Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support, an intermediate layer formed on the support, a charge generating layer formed directly on the intermediate layer, and a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer, in which the intermediate layer contains a compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate, an organic photosensitive layer on the electroconductive substrate and an inorganic protective layer on the organic photosensitive layer, wherein a layer that forms a surface of the organic photosensitive layer contains a charge transporting material, a binder resin, and a silica particle; the inorganic protective layer contains a group 13 element, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom; a sum of element constitution ratios of the group 13 element, the oxygen atom, and the hydrogen atom to all elements constituting the inorganic protective layer is equal to or more than 90 atomic %; and an element composition ratio (oxygen atom/group 13 element) of the oxygen atom and the group 13 element is 1.0 or more and less than 1.5.

Abstract: An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes kneaded and pulverized toner particles that contain a binder resin and a release agent, the release agent being partially exposed, and an external additive that contains silica particles having a compression aggregation degree of from 60% to 95% and a particle compression ratio of from 0.20 to 0.40.

Abstract: A toner set includes a brilliant toner including a brilliant pigment; and a chromatic toner including a coloring agent that is different from the brilliant pigment, wherein the toner set satisfies the following expression: 1.2?Q1/Q2?5.0 wherein Q1 represents an endothermic quantity of the brilliant toner and Q2 represents an endothermic quantity of the chromatic toner.

Abstract: An electrostatic latent image developing toner includes a plurality of toner particles each including a core containing a binder resin and a shell layer covering a surface of the core. The shell layer contains a copolymer of at least two vinyl compounds including a compound represented by the following formula (1). The toner contains a ring unopened oxazoline group in an amount of at least 0.10 ?mol/g and no greater than 100 ?mol/g.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner including toner particles each including a core portion that contains a binder resin, and a surface layer containing an organosilicon polymer, in which each of the toner particles contains a polyvalent metal element having a resistivity of 2.5×10?8 ?·m or more and 10.0×10?8 ?·m or less at 20° C., and when the toner particles are subjected to X-ray fluorescence analysis, a net intensity originating from the polyvalent metal element is 0.10 kcps or more and 30.00 kcps or less.

Abstract: A hybrid toner includes a core having at least one amorphous polyester resin and at least one crystalline polyester resin, and at least one styrene/acrylate resin, a shell comprising at least one styrene/acrylate resin, at least one wax, and optionally a pigment dispersion, the first modulated differential calorimetry scan of the hybrid toner shows at least two melting point peaks below about 80° C., and the difference between the two melting point peaks is less than or equal to about 15° C.

Abstract: A chemically prepared toner composition made up of a toner particle with a core having a first polymer binder, a monomer free radical polymerization formed core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core, a pigment, a wax, and a shell formed around the core including a second polymer binder and method to make the same is disclosed. An optional borax coupling agent can be placed between the outer surface of the core and the shell to assist in the binding of the polymer found in the shell onto the surface of the toner core containing the first polymer.

Abstract: An electrostatic charge image developing carrier includes magnetic particles and a resin coating layer which covers the magnetic particles, wherein a sulfate ion concentration of the resin coating layer is 0.05% by weight or less with respect to a total weight of the resin coating layer, and when a total value of a molar amount of sulfate ions contained and a molar amount of sulfo groups contained per 1 g of the resin coating layer is A mol and a molar amount of sodium ions contained per 1 g of the resin coating layer is B mol, a relationship of 0.1<B/A<1.2 is satisfied.

Abstract: A resin composition includes at least one selected from compounds represented by formula (I-1) and at least one selected from compounds represented by formula (I-2) and compounds represented by formula (I-3): wherein R11 to R14, R21 to R24, and R31 to R34 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, R15, R16, R25, R26, R35, and R36 independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, X and Y independently represent an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or a tellurium atom, with the proviso that plural X's each represent the same element, plural Y's each represent the same element, which is an element different from the element selected as X, A1 to A3 independently represent a divalent group represented by formula (a1) or (a2), which is bonded at the * positions.

Abstract: An upper cover attached to an optical box included in an optical scanning device includes a flow path in which a sealing member is injection-molded. The flow path includes a first bottom portion, a second bottom portion, and a step. The step is formed between the first bottom portion and the second bottom portion, and the area where the sealing member and the upper cover adhere to each other increases by an amount corresponding to the provided step so that adhesiveness between the sealing member and the upper cover is enhanced.

Abstract: An optical scanner includes a light source including a plurality of light emitting elements, a polygon mirror which deflects light from the light source for scanning a surface of a subject, an optical element arranged between the light source and the polygon mirror, having optical power in a sub scanning direction, a synchronous detector which detects the light deflected by the polygon mirror for synchronous detection and generates a signal for controlling a timing at which the scanning of the surface is started, and a fixing element which secures one end of the optical element. The light emitting elements of the light source are aligned with a certain tilt angle relative to the sub scanning direction. Light from one of the light emitting elements disposed closest to the fixing element in a main scanning direction is used for synchronous detection.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer bearer, a magnetic field generator, a casing having an opening, a developer conveyor to rotate inside a developer containing compartment below the developer bearer, and a developer regulator. A side wall of the casing defines a bottom end of the opening, and the developer regulator is disposed on the side wall. The side wall includes an upper end face facing the developer bearer below an axis of the developer bearer and a curved inner face along an orbit of rotation of the developer conveyor, extending from below the developer conveyor toward the upper end face. On a virtual plane perpendicular to the axis of the developer bearer, an intersection between a tangent line to an upper end of the curved inner face and the surface of the developer bearer is in a range from a tangential magnetic-flux peak and a closest approach point.

Abstract: A developing device includes a housing, a developing roller, a developer stirring member, and a layer thickness regulating member. The developing roller includes a stationary magnet and a sleeve. The stationary magnet includes a first magnetic pole having a specific polarity, and a second magnetic pole lying downstream of the first magnetic pole and having the same polarity as the first magnetic pole. In an entire inter-pole region between the first magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole, the stationary magnet produces a magnetic force including a horizontal component that keeps the specific polarity and has a value greater than zero (mT). The inter-pole region includes a flat area where a horizontal magnetic force component having a minimum absolute value exits and the horizontal magnetic force component changes within a range of 0.5 (mT) or less, the flat area extending over a range of 10 degrees or more.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a developing unit configured to develop an electrostatic latent image, a mounting detection unit configured to detect that a container T is mounted on a mounting unit, a driving unit configured to rotate the container T, a rotation detection unit configured to detect rotation information about the container T, and a controller configured to control the driving unit based on the rotation information. If the container T is detected to be mounted on the mounting unit, control of the driving unit is not carried out based on the rotation information until replenishment information satisfies a predetermined condition.

Abstract: Provided herein is an image forming device including a main body; a consumable unit detachable from and attachable to the main body, and including a CRUM chip; a storage which stores a detection list including information on counterfeit CRUM chips and a conversion serial information list including a plurality of conversion serial information each of which is converted from serial information stored in the CRUM chip according to a plurality of different predetermined rules; and a controller to limit use of the consumable unit, when verifying the consumable unit based on at least one of the detection list and the conversion serial information list fails.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a developer container, a development device, a developer replenishment device and a control part. The control part obtains a replenishment amount (X) of the developer replenished by the developer replenishment device from a last-time replenishment until a this-time replenishment and a predicted consumption (Y) of the developer, calculated based on the image data output from the last-time replenishment until the this-time replenishment, and informs abnormality when an absolute value of a difference of the replenishment amount (X) and the predicted consumption (Y) is larger than a threshold value.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image carrier, a development device and a seal member. The seal member is provided on a downstream side in a rotating direction of the image carrier beyond the development device. The seal member is configured to prevent toner from leaking into a downstream side space in the rotating direction through toner image non-forming areas. The seal member has an elastic member and a slide member. The elastic member has an opposed surface and an end surface. The opposed surface faces the toner image non-forming area. The end surface goes around into a direction separating from the development device from an upstream side end of the opposed surface in the rotating direction. The slide member is provided along the opposed surface and the end surface. The slide member is configured to come in contact with the toner image non-forming area.

Abstract: A developer container includes a container configured to store developer and capable of discharging the developer from an opening, a sealing member configured to seal the opening, an unsealing member, rotatably supported, configured to open the opening by removing the sealing member from the container, and a sheet member attached to an attachment portion of the unsealing member in a relative position where the sheet member is held between the sealing member and the unsealing member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprises a first component, a second component, a first end surface, a second end surface and a sealer. The sealer arranged on the first or second end surface seals the part between the first end surface and the second end surface while keeping the first opening communicated with the second opening when the second component is mounted on the first component.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an intermediate transfer belt, a driving roller, a driven roller, a belt cleaning device, and a counter roller. Toner images formed on image carriers are transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt. The driving and driven rollers rotatably stretch the intermediate transfer belt. The belt cleaning device has a cleaning blade that removes residual toner adhered to the intermediate transfer belt. The counter roller is disposed facing the cleaning blade with the intermediate transfer belt interposed therebetween. The belt cleaning device is disposed at a position that is downstream of the driving roller in a rotation direction of the intermediate transfer belt but is upstream of the driven roller in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer belt. A leading end edge portion of the cleaning blade is disposed upstream of a top of the counter roller in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer belt.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image drum for carrying a toner image; a transfer member contacted to the drum to transfer the toner image from the drum onto a transfer member; a cleaning blade provided downstream of the transfer member with respect to a peripheral moving direction of the drum and having a free end portion contacted to the drum, the blade being configured to remove, with rotation of the drum, toner remaining on the drum after transfer of the toner image by the transfer member; and a toner retaining member cooperative with the drum to provide a toner accommodation space toner removed from the drum by the blade. The toner retaining member can retain a part of the toner accommodated in the toner accommodation space and capable of being deformed by the toner accommodated in the accommodation space to discharge the toner from the accommodation space.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member to bear a toner image charged with a predetermined polarity, and a power source to apply a bias to a transfer portion to transfer the toner image from the image bearing member to a recording medium, a polarity of the bias being changed alternately. The toner image formed with toner of a plurality of colors is transferred in a color mode and the toner image formed with toner of a single color is transferred in a monochrome mode. The bias includes a peak voltage with a polarity that returns toner from the recording medium to the image bearing member. An absolute value of the peak voltage in the color mode is equal to or greater than an absolute value of the peak voltage in the monochrome mode.

Abstract: There is provided an image forming apparatus. A transferring unit transports a recording medium while transferring an image onto the recording medium by a transfer voltage being applied thereto. A fixing member fixes the transferred image onto the recording medium. A conductive member forms a nip portion in which the recording medium is nipped between the fixing member and the conductive member and has a conductive property. A guiding unit is disposed between the transferring unit and the nip portion, guides a leading end of the recording medium which is being transported by the transferring unit to the nip portion, and has a conductive property. An applying unit applies, to the transferring unit, a transfer voltage which is higher than that applied before the recording medium is put into the nip portion, after the recording medium transported by the transferring unit is put into the nip portion.

Abstract: A transfer device includes a transfer member to which a bias voltage is applied and that transfers a toner image, which is carried on an image carrier, onto a sheet while nipping the sheet between the transfer member and the image carrier when the sheet is transported to the transfer member; and a pressing member that includes a spring member and a first rubber damper, which are arranged in series with each other, and that presses the transfer member against the image carrier.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus fixes an image onto a recording material. A first fuse and a second fuse are connected in series each other. A power supply line is connected to one end of the first fuse. A signal line is connected to a connection point between another end of the first fuse and one end of the second fuse. A ground line is connected to another end of the second fuse. Information regarding the fixing apparatus is held in accordance with melt states of the first and second fuses.

Abstract: A temperature detection device includes first and second temperature detection units configured to detect first and second temperatures, respectively, of a first roller at first and second positions in an axis direction, heated by a central heating unit and an end part heating unit; third and fourth temperature detection units configured to detect third and fourth temperatures, respectively, of a second roller which can be in pressure-contact with the first roller, at the first and second positions; and a control unit configured to control the heating units. The control unit determines a state of at least one of the first, second, third and fourth temperature detection units based on a comparison between first and third rise rates of the first and third temperatures, respectively, or on a comparison between second and fourth rise rates of the second and fourth temperatures, respectively.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a magnetic flux generation unit, an auxiliary heating body formed of material that generates heat from the magnetic flux generated by the magnetic flux generation unit, a rotatable fixing belt having opposing first and second ends in a direction of its rotational axis and a material that generates heat from the magnetic flux, a magnetic flux shield in contact with the auxiliary heating body and having first and second openings that expose the auxiliary body, the first and second openings being symmetrical with respect to a center point along the rotational axis between the first and second ends, a temperature sensor in contact with the auxiliary heating body through one of the first and second openings of the magnetic flux shield shielding member, and a driver that controls power supplied to the magnetic flux generation unit in accordance with signals from the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a first belt that heats a developer image on a recording medium; a support member that is arranged inside the first belt and supports the first belt; a second belt that sandwiches the recording medium with the first belt; a pressing roller that is provided with the second belt having an inner peripheral surface wound thereon, is provided rotatably in a direction orthogonal to a recording-medium transport direction as an axial direction, presses the second and first belts toward the support member, and forms a first press region; and a forming member that is provided inside the second belt, at an upstream side in the transport direction with respect to the pressing roller, presses the second and first belts toward the support member, and forms a second press region having a larger width than that of the first press region in the transport direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit, a developer replenishing device, a fixing device, a press-contact adjustment mechanism, first and second driving transmission mechanisms, and a driving switching mechanism. The image forming unit forms a developer image on a recording medium. The developer replenishing device and the fixing device are detachable. The developer replenishing device replenishes a developer. The fixing device includes first and second rotation members. The second rotation member faces the first rotation member. The fixing device fixes the developer image to the recording medium. The press-contact adjustment mechanism adjusts a press-contact state between the first and second rotation members. The first driving transmission mechanism transmits a driving force to the press-contact adjustment mechanism. The second driving transmission mechanism transmits a driving force to the developer replenishing device.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an image forming unit that forms an image on a recording material, an image capturing unit that captures an image of a user who forms the image, and a control unit that causes the image capturing unit to capture an image in a preset monitoring region when the user does not capture an image using the image capturing unit.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a paper conveyance apparatus includes: a paper feed section on which paper is placed; a first roller configured to be arranged at the upstream side of a reading position where the paper is read to convey the paper at a first speed; a second roller configured to be arranged between the first roller and the paper feed section to convey the paper at a second speed faster than the first speed; a motor; a fourth roller configured to be arranged between the first roller and the reading position and driven by the motor to convey the paper to the reading position at the first speed; and a transmission section configured to always transmit a rotation driving force of the motor to the first roller and the fourth roller.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a housing, a registration roller pair, a first guiding portion, a second guiding portion, a resistor, and a grounding conductive mechanism. The housing is made of metal and has a grounded inner wall. The registration roller pair is located between the paper sheet feeder and the transfer member in the sheet conveyance path, includes a metallic registration roller and a facing roller that is constituted of an elastic material, and rotates in abutting contact with the registration roller, so as to convey the sheet toward the transfer nip portion. The first guiding portion is made of metal. The second guiding portion is made of a conductive resin material. The grounding conductive mechanism electrically conducts the registration roller, the first guiding portion, and the second guiding portion to the inner wall via a resistor.

Abstract: An imaging forming apparatus includes a positive high-voltage circuit that generates voltage having a positive polarity, a negative high-voltage circuit connected in series with the positive high-voltage circuit and generates voltage having a negative polarity, a transfer roller to which the voltage generated by the positive high-voltage circuit or the negative high-voltage circuit is supplied, neutralizing pins to which the voltage generated by the negative high-voltage circuit is supplied, a current detection circuit that detects current flowing into the transfer roller, and a diode connected between the transfer roller and the neutralizing pins and that separates a path for the current flowing into the transfer roller and a path for current flowing into the neutralizing pins from each other.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus includes a slide member configured to slide with a transfer material in a case that the transfer material is brought into contact with a transfer member, a grounding member configured to be electrically connected to the earth, and a connection member having conductivity and configured to be electrically connected to the slide member. The connection member includes a deforming portion deformed by an electrostatic force acting between the grounding member and the connection member, the slide member is conducted to the grounding member via the connection member in a case that the deforming portion is deformed and abuts on the grounding member, and the slide member is electrically insulated from the grounding member in a case that the deforming portion is separated from the grounding member.

Abstract: A cleaning device includes a housing, a cleaning blade, and first and second sealing members. The housing has formed therein an opening facing an image carrying member. The cleaning blade removes toner that remains attached to the image carrying member while being in contact with the circumferential surface of the image carrying member. The first and second sealing members prevent waste toner inside the housing from leaking out through a gap between the housing and the image carrying member, owing to the first and second sealing members abutting on the circumferential surface of the image carrying member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: an image bearing member to which lubricant is supplied; a developing section that forms a toner image by attaching toner to an electrostatic latent image formed on the image bearing member; and a control section that controls an amount of the lubricant in the developing section based on an area ratio of the toner image formed on the image bearing member and a development condition when the toner image is formed by the developing section.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearer; a charging member to charge the surface of the image bearer; an irradiating member to irradiate the surface of the image bearer to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image bearer; an developing member to develop the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a visible toner image on the surface of the image bearer; and a transferring member to transfer the toner image onto a transfer material. The image bearer includes a charge generation layer including an asymmetrical disazo pigment and a metal-free phthalocyanine pigment, and a charge transport layer. The irradiating member forms the electrostatic latent image at an irradiation energy greater than a half decay exposure of the image bearer and not greater than 2.5 times of the half decay exposure. The image bearer is not discharged every image forming process.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an apparatus body, an outer cover, a conveyance unit, a movable roller, and an interlock mechanism. The outer cover is provided turnably between an outer closing position forming one surface of the apparatus body and an outer opening position in which the one surface of the apparatus body is set openable. The conveyance unit is provided turnably between an inner closing position in which an inside of the apparatus body is set closable and an inner opening position in which the inside of the apparatus body is set openable. The movable roller is pressed by a fixed roller pivotally supported inside of the apparatus body when the conveyance unit is displaced to the inner closing position. The interlock mechanism interlocks an operation of opening the outer cover with an operation of opening the conveyance unit.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, an image forming apparatus includes a case having a door which can be opened and closed. A first rotating body, provided in the case, is exposed from the case when the door is opened. A second rotating body, provided in the case, is exposed from the case when the door is opened. The second rotating body forms a nip with the first rotating body. A spacer, detachably provided in the case, separates the first rotating body and the second rotating body when the spacer is attached. The second rotating body forms a nip with the first rotating body when the spacer is detached.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a cover has a pivot shaft and is pivotally movable between a closed position and an open position. The link member is slidingly movable in a direction parallel to the pivot shaft in response to depression of a button. The locking member provides locking engagement between the cover and a housing, and is pressed by the link member in accordance with the sliding movement of the link member to release the locking engagement. The push member is movable in a direction opposite to an opening direction of the cover to be pressed against the housing when the cover is at the closed position in accordance with the sliding movement of the link member. The depression of the button causes both unlocking and movement of the cover in the opening direction when the cover is at the closed position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprises a developing unit and a developing unit attaching portion that is provided in an apparatus main body. The developing unit and the developing unit attaching portion are provided with an insertion guide. The insertion guide makes the developing unit a state it is inclined from a normal posture so as to be moved on a position departed from a photoreceptor drum during a period from a start of insertion of the developing unit into the developing unit attaching portion until just before completion of the insertion, and makes, during a period from just before completion of the insertion until completion of the insertion, the developing unit turn according to an insertion operation of the developing unit so as to be brought close to the photoreceptor drum, whereby the developing unit is positioned so as to take the normal posture.

Abstract: A developer cartridge comprises a first gear. The first gear may be rotatable about a first axis extending in an axial direction. The first gear may include a first surface rotatable with the first gear, and a second surface rotatable with the first gear. The first surface may extend in a circumferential direction of the first gear. The second surface may extend in the circumferential direction. The second surface may be separated from the first surface in the circumferential direction. A length of the second surface in the circumferential direction may be greater than a length of the first surface in the circumferential direction.

Abstract: A developer cartridge comprises a first gear. The first gear may include a first protrusion extending in a radial direction of the first gear. The first protrusion may be positioned at a circumference of a column of the first gear. The first protrusion may be spaced apart from a second end face opposite to a first end face facing an exterior surface of a casing configured to accommodate developer therein. The first protrusion may be further from the second end face than a large-diameter gear in an axial direction. A rotational circumference of the first protrusion defined by rotation of the first protrusion and a portion of the large-diameter gear are aligned in the axial direction.

Abstract: A developer cartridge is described. The developer cartridge detachably mountable on a tandem type photosensitive unit slidable to a drawn-out position and a mounted position with respect to an image forming apparatus body may include a casing; a developer carrier rotatably supported on one end portion of the casing for carrying a developer; a pair of upright portions arranged on another end portion of the casing at an interval from each other in the axial direction of the developer carrier to extend from another end portion of the casing in a detaching direction for the developer cartridge; and an elastically deformable coupling portion extending in the axial direction of the developer carrier for coupling the upright portions with each other.

Abstract: The process cartridge comprises a photosensitive drum having an axis L1 and a coupling member having an axis L2. The coupling member includes (i) a first end portion connected to a drum flange, (ii) a second end portion, and (iii) a connecting portion connecting the first end portion and the second end portion. The coupling member is movable between (i) a first position in which a tip of the at least one projection is a first distance away from the photosensitive drum as measured in the direction of the axis L1 and (ii) a second position in which the tip of the at least one projection is a second distance away from the photosensitive drum as measured in the direction of the axis L1, wherein the first distance is greater than the second distance.

Abstract: A cartridge detachably mountable to a main assembly of an image forming apparatus includes: a frame; an accommodating portion, constituted by the frame, for accommodating a developer; a seal portion for preventing the developer from being leaking out from the accommodating portion, wherein the seal portion is formed by injection molding at a seal forming portion provided on the frame and is projected from the seal forming portion; and a sprue which is formed integrally with the seal portion by a resin material remaining in a path for permitting flow of the resin material melted when the seal portion is formed by the injection molding and which is projected from the frame in a position different from a position of the seal portion so as to be higher than the seal portion on the basis of the frame.

Abstract: A drum unit usable in the process cartridge includes a photosensitive drum having an axis L1 and a coupling member having an axis L2. The coupling member includes a first end portion connected with the photosensitive drum, a second end portion having an outermost surface, an axle portion connecting the first end portion and the second end portion to each other, and at least one projection extending from the second end portion. For at least part of the outermost surface of the second end portion, a maximum distance from the axis L2 to the outermost surface along a line perpendicular to the axis L2 increases as the distance along the axis L2 from the axle portion increases.

Abstract: A recording-material cooling device includes a first cooling member, a second cooling member, an approach-and-separation member, and a positioning member. The first cooling member is disposed at a first face side of a recording material to absorb heat of the recording material. The second cooling member is disposed at a second face side of the recording material to absorb heat of the recording material. The approach-and-separation member brings the first cooling member and the second cooling member close to and away from each other. The positioning member positions the first cooling member and the second cooling member relatively brought close to each other by the approach-and-separation member.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an estimation unit corrects ambient temperatures or ambient humidities measured by an environment measurement unit on the basis of conduction states of charging members provided in the one or more image forming units, so as to estimate ambient temperatures or ambient humidities of other photoconductors of which the ambient temperatures or the ambient humidities are not measured. A control unit determines image formation conditions for the image forming units forming images on the photoconductors of which the ambient temperatures or the ambient humidities are not measured, on the basis of the ambient temperatures or the ambient humidities estimated by the estimation unit.