Abstract: Methods disclosed herein provide apparatus and methods for applying an electric field and/or a magnetic field to a photoresist layer without air gap intervention during photolithography processes. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a processing chamber configured to apply an electric field to a substrate via a non-gas phase intermediate medium. Methods described herein include dissociation of a photoacid generator to generate anions and cations. The anions may be moved within the photoresist layer by the electric field to more precisely control the speed and location of acid generation and regeneration processes.

Abstract: An image forming device in which a plurality of nozzles are aligned in a designated alignment direction, wherein a plurality of pixels constituting a formed image includes dot omission pixels continuous in a scan direction by a defective nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles, and neighboring pixels within a designated distance in the alignment direction from the dot omission pixels, the image forming device comprising a pattern determining unit configured to determine a dot pattern after supplementation formed on neighboring pixels within designated range based on at least the number of dots to be formed on the pixels within the designated range including a portion of the dot omission pixels and a portion of the neighboring pixels according to recording data before supplementation of dots by the defective nozzle, and a pattern forming unit configured to form the dot pattern after supplementation.

Abstract: An actuator to displace, for example a mirror, provides movement with at least two degrees of freedom by varying the currents in two electromagnets (370). A moving part includes a permanent magnet (362) with a magnetic face constrained to move over a working area lying substantially in a first plane perpendicular to a direction of magnetization of the magnet. The electromagnets have pole faces lying substantially in a second plane closely parallel to the first plane, each pole face substantially filling a quadrant of the area traversed by the face of the moving magnet. A ferromagnetic shield (820) is provided around the moving part and has at least one interruption (822) to reduce the influence of adjacent actuators or stray fields while also minimizing attraction between the permanent magnet (362) and the shield (820).

Abstract: A spatial light modulation element module having a large area is manufactured. A spatial light modulation element module comprising a base member and a plurality of spatial light modulation element arrays, wherein each of the plurality of spatial light modulation element arrays has a light modulation element which modulates and emits at least one of the intensity and the phase of an incident light, and the base member maintains the plurality of spatial light modulation element arrays in a predetermined relative position in a bare chip state. In the above-described spatial light modulation element module, the plurality of spatial light modulation element arrays may be in a staggered arrangement in at least 1 direction.

Abstract: A surface position detection apparatus capable of highly precisely detecting the surface position of a surface to be detected without substantially being affected by relative positional displacement due to a polarization component occurring in a light flux having passed through a reflective surface. In the apparatus, a projection system has a projection side prism member having first reflective surfaces, and a light receiving system has a light receiving prism member having second reflective surfaces arranged in correspondence with the projection side prism member. The surface position detection apparatus further has a member for compensating relative positional displacement due to a polarization component of a light flux having passed through the first and second reflective surfaces.

Abstract: A microlithography projection exposure apparatus includes a projection lens at least one manipulator to change an optical effect of at least one optical element of the projection lens, and a travel establishing device for generating a travel command for the at least one manipulator.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus having a fluid handling structure configured to contain immersion fluid in a space adjacent to an upper surface of a substrate table and/or a substrate located in a recess of the substrate table, a cover including a planar main body that, in use, extends around a substrate from the upper surface to a peripheral section of an upper major face of the substrate in order to cover a gap between an edge of the recess and an edge of the substrate, and an immersion fluid film disruptor configured to disrupt the formation of a film of immersion fluid between an edge of the cover and immersion fluid contained by the fluid handling structure during movement of the substrate table relative to the fluid handling structure.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for cleaning a contaminated surface of a lithographic apparatus are provided. A liquid confinement structure comprises at least two openings used to supply and extract liquid to a gap below the structure. The direction of flow between the openings can be switched. Liquid may be supplied to the gap radially outward of an opening adapted for dual flow. Supply and extraction lines to respectively supply liquid to and extract liquid from the liquid confinement structure have an inner surface that is resistant to corrosion by an organic liquid. A corrosive cleaning fluid can be used to clean photo resist contamination.

Abstract: A method of correcting an image characteristic of a substrate onto which one or more product features have been formed using a lithographic process, and an associated inspection apparatus method. The method includes measuring an error in the image characteristic of the substrate, and determining a correction for a subsequent formation of the product features based upon the measured error and a characteristic of one or more of the product feature(s).

Abstract: A multi-layer overlay target for use in imaging based metrology is disclosed. The overlay target includes a plurality of target structures including three or more target structures, each target structure including a set of two or more pattern elements, wherein the target structures are configured to share a common center of symmetry upon alignment of the target structures, each target structure being invariant to N degree rotation about the common center of symmetry, wherein N is equal to or greater than 180 degrees, wherein each of the two or more pattern elements has an individual center of symmetry, wherein each of the two or more pattern elements of each target structure is invariant to M degree rotation about the individual center of symmetry, wherein M is equal to or greater than 180 degrees.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to a method for overlay sampling. The method provides a number of fields over a semiconductor wafer surface. An inner subgroup of the number of fields includes fields in a central region of the wafer surface. An outer subgroup of the number of fields includes neighboring fields near a circumferential edge of the wafer surface. The method measures a first number of overlay conditions at a corresponding first number of overlay structures within a field of the inner subgroup. The method also measures a second number of overlay conditions at a corresponding second number of overlay structures within a field of the outer subgroup. The second number is greater than the first number. Based on the measured first number of overlay conditions and the measured second number of overlay conditions, the method determines an alignment condition for two or more layers on the semiconductor wafer surface.

Abstract: A substrate can include a feature pattern included in an integrated circuit on the substrate and an in-situ metrology pattern spaced apart from the feature pattern on the substrate, the in-situ metrology pattern and the feature pattern both configured to have equal heights relative to a surface of the substrate.

Abstract: An object positioning system including a movable object, an actuator system and a control system. The moveable object is moveable relative to a reference. The actuator system is configured to apply a force to the object at a force application location on the object in order to move the moveable object relative to the reference. The control system is configured to position a point of interest of the object relative to the reference. The control system is configured to drive the actuator system based on a parameter representing a spatial relationship between the force application location and the point of interest. The parameter is dependent on a further parameter representing a position of the object relative to the reference.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for position control of a component relative to a surface is disclosed. The method may include calculating an estimated effect of, or derived from, Casimir force acting between the component and the surface, and compensating positioning of the component relative to the surface using the estimated effect.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to apparatus and methods for performing photolithography processes. In one embodiment, a system including multiple interferometers for accurately measuring the location of a substrate during operation is provided. The system may include two chucks, and the two chucks are aligned in a first direction. The interferometers are placed along the first direction to measure the location of the substrate with respect to the first direction. The reduced distance between the interferometers and the chuck improves the accuracy of the measurement of the location of the substrate. In another embodiment, mask pattern data is provided to the system, and the mask pattern data is modified based on location and position information of the substrate. By controlling the mask pattern data with the location and position information of the substrate, less positional errors of the pattern formed on the substrate can be achieved.

Abstract: A liquid immersion exposure apparatus is disclosed. It includes a projection system having a final element and a liquid immersion member that in turn includes a first member, which surrounds the final element and has a liquid supply port and a liquid suction port, and a second member, which is movable with respect to the first member and has a lower part under which a portion of a liquid immersion space is formed. During exposure of a plurality of shot regions of a substrate, the immersion space covers a portion of a surface of the substrate, and the first shot region is exposed while moving the substrate in a first scanning direction. After the exposure of the first shot region, the second shot region is exposed while moving the substrate in a second scanning direction.

Abstract: A lithography apparatus has a plurality of processing units configured to respectively perform patternings on a plurality of substrates that belong to a lot, and a controller configured to perform, based on specific information that specifies one of the plurality of substrates, determination of one of the plurality of processing units that processes the one of the plurality of substrates, and control the plurality of processing units such that the patternings are performed on the plurality of substrates respectively with the plurality of processing units in parallel based on recipe information corresponding to the lot.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods are used for detecting the alignment of a feature on a substrate using a polarization independent interferometer. The apparatus, system, and methods include optical elements that receive light that has diffracted or scattered from a mark on a substrate. The optical elements may split the diffracted light into multiple subbeams of light which are detected by one or more detectors. The diffracted light may be combined optically or during processing after detection. The system may determine alignment and/or overlay based on the received diffracted light having any polarization angle or state.

Abstract: A method to make an improved organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device is provided. The improved organic photoconductor drum is prepared using a curable composition including a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups of the general structure exemplified below: where R1 and R2 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, R3 and R4 are selected from the group consisting of a radical polymerizable functional group, a non-radical polymerizable functional group, and one each of a radical polymerizable functional group and a non-radial polymerizable functional group, and R5 and R6 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a toner particle including a step of condensing a raw slurry by using a decanter-type centrifugal separator, in an aqueous medium. The step of condensing the raw slurry is carried out under following conditions: a centrifugal force is at least 500 G and less than 4000 G and a temperature is at least Tg?10° C. and not more than Tg+10° C. And a ratio of a colored particles in condensed slurry is within a prescribed range.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic latent image, the toner includes, a toner parent particle containing a binder resin, the binder resin including a crystalline resin and a hybrid resin, the hybrid resin having a main chain and a side chain, either one of or both of the main chain and the side chain including a unit derived from a crystal nucleating agent, and the crystal nucleating agent being one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of arachidyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, 1-tetracosanol, 1-hexacosanol, octacosanol, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and lignoceric acid.

Abstract: The length of a developer bearing portion of a developing device is longer than the length of a transfer roller in the rotation axis direction of a photosensitive drum. The width of a light irradiation opening of a charge eliminating device is shorter than the length of the transfer roller in the rotation axis direction of the photosensitive drum.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a high voltage generating circuit, a voltage controller, a current detector, and a recovery process controller. If two inflection points (O and P) exist, which exist on a characteristic curve indicating a relationship between the voltage value and the current value when the frequency of the AC voltage is set as a first frequency or when a photosensitive drum is rotated at a first linear speed, the recovery process is performed if a potential difference between a first inter-inflection-point voltage (OP) between inflection points and a second inter-inflection-point voltage (OP?) between inflection points (O? and P?) when setting a second frequency different from the first frequency, or a potential difference between the first voltage and a third inter-inflection-point voltage (OP?) between inflection points (O? and P?) when setting a second linear speed different from the first linear speed becomes a predetermined value or less.

Abstract: Provided is a light scanning apparatus, including: a light source; a rotary polygon mirror; an optical member guiding a light beam; an optical box on which the light source is mounted and which contains the rotary polygon mirror and the optical member; a cover covering an opening of the optical box; a fixation unit fixing the cover on the optical box; the cover having a dust-proof member which is sandwiched between the cover and a side wall of the optical box; and the dust-proof member including an abutment portion against which the side wall is brought into abutment, and non-abutment portions provided on both sides of the abutment portion and separated from the side wall, and the dust-proof member including a groove in one of the non-abutment portions which is located on a side opposite to another one located on a side where the fixation unit is provided.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable photosensitive drum including a photosensitive layer; a drum charging member contacted or disposed closely to the drum, to be supplied with a DC voltage; a developing device; a transfer member for transferring a toner image onto a toner image receiving member; a device for applying to the transfer member a transfer bias voltage; a light projecting portion for projecting light to the drum before the charging and after the image transfer; a controller for controlling a quantity of the projected light, on the basis of the transfer bias and a film thickness of the photosensitive layer, wherein under a condition that the transfer bias is the same, the light amount controlled by the controller is smaller when the film thickness is a fourth value than when it is a third value, the fourth value being smaller than the third value.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a housing (80) for receiving a scanning optical system (72), a cover (90) for closing an opening of a receiving area (80A), and a detection member (78) arranged outside of the receiving area (80A). A first portion (83), which is a portion of the housing sidewall part (82), is formed with a light detection opening (83A) through which a light beam is emitted from the inside to the outside of the receiving area (80A) and is received in the detection member (78), and the light detection opening (83A) is closed by a light transmitting member (8) through which the light beam passes.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a photosensitive member; an exposure unit configured to divide one pixel into a plurality of pixel pieces and perform exposure on a pixel piece-by-pixel piece basis, to form an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member; a determination unit configured to determine, based on image data, an isolated pixel surrounded by blank pixels in the electrostatic latent image; a selection unit configured to select a correction target pixel from the blank pixels surrounding the isolated pixel; and a correction unit configured to correct the image data so as to expose a pixel piece of the correction target pixel.

Abstract: A toner cartridge for use with an image forming apparatus includes a memory storing identification data of the toner cartridge and parameter information including image formation process parameters dependent on toner characteristic or ambient conditions. A transceiver unit communicates with the image forming apparatus to send the process parameter information stored in the memory to the image forming apparatus when the identification data is authentic.

Abstract: There is provided a developing apparatus including a conveyance member configured to bend in contact with an inner wall of a conveyance chamber and convey developer, a portion configured to bend the conveyance member, and a first releasing portion configured to release the bending of the conveyance member, a deforming portion configured to bend the conveyance member moved and released from the first releasing portion, and a second releasing portion configured to release the bending of the conveyance member on the downstream side of the deforming portion in the rotational direction of the conveyance member.

Abstract: A developer storage container includes a container wall, a substrate member having first and second surfaces, and a storage portion provided on the container wall and storing the substrate member. The storage portion includes an outer surrounding wall provided on the container wall, a first support portion disposed inside the outer surrounding wall and supporting the first surface of the substrate member, and a second support portion disposed inside the outer surrounding wall and connected to the container wall. The second support portion supports the first surface of the substrate member. A lid portion is fixed to the outer surrounding wall and has an opening through which the substrate member is exposed. The lid portion contacts the second surface of the substrate member. The lid portion includes first and second protrusions protruding in a second direction perpendicular to a first direction from the substrate member to the container wall.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, when a nozzle insertion member is detached from a powder container, an engaging portion and an engaged portion are disengaged from each other by resiliently displacing the engaging portion in a direction in which the engaging portion is disengaged from the engaged portion. Therefore, it is possible to reduce a stress applied to the powder container and the nozzle insertion member at the time of attachment and detachment of the nozzle insertion member. Consequently, it becomes possible to easily detach the nozzle insertion member from the powder container.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable bottle which is detachably attached to an apparatus main body and which stores toner, the rotatable bottle having a discharge port from which the stored toner is discharged, a shutter which is disposed on the bottle, and which opens and closes the discharge port, and an engaging member, which is movably disposed on the apparatus main body, and which is able to engage the shutter. The image forming apparatus further includes a driving portion which transfers a driving force to the rotatable bottle, and an opening mechanism which is configured to open the shutter by the driving force from the driving portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an intermediary transfer member, a toner image forming unit, a rotatable transfer member, a cleaning unit, a feeding unit, a feeding portion and an executing portion configured to execute a supplying operation for supplying a supplying toner image to a cleaning portion. The executing portion forms the supplying toner image at a position including a position different from a position where an adjusting toner image for adjusting an image forming condition is formed, with respect to a widthwise direction crossing a movement direction of an intermediary transfer member provided in contact with the rotatable transfer member. The executing portion performs the supplying operation at least one time in a double-sided image forming job and does not perform the supplying operation in a single-sided image forming job.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including: a toner image forming unit forming a toner image on an intermediate transfer member; a transfer member transferring the toner image on the intermediate transfer member to a recording material in a transfer portion; a driving source applying driving force to the transfer member independently of an intermediate transfer member driving source; an execution unit correcting image misalignment on the basis of a detection result of a test toner image on the intermediate transfer member when no toner image exists in the transfer portion; a container storing the recording material; and an input unit associating the container with a group related to basic weight and surface properties of the recording material. The apparatus includes a driving unit driving the driving source at a speed corresponding to the group if the recording material stored in the container associated with the group is used for image formation.

Abstract: A fixing device is equipped with a lower pressure roller, an upper pressure roller and a fixing belt which fix a toner image onto a sheet, by holding and conveying the sheet by a nip portion, and a control unit which controls rotation of the lower pressure roller. The control unit periodically changes a velocity of rotational drive of the lower pressure roller, at a frequency of which a period is shorter than a time needed for the sheet to pass through the nip portion, when the sheet passes through the nip portion.

Abstract: A fixation module comprises a body, a heater roller, a pressure roller, a separation claw assembly and a detector. The heater roller and the pressure roller are rotatably connected to the body. The pressure roller and the heater roller transport a medium and perform a fixation process on the medium. The separation claw assembly connected to the body exerts a pressure toward the heater roller. When the medium passes through a clearance between the heater roller and the separation claw assembly, the medium pushes the separation claw assembly away from the heater roller. The detector detects a state where the separation claw assembly is pushed away from the heater roller by the medium. A printing apparatus for transferring and fixing toners onto the medium and comprising the fixation module, a drum, a development roller and a transfer roller is also provided.

Abstract: An image heating device includes a heater having a substrate, a first heat generating block which is formed on the substrate and generates heat by supplied power, and a second heat generating block which is arranged at a position different from a position at which the first heat generating block is arranged in a longitudinal direction of the substrate. The device also includes a temperature detecting element and a controller to which a signal from the temperature detecting element is input. The controller controls a ratio of power supplied to the first heat generating block to power supplied to the second heat generating block to thereby switch heat generation distribution of the heater, and the temperature detecting element is arranged so as to extend across both of the first heat generating block and the second heat generating block.

Abstract: A heater unit includes a heater in which a heating resistor member and an electrode electrically connected to the heating resistor member are disposed on a board; a connector having a connection terminal and attached to the heater at a specific connector attaching position thereof for electrically connecting the connection terminal to the electrode; a heater side engaging portion disposed on the heater; and a connector side engaging portion for engaging with the heater side engaging portion. The heater side engaging portion is provided for restricting the connector attached to the heater at the specific connector attaching position from shifting relative to the specific connector attaching position.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a fixing member having a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a release layer on the elastic layer, having a thickness of 15 ?m or more and 25 ?m or less, and containing a fluororesin includes (1) providing a coating solution, containing: the fluororesin having a melt flow rate (MFR) of 1 g/10 min or more and 3 g/10 min or less, and an acrylic resin; (2) forming a coating film of the coating solution on the elastic layer; and (3) baking the coating film to melt the fluororesin therein, covering a surface of the elastic layer with the melted fluororesin, and forming the release layer.

Abstract: A fixing device includes: a rotatable endless fixing belt; a nip forming member arranged inside the fixing belt; a facing rotating body that abuts the nip forming member via the fixing belt to form a nip portion with the fixing belt; a heat source that directly heats up the fixing belt at a portion other than the nip portion; and a supporting member that supports the nip forming member. The fixing device conveys a recording medium carrying an unfixed image to the nip portion to fix the unfixed image to the recording medium, and the supporting member includes a rising portion extending in an abutting direction of the facing rotating body against the fixing belt and having a tip close to an inner circumferential surface of the fixing belt, and is set to have a section modulus of 200 mm3 or higher.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, including: a fixing device including a heater and a presser; a discharge-roller unit including a first frame and a discharge roller pair; and an arm supporting the heater or the presser, wherein, when the first frame is located at a first position, a nip position of the discharge roller pair is located at a first nip position and the arm supports the heater or the presser at a first press-contact position such that the heater and the presser are held in pressing contact at a predetermined pressure, and wherein, when the first frame is located at a second position, the nip position is located at a second nip position shifted from the first nip position and the arm supports the heater or the presser at a second press-contact position such that the heater and the presser are held in pressing contact at a lower pressure.

Abstract: The motor that drives a reverse unit, and a CPU configured to switch an image formation mode between a full color mode for forming an image using image forming stations and a black and white mode for forming an image using the image forming station are provided. If the image is formed on a first recording material supplied by a sheet feeding roller pair and subsequently an image is formed on a second recording material supplied by a sheet refeeding unit, the motor continuously drives the reverse unit. If the image formation mode for the first recording material is different from the image formation mode for the second recording material, the CPU switches the image formation mode to the full color mode, and forms the images on the first recording material and the second recording material.

Abstract: A toner detection unit is configured by an LED that irradiates light toward an intermediate transfer belt, first and second light receiving elements that respectively receive specular reflection light and diffused reflection light of light irradiated toward the intermediate transfer belt from the LED, a circuit board, and a housing. The LED and the light receiving elements are mounted in a line on the circuit board. The housing is configured to guide, to the first light receiving element, the specular reflection light from a first region within an irradiation region on which light is irradiated from the LED on the intermediate transfer belt, and to guide, to the second light receiving element, the diffused reflection light from a second region which is different from the first region within the irradiation region.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a feeder including a tray and a pickup member, a size determiner, a sheet type setter, and a controller. The tray stacks a sheet thereon, and the pickup member feeds a contacted sheet. The feeder switches between a first state where the pickup member and the stacked sheet are in contact and a second state where the pickup member and the stacked sheet are separate. The size determiner determines a stacked sheet size. The sheet type setter sets a stacked sheet type. Where the type of the set sheet is a first type, the feeder switches from the second state to the first state when the size of the sheet is determined. Where the type of the set sheet is a second type, the feeder refrains from switching from the second state to the first state even when the size of the sheet is determined.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a post-processing apparatus comprises a memory that stores a threshold value and a first accumulated data of a physical quantity of one of a motor or a driven member driven by the motor; and a controller that acquires a predetermined data associated with a physical quantity of one of the driving motor or the driven member driven by the motor, acquires a second accumulated data by adding the predetermined data to the first accumulated data read from the memory, compares the second accumulated data with the threshold value, and transmits a request for increasing a discharge interval of the sheet if the second accumulated data is greater than the threshold value.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a developing device configured to develop an electrostatic image formed on the image bearing member into a toner image, and an exchangeable developer container configured to supply the developer into the developing device. A content sensor detects information relating to a toner content in the developing device, and an exchange detecting portion detects an exchanging operation of the developer container. A controller controls a supplying operation for supplying the developer from the developer container to the developing device on the basis of a detection result of the content sensor and executes a developer supplying mode for supplying developer prohibiting an image forming operation. The controller controls the supplying operation so as to permit the image forming operation without executing the developer supplying mode until an amount of formed images reaches a predetermined level.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming section; a density detection section configured to detect the density of toner image formed on an image bearing member in a sub scanning direction; and a density-unevenness correction section configured to calculate a first correction amount based on the detection result of the density detection section and calculate a second correction amount different from the first correction amount in phase.

Abstract: A toner density sensor includes: a light emitting element configured to radiate light; a light receiving element configured to receive the light emitted from the light emitting element and reflected from a detection object; a substrate whereon the light emitting element and the light receiving element are surface mounted; a case covering the light emitting element and the light receiving element; an optical path configured parallel to the substrate for light generated from the light emitting element; a groove provided in the substrate from the end part of the substrate in the direction light travels from the light emitting element to between the light emitting element and the light receiving element, the groove recessed from the mounting surface in the thickness direction of the substrate; and an insert provided to the case and configured for insertion into the groove.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a tray having first and second receiving portions is configured to move between a first position, at which at least part of the tray is positioned inside an apparatus body, and a second position, at which the tray is outside the apparatus body. The tray in the first position allows a first recording medium to be conveyed from the first receiving portion. When the tray is in the first position, the second receiving portion is configured to move between a third position, which is at an upstream side relative to a first opening of the apparatus body in a second direction, and a fourth position, which is at a downstream side relative to the third position in the second direction. The second receiving portion at the third position allows a second recording medium to be conveyed from the second receiving portion in the second direction.

Abstract: A first rectification circuit includes a bypass element connected to both ends of a rectification element. The bypass element is smaller in voltage drop amount than the rectification element. A power supply device is configured to perform switching between a first mode and a second mode based on at least one of information showing a magnitude of electric power that is being supplied to a load and information showing a magnitude of electric power that is to be supplied to the load. In the first mode, an AC voltage is rectified in a path including the rectification element. In the second mode, the AC voltage is rectified in a path including the bypass element.