOVs) and through silicon vias (TSVs) can be used to electrically couple the optical components in the photonic chip to external integrated circuits or amplifiers. In one embodiment, after the separate wafer is bonded to the photonic chip, a TOV is formed in the photonic chip to electrically connect metal routing layers coupled to the optical components in the photonic chip to a TSV in the separate wafer. For example, the TOV may extend across a wafer bonding interface where the two substrates where bonded to form an electrical connection with the TSV.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor structure are provided. The semiconductor structure includes a processed semiconductor substrate. The processed semiconductor substrate includes active electronic components. The semiconductor structure also includes a dielectric layer that covers, at least partially, the processed semiconductor substrate. An interface layer that is suitable for growing optically active material on the interface layer is bonded to the dielectric layer. An optical gain layer and the processed semiconductor substrate are connected through the dielectric layer by electric and/or optical contacts.

Abstract: An electrical device that in one embodiment includes a first semiconductor device positioned on a first portion of a type IV semiconductor substrate, and an optoelectronic light emission device of type III-V semiconductor materials that is in electrical communication with the first semiconductor device. The optoelectronic light emission device is positioned adjacent to the first semiconductor device on the first portion of the type IV semiconductor substrate. A dielectric waveguide is present on a second portion of the type IV semiconductor substrate. An optoelectronic light detection device of type III-V semiconductor material is present on a third portion of the type IV semiconductor device. The dielectric waveguide is positioned between and aligned with the optoelectronic light detection device and optoelectronic light emission device to transmit a light signal from the optoelectronic light emission device to the optoelectronic light detection device.

Abstract: Disclosed are non-planar monolithic hybrid optoelectronic structures. These structures are referred to as non-planar because they contain one or more semiconductor fins. These structures are referred to as monolithic because they contain, within each semiconductor fin, an optical waveguide core positioned laterally between a light sensor and a photodetector. Specifically, each semiconductor fin has end portions and a center portion positioned laterally between the end portions. The center portion is an optical waveguide core and the end portions have trenches that contain the light source and photodetector, respectively. These structures are referred to as hybrid because the optical waveguide core is made of one semiconductor material and the light sensor and photodetector are each made of at least one additional semiconductor material that is different from the semiconductor material of the center portion. Also disclosed herein are methods of forming monolithic non-planar hybrid optoelectronic structures.

Abstract: An optical waveguide element according to an exemplary aspect of the invention includes a first optical waveguide configured by combining a plurality of first element waveguides; and a second optical waveguide configured by combining a plurality of second element waveguides each of which having the same structure as the plurality of first element waveguides.

Abstract: A photonic structure can include in one aspect one or more waveguides formed by patterning of waveguiding material adapted to propagate light energy. Such waveguiding material may include one or more of silicon (single-, poly-, or non-crystalline) and silicon nitride.

Abstract: A waveguide includes a segment with a substantially uniform cure profile and related methods and systems for making and using the same. The waveguide is formed by modifying a laser beam used to write the waveguide to provide a substantially uniform cure profile in the waveguide. A marker characteristic of laser writing may be present in the waveguide. A method or system modifies an intensity profile or a shape profile of a laser beam to proactively compensate for exposure convolution based on the characteristics of the laser beam spot profile. A convolution compensator is positioned in the path of the laser beam to modify the beam spot profile during writing to form the one or more segments of the waveguide in a photo-curable layer.

Abstract: In part, the invention relates to optical caps having at least one lensed surface configured to redirect and focus light outside of the cap. The cap is placed over an optical fiber. Optical radiation travels through the fiber and interacts with the optical surface or optical surfaces of the cap, resulting in a beam that is either focused at a distance outside of the cap or substantially collimated. The optical elements such as the elongate caps described herein can be used with various data collection modalities such optical coherence tomography. In part, the invention relates to a lens assembly that includes a micro-lens; a beam director in optical communication with the micro-lens; and a substantially transparent film or cover. The substantially transparent film is capable of bi-directionally transmitting light, and generating a controlled amount of backscatter. The film can surround a portion of the beam director.

Abstract: A compact polarization beam rotator includes a converter waveguide comprising a first segment and a second segment both in corresponding taper rib shapes sharing a first middle plane and configured to receive an input optical signal with TM polarization mode from an input plane and convert the TM polarization mode to TE1 polarization mode comprising a first arm mode and a second arm mode at a second middle plane. The polarization beam rotator additionally includes a splitter waveguide coupled to the second middle plane for separating the first arm mode and the second arm mode at a third plane respectively coupled to a first branch waveguide to deliver the first arm mode in phase and a second branch waveguide to reverse the second arm mode phase by 180°, and a 2×1 MMI coupler waveguide to combine both arm modes in phase to an output optical signal with TE polarization mode.

Abstract: A double mirror (Mi) of a light-guiding device of the present invention is made of (i) a first mirror (Mi1) that is mounted on a top surface of a base plate (B) and has a reflective surface (S1) entering an input beam reflected by the reflective surface (S1) and (ii) a second mirror (Mi2) that is mounted on a top surface of the first mirror (Mi1) and is a prism having a reflective surface (S2) reflecting the input beam that has been reflected by the reflective surface (S1), the input beam reflected by the reflective surface (S2) being totally reflected inside the prism.

Abstract: The invention relates to a directional coupling-type multi-drop bus of which the impedance is matched with the bus at the time of coupling so that the speed is increased. A directional coupler is formed when a second module provided with a second coupler end is mounted on a first module provided with a first coupler end, and as a result, the coupling impedance where the proximity effects in the coupling state of the directional coupler are reflected is matched with the impedance of the bus.

Abstract: A multi-path interferometric sensor for sensing small changes in the refractive index of sensing arms thereof, such as caused by the presence of an analyte or changes in analyte concentration, is disclosed. The sensor includes a single light source, a single detector, and a plurality of interferometers or a single multi-path interferometer. The various sensing branches within the multi-path interferometric sensor each include a delay having a different length. This results in a different modulation frequency for each interferometer, each of carriers include phase information that correlates to a change in refractive index and, ultimately, analyte concentration. The plural carrier frequencies enable simultaneous detection of multiple samples.

Abstract: A Mux/Demux subassembly includes a stamped optical bench, which includes an array of stamped reflective surfaces for redirecting optical signals. Alignment features and components of the Mux/Demux subassembly are integrally formed on a stamped optical bench, defining a desired optical path with optical alignment at tight tolerances. The optical bench is formed by stamping a malleable stock material (e.g., a metal stock), to form precise geometries and features of the optical bench.

Abstract: An apparatus for handling a fiber-array to be attached with a silicon-photonics chip. The apparatus includes a bottom-plate having a first trench formed with two first branches connected to two first recessed regions at a first end and one second branch straight to a second end thereof and a second trench sharing the same second branch and having two third branches connected to two second recessed regions with an angle towards two sides outside the two first branches. The bottom-plate includes many female clip structures located at the first end, the second end, and the two sides. The apparatus includes a top-plate having corresponding male clip structures configured to lock with the female clip structures to at least have two shaped cavities at the first end for firmly holding fiber ferrules of the fiber-array substantially without lateral and axial motion while leaving excess lengths of fibers outside the second end.

Abstract: An optical modulator module includes: a semiconductor modulator that includes a plurality of output waveguides; a first cylindrical lens that has a longitudinal direction in a direction in which the plurality of output waveguides are aligned, and through which lights output from the plurality of output waveguides penetrate; and a plurality of second cylindrical lenses each having a longitudinal direction that intersects with the longitudinal direction of the first cylindrical lens and allowing a corresponding light of the lights output from the plurality of output waveguides to penetrate therethrough.

Abstract: An optical device includes at least three optical ports. An optical arrangement arranges an optical beam received from any of the optical ports into a first polarization state. A dispersion element spatially separates the optical beam into a plurality of wavelength components. An optical power element converges each wavelength component in at least one direction. A programmable optical phase modulator steers the wavelength components through the optical arrangement, the dispersion element and the focusing element to a selected optical output. The programmable optical phase modulator includes an active area that performs the steering and a non-active area surrounding the active area. A polarizing arrangement located in an optical path between at least one of the optical ports and at least a portion of the non-active area of the programmable optical phase modulator is configured to arrange optical energy into a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state.

Abstract: The cleaning nozzle is used for cleaning an optical fiber connector using a cleaning fluid. The optical fiber connector includes a connector housing. A ferrule is supported within the interior of the connector housing. The nozzle has inner and outer housing members that respectively define an inner channel and an outer channel. The inner channel is sized to accommodate a front-end section of the ferrule. The inner and outer channels are in fluid communication through the interior of the connector housing when the front-end section of the ferrule resides within the inner channel. The nozzle assembly includes the nozzle and the optical fiber connector. Methods of cleaning the interior of the optical fiber connector as well as the ferrule end face, the optical fiber end face and the ferrule outer surface are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical interconnection component enabling implementation of optical fiber connection with higher accuracy than by the conventional technologies. The optical interconnection component is configured to maintain arrangement of end faces of a plurality of rotationally-aligned MCFs, so as to reduce connection loss to another component. Since arrangement of the MCFs can be confirmed by markers provided on a holding portion holding the plurality of MCFs inside, it becomes feasible to achieve the optical connection with higher accuracy.

Abstract: A fiber optic cable assembly includes a fiber optic cable and a fiber optic connector. The cable includes a jacket having an elongated transverse cross-sectional profile that defines a major axis and a minor axis. Strength components of the cable are anchored to the connector. The fiber optic connector includes a multi-fiber ferrule defining a major axis that is generally perpendicular to the major axis of the jacket and a minor axis that is generally perpendicular to the minor axis of the jacket. Certain types of connectors include a connector body defining a side opening that extends along a length of the connector body; a multi-fiber ferrule configured for lateral insertion into the connector body through the side opening; and a cover that mounts over the side opening after the multi-fiber ferrule has been inserted into the connector body through the side opening.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an optical assembly that comprises a coupler and a connecting structure. The coupler comprises first optical waveguides, a male alignment feature and optical connection means. The first optical waveguides extend parallel from a first end to a second end and form a planar end portion at the level of the second end. The male alignment feature, to which said planar end portion is secured, protrudes transversally to an average plane of the planar end portion, at the level of said planar end portion. The optical connection means are arranged at the level of said first end. The connecting structure comprises second optical waveguides that extend parallel to said plane and a female alignment feature, which is configured to receive said male alignment feature, and extends transversally to said plane at the level of the planar end portion.

Abstract: A semiconductor package includes a chip having a first surface and a second surface; a mold configured to encapsulate the chip; a vertical conductive channel electrically connected to a pad formed on the second surface of the chip while passing through the mold; a wiring pattern electrically connected to a pad formed on the first surface of the chip and configured to perform electrical connection in the package; an optical device arranged on a surface of the semiconductor package to be electrically connected to the vertical conductive channel; and an external connection terminal configured to electrically connect the semiconductor package to the outside.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods of assembly are described that provide mechanisms for integrating an optical module (e.g., an MBOM) into a main switch system to allow the optical module to be replaced without having to replace other components of the main switch system. The field replaceable modular optical interconnect unit includes a housing, a printed circuit board assembly supported within the housing, an optical module supported on the printed circuit board assembly that converts between optical signals and electrical signals for transmitting or receiving optical signals through a fiber optic cable, a board-to-board connector on a rear panel of the housing that enables electrical signals to be transmitted between the printed circuit board assembly and a main switch system box, and an external connector on a front panel of the housing that can engage an external optical fiber for transmitting optical signals between the optical module and an external component.

Abstract: An optical component includes: a first substrate, a second substrate, and a transfer board. A first electrically conductive path is disposed on a top surface of the first substrate. A second electrically conductive path is disposed on a bottom surface of the first substrate. A third electrically conductive path is disposed on a top surface of the second substrate. A microstrip line structure is disposed on the transfer board. The microstrip line structure includes a transfer line disposed on a top surface of the transfer board. The top surface of the second substrate is opposite to the bottom surface of the first substrate, where the second electrically conductive path fits the third electrically conductive path. The transfer board is disposed on the top of the top surface of the second substrate. One end of the transfer line is electrically connected to the first electrically conductive path by a wire bonding.

Abstract: A multi-purpose sealing device is described herein for use in a port structure of fiber terminal, telecommunication enclosure; or a bulkhead. The exemplary sealing device has a body having an open end and a closed end, wherein the closed end includes a removable portion and a pulling device to facilitate removal of the exemplary sealing device from a port structure. In one aspect, the exemplary sealing device is a single part made of a resilient material, while an alternative aspect, the exemplary sealing device includes a rigid connection portion disposed within the open end of the body. The exemplary device can be used as a dust cap or plug prior to making a service connection and/or it can be used as a port/cable sealing device after the service connection is made.

Abstract: A fiber optic communications arrangement includes a closure with an interior volume; the closure including at least one cable through-port in communication with the interior volume; and an expansion component attached to an exterior portion of the closure and having an interior region in communication with the closure interior volume. The expansion component includes ruggedized fiber optic adapters mounted thereto. Each of the ruggedized fiber optic adapters includes at least one connector port for receiving ruggedized fiber optic connectors.

Abstract: A high density fiber enclosure system includes a chassis, cassette trays, an optional unification clip, cassettes, and an optional trunk cable management system. The chassis, cassette trays, and cassettes are configured such that individual cassettes may be installed, removed, and otherwise positioned for easy access by a user. The unification clip allows two adjacent cassette trays to be connected to one other such that cassette trays move as one unit. The trunk cable management system is designed to organize trunk cables and trunk cable furcation legs as well as relieve strain on the trunk cables and trunk cable furcation legs.

Abstract: The imaging device is constituted of a lens, an imaging device receiving the incident light and converting the incident light to be an electrical signal, a cylindrical member accommodating the lens, a holder holding the imaging device, a groove formed of an outer periphery surface of the cylindrical member and an inner periphery surface of the holder, an adhesive provided in the groove with the outer periphery surface and the inner periphery surface being contacted with each other, and an anchor mechanism provided in the groove, producing an anchor effect in combination with the adhesive, thereby increasing the strength of a joint between the cylindrical member and the holder.

Abstract: An annular optical spacer includes a first side portion, a second side portion, an outer annular portion and an inner annular portion. The second side portion is disposed opposite to the first side portion. The outer annular portion connects the first side portion and the second side portion. The inner annular portion connects the first side portion and the second side portion, wherein the inner annular portion is closer to a central axis of the annular optical spacer than the outer annular portion. The inner annular portion includes a plurality of annular grooves, wherein the annular grooves are disposed coaxially to the central axis, and each of the annular grooves includes a plurality of stepped surfaces.

Abstract: A lens barrel includes an optical element, a barrel body configured to hold the optical element, the barrel body including a female thread, a presser including a male thread fastened to the female part and contacting the optical element, and an elastic member held by the presser, wherein in a fastening state in which the male thread is fastened to the female thread, both the presser and the elastic member contact the optical element, and the elastic member applies a force in a direction of fixing the optical element onto the barrel body.

Abstract: A lens barrel according to a first aspect of the present disclosure includes the lens frame which holds the lens, and the holding frame which holds the lens frame in a state where the lens frame is movable in a plane orthogonal to the optical axis. A biasing means which generates a force in the direction that the lens frame is lifted up against the gravity is provided to at least the holding frame out of the holding frame and the lens.

Abstract: An optical deflector includes a mirror rotatable around a rotating shaft of the optical deflector, the mirror including a base made of metal and a reflective surface, the reflective surface being parallel to an axial direction of the rotating shaft of the mirror. The mirror has a length that is twice a length from a center of the rotating shaft to the reflective surface, which is shorter than a length of the reflective surface in the direction of the rotating shaft.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an imaging lens system including, in order from an object side to an image side: a first lens element with positive refractive power having an object-side surface being convex in a paraxial region thereof; a second lens element with negative refractive power; a third lens element with refractive power, wherein an object-side surface and an image-side surface thereof are aspheric; a fourth lens element with refractive power, wherein an object-side surface and an image-side surface thereof are aspheric; and a fifth lens element with negative refractive power having an object-side surface being concave in a paraxial region thereof and an image-side surface being convex in a paraxial region thereof, which are both aspheric. The imaging lens system is further provided with an aperture stop, and there is no lens element with refractive power disposed between the aperture stop and the first lens element.

Abstract: An imaging lens is constituted by, in order from the object side to the image side: a first lens having a negative refractive power and a concave surface toward the image side; a second lens having a negative refractive power; a third lens having a positive refractive power and a convex surface toward the image side; a fourth lens having a negative refractive power and a concave surface toward the image side; a biconvex fifth lens which is cemented to the fourth lens; and a sixth lens having a negative refractive power and a concave surface toward the object side. Conditional Formula (1) below is satisfied: ?2.1<r3r/f<?1.2??(1).

Abstract: An image forming lens is formed by sequentially arranging, from an object side to an image side, a first lens group having positive refractive power, an aperture stop, a second lens group having positive refractive power, and a third lens group having positive or negative refractive power. When focusing is performed from a long distance to a short distance, the third lens group is fixed relative to an image surface, and the first lens group, the aperture stop, and the second lens group are moved integrally to the object side. In the image forming lens, the third lens group is formed by sequentially arranging, from the object side to the image side, two lenses in order of a negative lens and a positive lens, and a conditional expression is satisfied: 0.20<D/L3F-I<0.60, where D is an air space between the negative lens and the positive lens which form the third lens group, and L3F-I is a distance from an object-side surface of the negative lens of the third lens group to the image surface.

Abstract: A first optical imaging system includes, in order from the object side to the image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, and a third lens element, arranged along an optical axis. A second optical imaging system includes, in order from the object side to the image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element, and a fourth lens element, arranged along an optical axis. A third optical imaging system is a telecentric lens system having only lens elements having a refractive power and a chief ray angle smaller than 1 degree. The lens elements of the optical imaging systems may be made of the same material having absorption in visible wavelengths and high transmission in near infrared radiation. The lens elements may be coated with an antireflective coating that is optimized for near infrared radiation.

Abstract: An optical image capturing system, sequentially including a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element and a fourth lens element from an object side to an image side, is disclosed. The first lens element has negative refractive power. The second through third lens elements have refractive power. The fourth lens element has positive refractive power. At least one of the image side surface and the object side surface of each of the four lens elements are aspheric. The optical lens elements can increase aperture value and improve the imagining quality for use in compact cameras.

Abstract: A miniature image pickup lens includes a first lens, a second lens, an aperture, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens arranged in sequence along an optical axis from an object side to an image side. The first lens is a negative meniscus lens with a convex surface towards the object side and a concave surface towards the image side. The second lens is a positive lens with a convex surface towards the object side. The third lens is a positive biconvex lens, and the fourth lens is a negative biconcave lens. The fifth lens has a convex surface towards the object side.

Abstract: An optical photographing lens assembly includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element, a fourth lens element and a fifth lens element. The first lens element with positive refractive power has an object-side surface being convex in a paraxial region thereof and an image-side surface being concave in a paraxial region thereof. The second lens element with negative refractive power has an image-side surface being concave in a paraxial region thereof. The third lens element has two surfaces being both aspheric. The fourth lens element with negative refractive power has an image-side surface being concave in a paraxial region thereof, wherein two surfaces thereof are aspheric. The fifth lens element has an image-side surface being convex in a paraxial region thereof, wherein two surfaces thereof are aspheric.

Abstract: An optical lens system with a wide field of view includes, in order from the object side to the image side: a stop, a first lens element with a negative refractive power, a second lens element with a positive refractive power, a third lens element with a negative refractive power, a fourth lens element with a positive refractive power, and a fifth lens element with a negative refractive power. Such arrangements can provide a five-piece optical lens system which has a wide field of view, high resolution, short length and less distortion.

Abstract: A spot scanning imaging system with run-time alignment includes a beam scanning device configured to linearly scan a focused beam of illumination across a sample, one or more detectors positioned to receive light from the sample, and a controller communicatively coupled to the beam scanning apparatus, the sample stage, and the one or more detectors. The controller is configured to store a first image, transmit a set of drive signals to at least one of the beam scanning device, the sample stage, or the one or more detectors, compare at least a portion of the second sampling grid to at least a portion of the first sampling grid to determine one or more offset errors, and adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals based on the one or more offset errors such that the second sample grid overlaps the first sample grid.

Abstract: Optical systems based on an objective lens comprising one or more plastic lens elements are disclosed. The inclusion of plastic lens element reduces one or more of system cost, size, weight, and/or complexity. The chromatic performance of some imaging systems in accordance with the present invention is improved by incorporation of a diffractive surface into the entry surface of the objective lens.

Abstract: A lens for projection which is used in an image display device which includes an image display element and projects and displays an image displayed on an image display surface of the image display element as a projection image on a projected surface in an enlarged manner, the lens for projection including in order from an enlargement side to a reduction side, a first lens group which is constituted of at least eight lenses and has a positive refractive power; an aperture; and a second lens group which is constituted of less than or equal to four lenses and has a positive refractive power, wherein the first lens group includes one or more aspherical lenses, and the one or at least one aspherical lens included in the first lens group has a largest thickness at a most peripheral portion of the lens.

Abstract: A zoom lens including a first lens group having a positive refractive power; a second lens group having a negative refractive power; a third lens group having a positive refractive power; a fourth lens group having a negative refractive power; and a fifth lens group having a positive refractive power. The first through fifth lens groups are arranged sequentially from an object side to an image side of the zoom lens, and the first lens group includes a doublet lens and a lens having a positive refractive power. The second lens group includes a first sub-lens group having a negative refractive power and a second sub-lens group having a negative refractive power that is arranged to perform a focusing function. Each of the lens groups is arranged to move when the zoom lens is zoomed.

Abstract: An optical system includes a reflective optical system on a magnification side along an optical path of the projection optical system and a refractive optical system on a reduction side along the optical path. The reflective optical system includes one reflective optical element having a power. The refractive optical system includes a front group on the magnification side and a rear group on the reduction side. The front group having, in order from the magnification side toward the reduction side, a first lens group with a positive or negative refractive power, a second lens group, and a third lens group with a positive refractive power. The rear group has a positive refractive power. The first lens group moves to the magnification side, and the second lens group and the third lens group move to the reduction side in a change in focus from a long distance to a short distance.

Abstract: A reflection imaging device includes a first component board, a second component board, and flat plates. The first component board includes first planar reflectors perpendicular to a plate surface and first light transmissive bases extending parallel to the first planar reflectors. The first planar reflectors and the first light transmissive bases are alternately arranged. The second component board includes an inner plate surface bonded to an inner plate surface of the first component board opposed thereto. The second component board includes second planar reflectors perpendicular to the plate surface and the first planar reflectors and second light transmissive bases extending parallel to the second planar reflectors. The second planar reflectors and the second light transmissive bases are alternately arranged. The flat plates are bonded to the outer plate surfaces of at least one of the first component board and the second component board opposed thereto.

Abstract: An iris recognition lens system including a first lens and a second lens disposed on an optical axis and sequentially from an object to take an image of an iris and a pupil. A front part of the first lens includes a reflecting area in a central portion and a transmitting area in a circumferential portion. A rear part of the first lens includes a concave transmitting area in a central portion and a reflecting area in a circumferential portion. The second lens is disposed at a rear of the transmitting area in the central portion of the rear part of the first lens. A plurality of reflecting areas and a plurality of transmitting areas are provided in a single lens in order to reduce the length of the lens and increase a focal length, thereby reducing the length of the entire iris recognition lens system.

Abstract: An asymmetric curved-surface prismatic image display optical system includes a first prism and second and third prisms respectively arranged in front of and behind the first prism. The first prism includes a light-exiting planar surface that is at an eye-adjacent side and is opposite to a light-entering planar surface of the second prism with an air gap therebetween and may serve as a reference for inspection of a free-form curved surface. The second prism has a light-exiting planar surface at the eye-adjacent side and parallel to a side planar surface of the third prism to allow an external-world image to be seen more clearly. Light from an image displaying panel first enters the first prism and is subjected to total internal reflection by the light-exiting planar surface toward the reflective curved surface to be reflected and re-directed to transmit through the second prism for image formation on a retina.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solar concentrator comprising a solid body consisting of a transparent material that has a light coupling surface and a light decoupling surface, the solid body having a light guide part that tapers towards the light decoupling surface, being located between the light coupling surface and the light decoupling surface and being delimited by a light guide surface between the light coupling surface and the light decoupling surface, the light guide surface merging into the light decoupling surface with a constant first derivation. The invention also relates to a method for the production of a solar concentrator, wherein the transparent material is precision-molded between the molds.

Abstract: A microscope and method for high resolution scanning microscopy of a sample, having: an illumination device for the purpose of illuminating the sample, an imaging device for the purpose of scanning at least one point or linear spot across the sample and of imaging the point or linear spot into a diffraction-limited, static single image below a reproduction scale in a detection plane. A detector device for detecting the single image in the detection plane for various scan positions is also provided. An evaluation device for the purpose of evaluating a diffraction structure of the single image for the scan positions is provided. The detector device has a detector array which has pixels and which is larger than the single image.