Abstract: An alloy composition that includes about 1 to about 9 atomic percent aluminum (Al), about 25 to about 33 atomic percent titanium (Ti), about 10 to about 33 atomic percent vanadium (V), about 5 to about 10 atomic percent zirconium (Zr) and about 25 to about 33 atomic percent niobium (Nb).

Abstract: Provided are a steel sheet, having sufficient strength and formability regardless of reduction of thickness, for crown caps; a method for manufacturing the same; and a crown cap. The steel sheet for crown caps has a composition containing C: 0.0010% to less than 0.0050%, Si: 0.10% or less, Mn: 0.05% to less than 0.50%, P: 0.050% or less, S: 0.050% or less, Al: more than 0.002% to less than 0.070%, N: less than 0.0040%, and B: 0.0005% to 0.0020% on a mass basis, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and also has a yield strength of 500 MPa or more in a rolling direction, an average Lankford value (r) of 1.1 or more, and an in-plane anisotropy (?r) of Lankford value of ?0.3 to 0.3.

Abstract: Disclosed is, as a high-strength steel plate of API X80 grade or higher with a thickness of 38 mm or more, a thick steel plate for structural pipes or tubes that exhibits high strength in the rolling direction, excellent Charpy properties at its mid-thickness part, and high material homogeneity without addition of large amounts of alloying elements. The thick steel plate for structural pipes or tubes disclosed herein has: a specific chemical composition; a microstructure mainly composed of bainite; a tensile strength of 620 MPa or more; a Charpy absorption energy vE?20° C. at ?20° C. at the mid-thickness part of 100 J or more; a variation of Vickers hardness in a plate thickness direction ?HV10,t of 50 or less; and a variation of Vickers hardness in a plate widthwise direction ?HV10,c of 50 or less.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is high-strength special steel containing about 0.1 to 0.5 wt % of carbon (C), about 0.1 to 2.3 wt % of silicon (Si), about 0.3 to 1.5 wt % of manganese (Mn), about 1.1 to 4.0 wt % of chromium (Cr), about 0.3 to 1.5 wt % of molybdenum (Mo), about 0.1 to 4.0 wt % of nickel (Ni), about 0.01 to 0.50 wt % of vanadium (V), about 0.05 to 0.50 wt % of titanium (Ti), and the remainder of iron (Fe) and other inevitable impurities.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for manufacturing a product of commercially pure titanium, wherein the process includes the steps of mechanically deforming an object of commercially pure titanium in a temperature below ?80° C. until the product is formed, and heat-treating the formed product in a temperature range of from 300 to below 450° C. during a treatment time from 10 minutes to 168 hours.

Abstract: Provided is a hot-dip Al—Zn—Mg—Si coated steel sheet having good corrosion resistance in flat parts and edge parts, and also having excellent worked part corrosion resistance. The hot-dip Al—Zn—Mg—Si coated steel sheet includes a base steel sheet and a hot-dip coating on a surface of the base steel sheet. The hot-dip coating includes an interfacial alloy layer present at an interface with the base steel sheet and a main layer present on the interfacial alloy layer, and contains from 25 mass % to 80 mass % of Al, from greater than 0.6 mass % to 15 mass % of Si, and from greater than 0.1 mass % to 25 mass % of Mg. The Mg content and Si content in the hot-dip coating satisfy formula (1): MMg/(MSi?0.6)>1.7 ??(1) where MMg represents the Mg content (mass %) and MSi represents the Si content (mass %).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for a defined surface treatment of a first carbon coating (1) applied to a surface of a component (2). In this process, the first carbon coating (1) is brought into touching contact with at least one second carbon coating (3) that is formed on a surface of a tool (4) and the two carbon coatings (1, 3) are moved relatively in parallel with one another so that the first carbon coating (1) is smoothed by the second carbon coating (3). The first carbon coating (1) and/or the second carbon coating (2) are formed from a-C or ta-C.

Abstract: A deposited amorphous carbon film includes at least 95% carbon. A percentage of sp3 carbon-carbon bonds present in the amorphous carbon film exceeds 30%, and a hydrogen content of the amorphous carbon film is less than 5%. A process of depositing amorphous carbon on a workpiece includes positioning the workpiece within a process chamber and positioning a magnetron assembly adjacent to the process chamber. The magnetron assembly projects a magnetic field into the process chamber. The method further includes providing a carbon target such that the magnetic field extends through the carbon target toward the workpiece. The method further includes providing a source gas to the process chamber, and providing pulses of DC power to a plasma formed from the source gas within the process chamber. The pulses of DC power are supplied in pulses of 40 microseconds or less, that repeat at a frequency of at least 4 kHz.

Abstract: An example apparatus for depositing a predetermined amount of a material onto a substrate includes a container having a cavity configured to contain the material. The container and the cavity are elongated along a first axis of the container. The apparatus further includes one or more heaters that are (i) elongated along the first axis and (ii) configured to heat and evaporate the material by heating the container. The apparatus further includes a conveyor for moving the substrate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first axis of the container and one or more openings in the container distributed along the first axis. The one or more openings provide fluid communication between a region external to the container and the cavity. A process for depositing the predetermined amount of the material onto the substrate is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a physical vapor deposition device includes a phase change material sputtering target includes a primary matrix and at least one additional phase. The primary matrix includes at least one element from Group VI of the periodic table excluding oxygen and one or more elements from Group IV or Group V of the periodic table. The additional phase is substantially homogenously dispersed in the primary matrix.

Abstract: A sputtering target assembly formed by relative positioning of a sputtering target body or bodies and a backing support, such that the backing support is placed within the inside diameter of the sputtering target body. The combination is heated with an induction heater surrounding the target body so that there is achieved a suitable temperature for bonding. Heating is discontinued such that there is a cooling of the bonding material and a bonding relationship established between the sputtering target body (or bodies) and the backing support. Embodiments include adding a conductive layer, as in a conductive fabric wrap, between the induction heater and internal target body(ies) that is/are inductively heated in a manner that enhances axial and radial gradient heating during bonding. The conductive wrap can be used with a low conductivity material as in an LiMO2 (e.g., Li—CoO2) target body.

Abstract: A novel compound represented by the general formula (I) or (II) below: [in the formula, each of R1 and R2 independently represent a C1˜12 hydrocarbon group, and Si(R3)3 is optionally substituted for a hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon group; however, R1 and R2 are different groups; R3 represents a methyl or ethyl group; M represents a metal atom or silicon atom; and n is an integer from 1 to 4].

Abstract: Mechanically vibrated based reactor systems and processes allow for efficient, cost-effective production of silicon. Particulate may be provided to a heated tray or pan, which is oscillated or vibrated to provide a reaction surface. The particulate migrates downward in the tray or pan and the reactant product migrates upward in the tray or pan as the reactant product reaches a desired state. Exhausted gases may be recycled.

Abstract: A film-forming apparatus includes: a rotary table installed inside a vacuum vessel, and including a substrate mounting region, on which the substrate is mounted, formed at one surface side of the rotary table; a heating part for heating the substrate mounted on the rotary table; a first process region in which the source gas is supplied toward the substrate mounting region to perform a first process; a second process region defined apart from the first process region in a circumferential direction of the rotary table via a separation portion, and in which the reactant gas is supplied to perform a second process; and a main nozzle, a central-side auxiliary nozzle and a peripheral-side auxiliary nozzle installed in the first process region to extend in a direction intersecting with a movement path of the rotary table and along a rotational direction of the rotary table.

Abstract: Disclosed is a substrate processing apparatus. The substrate processing apparatus comprises a process chamber providing an inner space where a substrate is treated, a support unit disposed in the inner space and supporting the substrate, and a gas supply unit providing the inner space with a process gas required for generating plasma. The support unit comprises a base having a top surface on which the substrate is placed, a heater disposed in the base, and a coating layer formed on the top surface of the base.

Abstract: A method of making an article using an additive manufacturing technique includes depositing a powder. The powder includes particles formed from an article material and having particle surfaces. A coating formed from a sacrificial coating is deposited over the particle surface. The sacrificial material has a composition that is different from the composition of the article material and is separated from the article material during fusing of the article material into a layer of an additively manufactured article.

Abstract: A multi-step method for anti-corrosion pretreatment of components made from metallic materials, in which a wet chemical treatment with an aqueous composition (A) containing a dissolved and/or dispersed polymer P, which is substituted with heterocycles containing at least one quaternary nitrogen heteroatom, is followed by a conversion treatment based on water-soluble compounds of the elements Zr, Ti, and/or Si before further anti-corrosion coatings are optionally applied.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a wet etching equipment and a wet etching method. The wet etching equipment includes a metal ion concentration adjusting device configured to adjust the concentration of metal ions in an etching solution, a sprinkler which is connected to the metal ion concentration adjusting device and configured to spray the etching solution. Embodiments of the present disclosure also disclose a wet etching method, comprising steps as follows: adjusting a concentration of metal ions in an etching solution so that an etching rate of a metal to be etched is kept stable; spraying the adjusted etching solution onto the metal to be etched.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure is a photoelectrochemical device that includes a first cell that includes a first semiconductor alloy, a capping layer that includes a second semiconductor alloy, and a passivating layer that includes a third semiconductor alloy, where the passivating layer is positioned between the first cell and the capping layer, and at least a portion of the capping layer is configured to be in direct contact with an electrolyte.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reinforced composite membrane for water electrolysis, and a membrane electrode assembly having the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a reinforced composite membrane for water electrolysis, and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), wherein a two-dimensionally woven fabric base, layer that, minimizes swelling of the membrane in the X-axis and Y-axis directions is covered on a hydrogen electrode to which high pressure is applied or on hydrogen and oxygen electrodes by three-dimensionally electrospun reinforcing fiber layers, the reinforcing fiber layers minimizing swelling of the membrane in the Z-axis direction, thereby reducing permeation of oxygen (O2) via the hydrogen electrode and enabling operation under high pressure due to high dimensional stability.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a nuclear fuel material recovery method of recovering a nuclear fuel material containing thorium metal by reprocessing an oxide of a nuclear fuel material containing thorium oxide in a spent fuel is provided. The method has: a first electrolytic reduction step of electrolytically reducing thorium oxide in a first molten salt of alkaline-earth metal halide; a first reduction product washing step of washing a reduction product; and a main electrolytic separation step of separating the reduction product. The first molten salt further contains alkali metal halide, and contains at least one out of a group consisting of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride. The method may further has a second electrolytic reduction step of electrolytically reducing uranium oxide, plutonium oxide, and minor actinoid oxide in a second molten salt of alkali metal halide.

Abstract: A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma apparatus for synthesizing metal particles is provided. The DBD plasma apparatus includes an electrolyte vessel for receiving an electrolyte solution comprising metal ions; an electrode spaced-apart from the electrolyte vessel; a dielectric barrier interposed between the electrolyte vessel and the electrode such that, when the electrolyte solution is present in the electrolyte vessel, the dielectric barrier and an upper surface of the electrolyte solution are spaced-apart from each other and define a discharge area therebetween; and gas inlet and outlet ports in fluid communication with the discharge area such that supplying gas in the discharge area while applying an electrical potential difference between the electrode and the electrolyte solution cause a plasma to be produced onto the electrolyte solution, the plasma interacting with the metal ions and synthesizing metal particles.

Abstract: A plating solution including a soluble salt containing at least a stannous salt; an acid selected from organic acid and inorganic acid or a salt thereof; and an additive containing phosphonium salt with two or more of aromatic rings is provided.

Abstract: A plating solution including a soluble salt containing at least a stannous salt; an acid selected from organic acid and inorganic acid or a salt thereof; and an additive containing sulfonium salt with one or more of aromatic rings is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are an electrodeposition system and method with an anode assembly comprising a capacitor comprising a first conductive plate (i.e., an anode) with a frontside having a surface exposed to a plating solution, a second conductive plate on a backside of the first conductive plate, and a dielectric layer between the two conductive plates. During a non-plating mode, a power source, having positive and negative terminals connected to the first and second conductive plates, respectively, is turned on, thereby polarizing the first conductive plate (i.e., the anode) relative to the second conductive plate to prevent degradation of the anode and/or plating solution. During an active plating mode, another power source, having positive and negative terminals connected to the first conductive plate (i.e., the anode) and a cathode, respectively, is turned on, thereby polarizing the anode relative to the cathode in order to deposit a plated layer on a workpiece.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an anti-corrosive composite ceramic coating includes an inner metal layer formed on the surface of a metal object to be protected and an outer composite ceramic layer formed on the inner metal layer.

Abstract: Provided herein are aluminum alloys and aluminum sheets including alloys that have a natural dark gray color when anodized. The alloys do not require any absorptive or electrolytic coloration process separate from the anodization process to achieve the dark gray coloration. Also provided herein are methods for making such aluminum alloys.

Abstract: In example implementations, a method for producing a thin film coating is provided. The method includes pre-treating a substrate, placing the substrate in a bath comprising at least phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid to produce a thin anodized layer, rinsing the thin anodized layer in a solution, plating a surface of the thin anodized layer in an electro deposition bath following a plating current profile for a predetermined period, and increasing the plating current to the recommended bath plating current to produce the thin film coating having a desired initial coating thickness.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses and methods for growing thin crystal fibers via optical heating. The apparatuses may include and the methods may employ a source of optical energy for heating a source material to form a molten zone of melted source material, an upper fiber guide for pulling a growing crystal fiber along a defined translational axis away from the molten zone, and a lower feed guide for pushing additional source material along a defined translational axis towards the molten zone. For certain such apparatuses and the methods that employ them, the lower feed guide's translational axis and upper fiber guide's translational axis are substantially aligned vertically and axially so as to horizontally locate the source material in the path of optical energy emitted from the optical energy source, in some cases to within a horizontal tolerance of about 5 ?m.

Abstract: Analyte filter arrays and methods for making an analyte filter array are provided. The arrays are formed using a dispersion of filter particles having selected moieties attached to the surface of the particles and a microarray having complementary moieties formed in an array on a substrate, such that each filter particle is attached to a selected region of the microarray. The moiety on the substrate may be RNA or DNA or other molecule. The substrate may be a surface of a detector array, a membrane that may be placed in registration with the detector array or a stamp used to transfer the filter array to a detector array.

Abstract: A spinning nozzle which has a perforated part in which ejection holes have been arranged in a density as high as 600-1,200 holes/mm2. This process for producing a fibrous bundle comprises ejecting a spinning dope having a viscosity as measured at 50° C. of 30-200 P from the ejection holes of the spinning nozzle to produce a fibrous bundle. This fibrous bundle has a single-fiber fineness of 0.005-0.01 dtex. By the wet-process direct spinning, a mass of nanofibers which are stably uniform and continuous can be produced at a high efficiency.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing high strength synthetic fibers, and high strength synthetic fibers manufactured using the same. More particularly, the method involves a localized heating process by raising the temperature of a molten spinning fiber to a temperature higher than that of a pack body during a short period of time with no degradation through a heating zone located in the immediate vicinity of capillary in the spinning nozzle, so as to effectively control the molecular entanglement structure in the molten polymer without reducing the molecular weight and thus to enhance the drawability of the as-spun fibers, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the as-spun fibers, such as strength, elongation, etc., using the existing processes of melt spinning and drawing and thus enabling a mass production of a high-performance fiber at low cost.

Abstract: Various implementations include a filament that includes three lobes that extend from a central portion of the filament, and the central portion defines an axial void. Each lobe bulges outwardly at its proximal end adjacent the central portion and has edges that form a continuous concave curve toward its distal end relative to an axis A-A that extends through the distal end of the respective lobe and the central portion of the filament. Thus, a width of each lobe at the proximal end thereof is greater than a width of each lobe at or adjacent the distal end, and adjacent edges of adjacent lobes intersect each other at concave proximal ends of the adjacent edges.

Abstract: A reel changing device is described for reeling fiber bundles from a fiber strand exiting a spinning device, including at least a first reel carrier and a second reel carrier on each of which a reel suited for winding up the fiber strand is arranged and which are movably received and guided in at least a first reel guide and a second reel guide so that the reels are adapted to be positioned one after another in an exit direction of the fiber strand so as to enable, in the case of a reel change, the fiber strand to be directly transferred from the first reel arranged on the first reel carrier to the second reel arranged on the second reel carrier. Moreover, a reel changing method in such reel changing device is described.

Abstract: A filament comprising a polymer blend and specific articles comprising the filament are disclosed. The polymer blend includes an aliphatic nylon and a semiaromatic nylon. The aliphatic nylon is the major component of the blend and semiaromatic nylon is the minor component of the blend. The aliphatic nylon can be Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 612, Nylon 12, and mixtures thereof. The semiaromatic nylon can be 6I/6T, 6T/6I, and mixtures thereof. The nylon blend filament provides enhanced mechanical properties such as modulus, ultimate strength, and yield strength with improved processability and reduced diameter variability at a reduced cost.

Abstract: A method of producing, from a continuous or discontinuous (e.g., chopped) carbon fiber, partially to fully converted metal carbide fibers. The method comprises reacting a carbon fiber material with at least one of a metal or metal oxide source material at a temperature greater than a melting temperature of the metal or metal oxide source material (e.g., where practical, at a temperature greater than the vaporization temperature of the metal or metal oxide source material). Additional methods, various forms of carbon fiber, metal carbide fibers, and articles including the metal carbide fibers are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for producing a carbon fiber includes a separation step of separating an ash-free coal obtained from a bituminous coal or a sub-bituminous coal, into a soluble component(s) and an insoluble component(s) by a solvent extraction treatment, a heat treatment step of heat-treating the soluble component(s), a melt spinning step of melt-spinning the soluble component(s) subjected to the heat treatment, an infusibilization step of infusibilizing a filament body obtained by the melt spinning, and a carbonization step of carbonizing the filament body subjected to the infusibilization.

Abstract: A carbon fiber layer having a carbon coating is provided. The disclosed carbon fiber layer having a carbon coating includes: a carbon fiber layer in which a plurality of carbon fibers are arrayed; and a thin carbon film layer, comprising carbon, coated on the surface of the carbon fiber layer.

Abstract: Carbon fibers having a high tensile strength satisfy the relationship represented by formula (1) and one of the relationships represented by formulas (2) to (5): La?1??(1), La??0.5+0.01×TM when 170?TM?230??(2), La??37.3+0.17×TM when 230<TM?240??(3), La??2.5+0.025×TM when 240<TM?300??(4), and La?2+0.01×TM when 300<TM??(5) where La is a crystal size in nm in a direction parallel to an axis of the fibers measured with by X-ray diffraction, and TM is a tensile modulus in GPa.

Abstract: Described is a carding machine designed preferably to operate in a system for producing padding, which has a particular variability in the type of air processing which may be performed by the machine on the fibres, together with a greater simplicity of management of the configuration of the machine compared with prior art systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a garment with elastic inserts produced on circular machines of the type comprising elasticised sectors (3) and elasticised zones obtained by working in a further elastomeric yarn—in addition to the ground yarn and the reinforcing yarn normally used—and actually knitting the yarns so as to create machined portions, both horizontally and obliquely, which result in well-defined and demarcated zones which provide greater compression than the knitted stitches on the same row, thereby providing—within the elasticised sectors (3)—a greater compression value than outside the sector on the same row of knitted stitches. The elasticised sectors (3) are designed portions which create ornamental figures or banding with specific compression which can provide support, contribute to the stimulation of blood circulation, reduce fatigue, and render movement safer and more supported, when properly positioned and sized.

Abstract: A blend of polyester staple fibers and insulation fill materials useful as a replacement for natural down in articles such as outdoor apparel, sleeping bags, bedding, etc. The blend includes first, second and optionally third polyester staple fiber formats that differing in terms of average diameter. A length of substantially all the fibers of the blend is in the range of about 16 to about 63 mm, alternatively 20-40 mm. At least a majority of the fibers of the blend are opened. In some embodiments, some or substantially all of the fibers of the blend are crimped and/or include a lubricant (e.g., siliconized). One non-limiting example blend includes 20-30 weight percent of not greater than 1 Denier fibers, 20-30 weight percent of greater than 1 up to 2 Denier fibers, and 40-60 weight percent of greater than 2 Denier fibers.

Abstract: There is provided a laminated nonwoven fabric having excellent sound absorbing performance in a low frequency range, the laminated nonwoven fabric having a skin layer and a base material layer, the skin layer having a nonwoven fabric A, the nonwoven fabric A having a density of 100 to 500 kg/m3, a thickness of 0.5 to 2.5 mm, and an air permeability of 4 to 40 cm3/cm2/s; and the base material layer having a nonwoven fabric B, the nonwoven fabric B having a basis weight of 200 to 500 g/m2 and a thickness of 5 to 40 mm.

Abstract: Nonwoven fabrics having a plurality of fibers that are bonded to each other to form a coherent web, wherein the fibers comprise a blend of a polylactic acid (PLA) and at least one secondary alkane sulfonate are provided. The nonwoven fabrics exhibit increased tensile strengths, elongation and toughness.

Abstract: A multilayer nonwoven fabric includes: an elastic nonwoven fabric containing a specific low crystalline polypropylene; and a mixed fiber spunbonded nonwoven fabric disposed on at least one surface of the elastic nonwoven fabric, wherein the mixed fiber spunbonded nonwoven fabric contains a long fiber of a thermoplastic elastomer (A) and a long fiber of a thermoplastic elastomer (B) other than the thermoplastic elastomer (A), in a ratio of 10 to 90% by mass:90 to 10% by mass ((A):(B), with the proviso that (A)+(B)=100% by mass).

Abstract: Presented are a method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium for stitching. The method includes sensing, by a first sensor, a movement of a work piece relative to a sewing head. The method further includes sensing, by a second sensor, a movement of the work piece relative to the sewing head. The method includes determining, by a processor, a translational and rotational movement of the work piece relative to the sewing head based on the sensed movement of the first sensor and the second sensor. The method also includes altering, by the processor, a speed of a reciprocating needle in response to the determined translational and rotational movement.

Abstract: A vibration absorbing mechanism for a washing machine and a washing machine having the same are provided. The vibration absorbing mechanism includes a plurality of first vibration absorbers for supporting an outer drum of the washing machine. A second vibration absorber is connected between at least two of the first vibration absorbers. Based on the existing first vibration absorbers, the second vibration absorber connected with two first vibration absorbers is additionally provided on the vibration absorbing mechanism. Through the second vibration absorber, an amplitude of the outer drum of the washing machine is inhibited to effectively limit vibration in up-down direction and left-right direction of entire washing machine. Therefore, the volume of a counterweight is effectively reduced, so that the structure of the washing machine is more compact while achieving better vibration absorbing and noise reduction effects.

Abstract: A laundry treating appliance, such as a clothes dryer, comprises a door having a magnetic composite and a cabinet having a strike plate in order to open and close the door. The magnetic composite comprises a ferrous metal shim, a magnet, and a non-magnetic cover, having an increased magnetic field strength from the magnetic field strength of the magnet alone.

Abstract: A fan assembly for a dryer appliance is provided. The fan assembly includes an inlet duct that fluidly couples a chamber of the dryer appliance to a fan inlet. The inlet duct includes one or more guide vanes that are configured to direct the air in a manner that improves the pressure rise across the fan, thereby improving appliance performance. For example, the guide vanes may be positioned and oriented to generate a negative pre-swirl of the flow of air, such that the flow of air enters the fan inlet rotating in a direction opposite the direction of rotation of an impeller. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more guide vanes may be positioned and oriented to generate a laminar flow of otherwise turbulent air from the chamber of the dryer appliance.

Abstract: The present application relates to an ironing appliance comprising a soleplate (10), a heating element (20) for heating the soleplate (20), a controller (30) for controlling the heating power of the heating element (20), a temperature sensor (40) for sensing a temperature of the soleplate (10). The controller (30) is adapted to determine a temperature gradient of the soleplate (10) as a rate of change of the temperature of the soleplate over time, and a temperature difference between the temperature of the soleplate (10) and a first predetermined temperature (T1). The controller (30) is adapted to control the heating power of the heating element (20) based on the temperature gradient and the temperature difference. This solution allows that the soleplate can be heated in a way that minimises overshoot and undershoot of temperature.